黨便利 孫永濤 康文臻
摘要:肝內(nèi)共價閉合環(huán)狀DNA(cccDNA)的存在導(dǎo)致乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)不能從感染的肝細(xì)胞中完全清除。乙型肝炎核心相關(guān)抗原(HBcrAg)作為非侵入性肝活檢的替代物,與血清HBV DNA和肝內(nèi)cccDNA相關(guān),在慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)中具有重要作用。在血清HBV DNA或HBsAg不可檢測臨床病例中,仍可以檢測到HBcrAg,且HBcrAg水平與CHB患者的預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)。HBcrAg可預(yù)測自發(fā)或由治療引起的乙肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換、核苷類似物停藥后的持續(xù)應(yīng)答、潛在HBV再激活以及肝細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展或復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險。本文就HBcrAg的病毒學(xué)特點及其在CHB患者中的臨床應(yīng)用作一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:乙型肝炎核心相關(guān)抗原;共價閉合環(huán)狀DNA;乙型肝炎病毒;慢性乙型肝炎
中圖分類號:R512.62 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.17.007
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)17-0023-04
Abstract:The presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the liver prevents the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from being completely eliminated from infected liver cells. Hepatitis B core-associated antigen (HBcrAg), as a non-invasive liver biopsy alternative, is related to serum HBV DNA and intrahepatic cccDNA, and plays an important role in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In clinical cases where serum HBV DNA or HBsAg is not detectable, HBcrAg can still be detected, and HBcrAg level is significantly related to the prognosis of CHB patients. HBcrAg can predict spontaneous or treatment-induced hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, sustained response after discontinuation of nucleoside analogs, potential HBV reactivation, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma progression or recurrence. This article reviews the virological characteristics of HBcrAg and its clinical application in CHB patients.
Key words:Hepatitis B core related antigen;Covalently closed circular DNA;Hepatitis B virus; Chronic hepatitis B
乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染可引起急、慢性肝病,也可能進(jìn)展為肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)等疾病[1,2]。由于感染的肝細(xì)胞核中存在共價閉合的環(huán)狀DNA(covalently closed circular DNA,cccDNA),慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)無法完全根治[3]。cccDNA定量因侵入性、缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化檢測方法等局限,而乙肝核心相關(guān)抗原(HBcrAg)作為CHB的疾病監(jiān)測和預(yù)后的替代標(biāo)志物,可反映肝內(nèi)病毒復(fù)制活性[3]。本文綜述了HBcrAg的結(jié)構(gòu)、檢測、與其他HBV生物標(biāo)志物間的相關(guān)性、預(yù)測臨床結(jié)果的能力以及其作為預(yù)測因子的作用,以期為CHB的臨床實踐應(yīng)用提供理論參考。
1 HBcrAg結(jié)構(gòu)及檢測
HBcrAg由前核心/核心區(qū)編碼的HBeAg、HBcAg及p22cr三種蛋白組成,具有相同的149個氨基酸序列[4]。HBcAg是HBV病毒衣殼的結(jié)構(gòu)成分,而HBeAg和p22cr均是前核心蛋白的加工產(chǎn)物,同時,HBcAg和HBeAg又都是細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞的靶點,因此,3種蛋白組成的HBcrAg可以誘導(dǎo)宿主細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答[5,6]。2002年Kimura T等[7]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)HBcrAg與HBcAg和HBeAg特異性的敏感酶免疫分析有關(guān),即使抗HBc或抗HBe陽性樣本中仍可以檢測HBcAg和HBeAg。HBcrAg濃度與HBV DNA濃度呈線性相關(guān),用HBcrAg法測定HBV載量的準(zhǔn)確性不受血清中HBeAg缺失或HBV基因組中前核心突變的影響[8],因此可作為監(jiān)測CHB患者HBV DNA的補充指標(biāo)。
2 HBcrAg與其他HBV標(biāo)記物間的相關(guān)性
2.1血清或肝內(nèi)HBV DNA水平 ?HBcrAg濃度隨著肝內(nèi)HBV DNA水平變化而改變,且兩者具有良好的相關(guān)性,也能直接反映血清HBV DNA濃度,與HBeAg狀態(tài)無關(guān)[7,9]。
2.2肝內(nèi)cccDNA水平 ?研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[10,11],血清HBcrAg水平與血清HBV DNA和肝內(nèi)cccDNA水平均的相關(guān)性均良好。78%的接受抗病毒治療的患者經(jīng)常無法檢測到血清HBV DNA,卻可檢測到血清HBcrAg,因此,血清HBcrAg可作為評估肝內(nèi)cccDNA水平的病毒學(xué)標(biāo)志物[9]。Hasegawa K等[12]建立了FBS-cres評分公式[3.1686-(0.0148×FBS)+(0.1982×HBcrAg)+(0.0008168×HBeAg)+(0.1761×log10 HBsAg)]預(yù)測CHB患者中cccDNA水平,該公式通過對未經(jīng)核苷酸類似物(NA)治療的患者的多元分析,F(xiàn)BS-cres得分顯示HBcrAg與cccDNA水平之間存在相關(guān)性,證實了其預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。
2.3乙肝表面抗原 ?2014年的一項研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)HBsAg-HQ水平、HBV DNA、HBsAg和HBcrAg水平之間存在很強的相關(guān)性(P<0.001)。血清HBcrAg水平與血清HBV-DNA和HBsAg水平也顯著相關(guān)(P<0.001)[13],這些結(jié)果表明HBcrAg與HBsAg-HQ的相關(guān)性比傳統(tǒng)的HBsAg檢測更為敏感。
2.4乙肝病毒RNA ?前基因組RNA(pgRNA)作為HBV DNA聚合酶的模板,并介導(dǎo)病毒的持續(xù)復(fù)制。一些子代DNA被組裝在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中形成完整的病毒并由肝細(xì)胞分泌[14]。Liu YY等[14]和Chen EQ等[15]相繼證實,血清HBcrAg與肝內(nèi)cccDNA的相關(guān)性均優(yōu)于血清HBV RNA和HBsAg間相關(guān)性,且與HBeAg狀況無關(guān)。
2.5乙肝病毒基因缺失 ?由于HBV基因組preS1/S2區(qū)域存在與CHB的進(jìn)展相關(guān)的缺失[16],對preS定量分析可能會加深對CHB進(jìn)展的了解[17]。Suzuki Y等[16]對90例未接受抗病毒治療的CHB患者HBV的preS1/S2區(qū)域進(jìn)行了深度測序,并剔除了受病毒標(biāo)記影響的區(qū)域。對每位CHB患者的缺失區(qū)域頻率分析表明,缺失區(qū)域最常見于preS2密碼子132-141,其起始密碼子突變與缺失顯著相關(guān)于血清HBcrAg水平,提示preS密碼子132-141的缺失對臨床特征和病毒標(biāo)志物有重要影響。
3 HBcrAg對CHB疾病進(jìn)展的預(yù)測
3.1慢性感染不同階段的HBcrAg ?Misawa N等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),在HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化前,活性復(fù)制組的HBcrAg水平低于非活性復(fù)制組,而兩組間HBV DNA水平相似;在HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化后,非活性復(fù)制組HBV DNA和HBcrAg均水平顯著降低,而在活性復(fù)制組中兩種指標(biāo)均沒有變化或略有下降,說明HBcrAg水平可能有助于HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化[18,19],提示血清HBcrAg也可以作為CHB的疾病監(jiān)測和臨床結(jié)果預(yù)測標(biāo)記物。
3.2 HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化的預(yù)測 ?Testoni B等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于未經(jīng)抗病毒治療的HBeAg陰性患者,HBeAg陽性患者的血清HBcrAg水平顯著升高,且與血清HBV DNA、pgRNA和肝內(nèi)HBV DNA、cccDNA水平以及轉(zhuǎn)錄活性相關(guān)。較高水平的HBcrAg與血清HBV DNA、肝內(nèi)HBV DNA、pgRNA、cccDNA轉(zhuǎn)錄活性以及纖維化和壞死性炎癥相關(guān)。對于HBeAg陰性患者,無活性攜帶者階段的HBcrAg水平顯著低于活性階段,這與壞死性炎癥和纖維化有關(guān)[13,21]。
3.3 HBsAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化的預(yù)測 ?Loggi E等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于75例臨床上不活躍的HBV攜帶者,85例CHB患者中HBcrAg水平明顯更高。同時,鑒定臨床上不活躍的攜帶者HBcrAg最佳臨界值為2.5 log U/ml,其預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確性可與血清HBsAg水平相媲美。對于血清HBsAg自發(fā)性清除的患者,79%患者的HBcrAg未檢出,而剩余21%的患者仍可檢測到血清HBcrAg(中位數(shù)為2.7 log U/ml)[19,23],提示HBcrAg可能進(jìn)一步用于預(yù)測CHB的疾病階段,盡管其最佳臨界值仍有待確定。
4抗病毒治療
NA可有效降低CHB患者肝炎活性并抑制其血清HBV DNA,卻存在耐藥或停藥復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險[24]。如果CHB患者滿足《JSH HBV感染管理指南》中評估NA停藥時機的3個實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①NA治療2年以上;②使用實時PCR無法檢測到血清HBV DNA;③停藥時血清HBeAg呈陰性,則可根據(jù)HBsAg和HBcrAg水平進(jìn)一步預(yù)測停藥復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險[25]。
4.1 NA治療過程中HBcrAg和其他指標(biāo)的變化 ?研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[25],在接受NA治療(中位時間為126個月)43名患者中,98%患者血清HBV DNA呈陰性,其中51%患者仍可檢出肝內(nèi)cccDNA。在接受聚乙二醇干擾素(PEG-IFN)和阿德福韋(ADV)聯(lián)合治療后再進(jìn)行ADV單藥治療的患者中也有類似的結(jié)果[27]。因此,抗HBV治療后血清中HBV DNA的減少與肝內(nèi)cccDNA的減少并不相關(guān)。值得注意的是,HBcrAg減少與肝內(nèi)cccDNA水平變化具有良好的相關(guān)性[9,28]。即使在血清HBsAg未檢出的患者中,21%仍可檢測到血清HBcrAg,而僅有2.1%的患者可檢測到的HBV DNA[23]。對于HBcrAg基線水平高于8 log U/ml的PEG-IFN治療的患者,可在治療12周時實現(xiàn)HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化和HBV DNA抑制, 預(yù)測值達(dá)94.4%[29]。在另一項研究中,50例接受PEG-IFN聯(lián)合NA治療4周,再接受PEG-IFN連續(xù)治療20周,治療開始時HBcrAg水平高于 4.5 log U/ml,預(yù)測治療結(jié)束24個月后HBcrAg無應(yīng)答,且HBeAg無血清轉(zhuǎn)化[30]。因此,基線及抗HBV治療時血清HBcrAg的水平也可能預(yù)測CHB患者疾病進(jìn)展。Tanaka E等[31]比較了HBcrAg和血清HBV DNA在預(yù)測81名CHB患者發(fā)生LAM耐藥性風(fēng)險的臨床價值,其中31%患者在隨訪期間(中位數(shù)為 19.3個月)出現(xiàn)了LAM耐藥性。雖然開始服用LAM后HBcrAg和HBV DNA均會降低,但HBcrAg比HBV DNA的下降幅度更大;治療6個月后HBcrAg水平小于4.6 log U/ml的19例患者未發(fā)生LAM耐藥,但在兩年內(nèi)仍有50%的患者發(fā)生耐藥。由于HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)化與未轉(zhuǎn)化的患者之間的HBsAg和HBcrAg有所不同,因此,可以結(jié)合分析HBsAg和HBcrAg來判斷患者HBeAg是否發(fā)生血清轉(zhuǎn)化[32]。 ? ? ? ? 4.2 NA停用時機 ?研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[33,34],當(dāng)停藥時血清HBcrAg水平大于 3.7 log U/ml,預(yù)測停藥1年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)病毒學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)。另一項研究也有相似發(fā)現(xiàn)[35],CHB患者NA停用時HBcrAg呈高水平(中位數(shù)為4.9 log U/ml),預(yù)測停藥6個月后出現(xiàn)病毒學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)。所有停用LAM時HBcrAg 小于3.0 log U/ml的患者均無ALT復(fù)升,而停藥時較高水平的HBcrAg,復(fù)發(fā)者與非復(fù)發(fā)者分別為(4.5±1.0)log U/ml、(3.4±0.9)log U/ml,P=0.0145,是重要的復(fù)發(fā)預(yù)測指標(biāo);另外其他NA[如恩替卡韋(ETV)或TDF]停用時的HBcrAg水平也可作為預(yù)測復(fù)發(fā)獨立的指標(biāo)[36]。Hsu YC等[37]建立TDF停藥復(fù)發(fā)率評分公式(SCALE-B):35×HBsAg(logIU/mL)+20×HBcrAg(logU/ml)+2×年齡(年)+ALT(U/L)+40,得出停藥1~5年的臨床復(fù)發(fā)率基本一致,分別為0.87、0.88、0.87、0.85和0.90。因此,血清HBcrAg可能作為NA停用時機和重新激活風(fēng)險標(biāo)志物。
5 HBcrAg對HCC發(fā)展的預(yù)測
研究證實[38],HBcrAg對HCC復(fù)發(fā)有預(yù)測價值。在1031例未經(jīng)NA治療的CHB患者隨訪期間(中位:10.7年),有78位患者(7.6%)發(fā)展為HCC。使用Cox比例風(fēng)險模型對HBV基因型狀態(tài)、HBV DNA水平、HBcrAg水平、HBeAg狀態(tài)和基礎(chǔ)核心啟動子(BCP)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行多因素分析,結(jié)果顯示HBcrAg大于2.9 log U/ml和基礎(chǔ)核心啟動子(BCP)突變與HCC發(fā)生相關(guān),且對未經(jīng)治療的CHB患者的HCC進(jìn)展預(yù)測能力優(yōu)于HBV DNA[38,39]。另有發(fā)現(xiàn)[40],血清HBcrAg可監(jiān)測肝癌中的cccDNA,可能是肝癌患者預(yù)后的良好指標(biāo)。89例HCC患者肝臟標(biāo)本的HBcrAg和HBV DNA均與患者的cccDNA相關(guān),HBcrAg水平為4.0 log U/ml時,可識別出中等病毒載量的HCC高?;颊遊40]。NA治療可降低CHB患者HCC發(fā)生風(fēng)險,但不能完全消除[41]。接受NA治療兩年以上的109例CHB患者的HBcrAg可作為肝癌發(fā)展的獨立危險因素(HR,3.53)[42]。接受NA治療的76例CHB患者血清HBV-DNA雖已檢測不到,但肝癌患者HBcrAg基線水平(治療前)明顯高于對照組。另外,治療前HBcrAg大于 4.67 log U/ml可獨立預(yù)測HCC發(fā)生率[43]。治療后,HBcrAg大于3.89 log U/ml時,預(yù)測肝癌的優(yōu)勢比為3.27,而非肝硬化患者HBcrAg大于3.90 log U/ml時,預(yù)測肝癌優(yōu)勢比為5.95[43]。因此,血清HBcrAg水平可能是CHB患者的肝癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的有效預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
6總結(jié)
本文總結(jié)了HBcrAg的特征及臨床應(yīng)用,說明HBcrAg可作為肝內(nèi)cccDNA良好的替代生物標(biāo)記。所有CHB疾病狀態(tài)下血清HBcrAg水平均與HBV DNA含量有關(guān)。提示HBcrAg有助于區(qū)分HBeAg陰性CHB和非活動攜帶者狀態(tài),這兩種疾病狀態(tài)具有不同的臨床意義和預(yù)后。無法檢測到血清HBV DNA和HBsAg(即達(dá)到“功能性治愈”)的患者仍會出現(xiàn)HBV重新激活和HCC等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,同時,一定比例的“功能治愈”患者可檢測到HBcrAg,因此,有必要對HBcrAg陽性或陰性患者的長期預(yù)后進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。血清HBcrAg可預(yù)測HBeAg和HBsAg的血清轉(zhuǎn)化,并對CHB的疾病階段預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性可與HBsAg相當(dāng),因此,其可作為CHB的疾病監(jiān)測和臨床結(jié)果預(yù)測標(biāo)志物。由于HBcrAg對隱匿性的HBV重新激活具有良好的預(yù)測價值,因此,對中、低危人群應(yīng)做更多研究并進(jìn)行停藥風(fēng)險分析。此外,HBcrAg可預(yù)測HCC的發(fā)生,且與抗病毒治療狀態(tài)無關(guān)??傊琀BcrAg能反映肝內(nèi)cccDNA水平和復(fù)制活性,對CHB的疾病進(jìn)展監(jiān)測、預(yù)測停藥時機和病毒重新激活風(fēng)險均有重要作用。為了將HBcrAg用于CHB臨床實踐的眾多方面,在臨床實踐中常規(guī)使用之前仍需更廣泛的臨床驗證。
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收稿日期:2020-06-21;修回日期:2020-07-03
編輯/肖婷婷