杜雯雯 王曉星 陳文倩 張丹 劉慧芳 張相林 李朋梅
摘 要 目的:分析肺移植患者術(shù)后急性腎損傷(AKI)的發(fā)生情況及可能的影響因素。方法:回顧性收集2017年4月-2018年6月于我院接受肺移植術(shù)64例患者的病歷資料,按術(shù)后是否發(fā)生AKI分為AKI組(44例)和無(wú)AKI組(20例)。根據(jù)我院肺移植診療規(guī)范,所有患者均給予注射用甲潑尼龍琥珀酸鈉或注射用甲潑尼龍琥珀酸鈉聯(lián)合注射用巴利昔單抗誘導(dǎo)治療,并于術(shù)后行他克莫司膠囊+嗎替麥考酚酯分散片或嗎替麥考酚酯膠囊或麥考酚鈉腸溶片+甲潑尼龍片或醋酸潑尼松片三聯(lián)免疫抑制治療方案。記錄AKI組患者術(shù)后1周內(nèi)AKI發(fā)生情況,并觀察兩組患者術(shù)中[手術(shù)類型、手術(shù)時(shí)間、體外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持、免疫抑制劑使用情況、術(shù)中出血量]、術(shù)后影響因素[重癥加強(qiáng)護(hù)理病房(ICU)天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣天數(shù)、ECMO支持天數(shù)、術(shù)后1周內(nèi)血清肌酐(Scr)中位值,他克莫司全血濃度中位值、潛在腎毒性藥物使用種類(≥4種)、住院天數(shù)]及術(shù)后1年生存率。結(jié)果:肺移植術(shù)后1周內(nèi),64例患者有中44例(68.8%)至少發(fā)生過1次AKI,其中1期19例(29.7%)、2期17例(26.5%)、3期8例(12.5%);術(shù)后第4天AKI發(fā)生率最高(57.4%);在肺移植術(shù)后1周內(nèi)3期AKI發(fā)生率總體呈上升趨勢(shì),并在術(shù)后第5天達(dá)到最高(8.7%)。無(wú)AKI組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后1周內(nèi)Scr中位值、他克莫司全血濃度中位值均顯著短于或低于AKI組(P<0.05);兩組患者手術(shù)類型、ECMO支持使用情況、免疫抑制劑使用情況、術(shù)中失血量、ICU天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣天數(shù)、ECMO支持天數(shù)、潛在腎毒性藥物(≥4種)使用率、住院天數(shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。1期和2期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率與無(wú)AKI組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);3期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率顯著低于無(wú)AKI組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:肺移植術(shù)后AKI的發(fā)生率較高。手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后1周內(nèi)Scr中位值、他克莫司全血濃度中位值均為術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI的可能影響因素。
關(guān)鍵詞 急性腎損傷;肺移植;術(shù)后;影響因素
中圖分類號(hào) R563 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2020)18-2247-06
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2020.18.13
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after lung transplantation and its possible influential factors. METHODS: Medical records of 64 patients who received lung transplantation in our hospital from April 2017 to June 2018 were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into AKI group (44 cases) and non-AKI group (20 cases), according to whether AKI occurred after operation. According to diagnostic criteria for lung transplantation in our hospital, all patients were given Methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection or Methylprednisolone sodium succinate for injection combined with Basiliximab for injection, and triple immunosuppressive therapy of Tacrolimus capsules+Mycophenolate mofetil dispersible tablets or Mycophenolate mofetil capsules or Mycophenolate sodium enteric-coated tablets+Methylprednisolone tablets or Prednisone acetate tablets were given after operation. The occurrence of AKI in AKI group within a week after operation were recorded. Intraoperative influential factors (operation type, operation duration, ECMO support, immune inhibitor use, intraoperative blood loss), postoperative influential factors [days of ICU, mechanical ventilation and ECMO support, median value of Scr within one week after operation, median tacrolimus concentration and the use of potential nephrotoxic drugs (≥4 kinds), hospitalization days] and survival rate one year after operation were observed in 2 groups. RESULTS: Within one week after lung transplantation, 44 patients (68.8%) had experienced at least one episode of AKI, among which 19 cases (29.7%) were stage 1, 17 cases (26.5%) were stage 2 and 8 cases (12.5%) were stage 3. The incidence of AKI was the highest on post-operative day 4 (57.4%). The incidence of AKI at stage 3 exhibited growth trend within the first week after operation, and reached the highest on? median post-operative day 5 (8.7%). Operation duration, median value of Scr within one week after operation, median tacrolimus concentration in non-AKI group were significantly shorter or lower than AKI group; there was no significant difference in operation type, ECMO support, use of immunosuppressive agents, intraoperative blood loss, ICU days, mechanical ventilation days, ECMO support days, the utilization rate of potential nephrotoxic drugs (≥4 kinds) and hospitalization days between 2 groups (P>0.05). There was no statistical significance in the survival rate at stage 1 and 2 one year after operation between AKI group and non-AKI group (P>0.05). One year after operation, survival rate of AKI group at stage 3 was significantly lower than that of non-AKI group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AKI is high after lung transplantation. Operation duration, median value of Scr within one week after operation, median tacrolimus concentration were possible factors for the occurrence of AKI after operation.
1.4.2 術(shù)中影響因素 術(shù)中影響因素包括手術(shù)類型、手術(shù)時(shí)間、ECMO支持情況、免疫抑制劑使用情況和術(shù)中失血量。
1.4.3 術(shù)后影響因素 術(shù)后影響因素包括患者重癥加強(qiáng)護(hù)理病房(ICU)天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣天數(shù)、ECMO支持天數(shù)、術(shù)后1周內(nèi)Scr中位值、他克莫司全血濃度中位值、潛在腎毒性藥物種類(≥4種)、住院天數(shù)。
1.4.4 臨床結(jié)局 觀察兩組患者術(shù)后1年的生存情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)是否符合正態(tài)分布,對(duì)于符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,兩組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 肺移植術(shù)后AKI發(fā)生情況
肺移植術(shù)后1周內(nèi),64例患者中有44例(68.8%)至少發(fā)生過1次AKI,其中1期19例(29.7%)、2期17例(26.5%)、3期8例(12.5%)。術(shù)后第4天AKI發(fā)生率最高(57.4%),肺移植術(shù)后1周內(nèi)3期AKI發(fā)生率總體呈上升趨勢(shì),并在術(shù)后第5天達(dá)到最高(8.7%),詳見表2(因術(shù)后并非每天都會(huì)檢測(cè)患者腎功能,因此Scr值不是每天都可獲得;此外,通常在術(shù)后前3 d會(huì)每天測(cè)Scr值,從第4天起醫(yī)師根據(jù)患者病情決定是否檢測(cè)腎功能,故表中“n”表示實(shí)際測(cè)定腎功能的患者例數(shù))。
2.2 術(shù)中影響因素分析
無(wú)AKI組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著短于AKI組(P<0.05);而兩組患者手術(shù)類型、ECMO支持情況、免疫抑制劑使用例數(shù)、術(shù)中失血量比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見表3。
2.3 術(shù)后影響因素分析
所有患者術(shù)后均在ICU實(shí)施有創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)和/或ECMO輔助通氣。無(wú)AKI組患者術(shù)后1周內(nèi)Scr中位值、他克莫司全血濃度中位值均顯著低于AKI組(P<0.05)。而兩組患者ICU天數(shù)、機(jī)械通氣天數(shù)、ECMO支持天數(shù)、潛在腎毒性藥物(≥4種)使用率、住院天數(shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見表4。
2.4 術(shù)后1年生存情況
1期和2期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率與無(wú)AKI組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而3期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率顯著低于無(wú)AKI組(P=0.009),詳見表5。
3 討論
隨著器官移植醫(yī)學(xué)倫理的完善和終末期肺疾病患病人數(shù)的增加,行肺移植術(shù)的患者也在逐年增多,盡管我國(guó)在外科手術(shù)和免疫抑制治療等方面取得了進(jìn)展,大大提高了患者的生存率,但部分患者術(shù)后仍伴有嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,尤其是AKI[2,12]。據(jù)國(guó)際心肺移植學(xué)會(huì)(ISHLT)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,肺移植術(shù)后1年內(nèi)腎功能不全較糖尿病和閉塞性細(xì)支氣管炎等并發(fā)癥更為常見,且與患者死亡顯著相關(guān)[13-14]。
有研究認(rèn)為,應(yīng)用不同的AKI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能會(huì)影響AKI發(fā)生的判斷結(jié)果[15]。近年來(lái)研究大多采用2012年KDIGO指南[4,10,16]、2005年急性腎損傷網(wǎng)絡(luò)(AKIN)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17-18]或2002年急性透析質(zhì)量指導(dǎo)組(ADQI)提出的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、損傷、衰竭、失功能、終末期腎?。≧IFLE)分層標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[19-20]。Lertjitbanjong P等[21]進(jìn)行的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,根據(jù)KDIGO指南、AKIN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和RIFLE分層標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肺移植術(shù)后AKI的合并估計(jì)發(fā)病率分別為53.0%[95%置信區(qū)間(CI)(38.2%,67.3%)]、55.5%[95%CI(45.2%,65.4%)]和49%[95%CI(38.3%,59.8%)]。本研究采用KDIGO指南的AKI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得到的結(jié)果顯示,肺移植術(shù)后1周內(nèi),AKI發(fā)生率為68.8%,其中1期占29.7%、2期占26.5%、3期占12.5%,術(shù)后AKI以1期和2期為主,該結(jié)果與相關(guān)研究[4,11]結(jié)論一致。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,無(wú)AKI組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著短于AKI組,提示接受手術(shù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),患者發(fā)生AKI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,該結(jié)果目前尚未有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。肺部手術(shù)會(huì)通過釋放炎癥介質(zhì)而致腎上皮細(xì)胞凋亡,從而引發(fā)AKI[22]。由此筆者推測(cè),手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)可能會(huì)加重上述過程,進(jìn)而增加AKI發(fā)生的可能性。有研究報(bào)道,肺移植術(shù)中影響AKI的發(fā)生因素為雙肺移植和ECMO支持等[2,22-24]。而本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然AKI組中雙肺移植患者比例(34.1%)雖略高于無(wú)AKI組(25.0%),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這可能與本研究中納入的雙肺移植患者較少有關(guān)[2,25]。同時(shí),本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),單肺移植患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間短于雙肺移植手術(shù)時(shí)間,筆者推測(cè)手術(shù)類型可能會(huì)間接影響手術(shù)時(shí)間與術(shù)后AKI的相關(guān)性[22-23]。術(shù)中使用ECMO支持而導(dǎo)致AKI的機(jī)制可能與血液持續(xù)暴露于ECMO界面而使促炎介質(zhì)激活有關(guān)[26]。雖然我院肺移植手術(shù)中ECMO支持總體率較高(73.4%),但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)ECMO支持是患者術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI的影響因素,該結(jié)論與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[2,25]結(jié)論一致。此外,雖然兩組患者術(shù)中失血量比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。也有研究認(rèn)為,1~3期AKI患者的術(shù)中失血量雖然高于無(wú)AKI組,但組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.054)[15]。但由于本研究納入的樣本量較小,因此,術(shù)中出血量是否為患者術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI的可能影響因素,仍需后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
免疫抑制劑可能在AKI的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要作用[27]。他克莫司是肺移植術(shù)后常用的免疫抑制劑,其潛在的腎毒性已在多項(xiàng)研究中被提及[11,28]。他克莫司的腎毒性可能是由于其濃度偏高時(shí),引起腎小球入球小動(dòng)脈血管收縮而造成的[29]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AKI組患者術(shù)后他克莫司全血濃度中位值顯著高于無(wú)AKI組,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[4,30]結(jié)果一致。但值得注意的是,AKI組患者體內(nèi)他克莫司的全血濃度[(7.4±3.9)ng/mL]并未超出目標(biāo)濃度范圍(8~12 ng/mL),提示常規(guī)測(cè)定的他克莫司全血濃度即使位于目標(biāo)濃度范圍內(nèi),可能也會(huì)造成腎毒性[4]。Sikma MA等[4]研究認(rèn)為,在腎毒性方面,他克莫司游離血漿濃度可能比全血濃度更具相關(guān)性,但由于游離血漿濃度不能通過常規(guī)分析測(cè)量,因此該相關(guān)性仍需后續(xù)研究驗(yàn)證。
本研究中,所有患者的1年生存率為85.9%,該結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[31]一致。1期和2期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率與無(wú)AKI組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;3期AKI患者術(shù)后1年生存率顯著低于無(wú)AKI組,這與Bennett D等[25]研究結(jié)果一致,提示術(shù)后發(fā)生嚴(yán)重AKI患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能更高。
綜上所述,肺移植術(shù)后AKI的發(fā)生率較高。手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后1周內(nèi)Scr中位值、他克莫司全血濃度中位值均為術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI的可能影響因素。盡管目前未有確切可行的預(yù)防術(shù)后AKI發(fā)生的相關(guān)方案,但對(duì)上述影響因素進(jìn)行干預(yù),可能會(huì)有助于減少AKI的發(fā)生、改善患者預(yù)后。由于本研究為回顧性分析,且納入的樣本量較小,故此結(jié)論可能會(huì)存在偏倚,后續(xù)仍需擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2020-05-13 修回日期:2020-08-01)
(編輯:陳 宏)