譚 玲

(廣東省湛江市坡頭區(qū)第一中學(xué) 廣東 湛江 524000)

目前的高中英語寫作的要求是:根據(jù)提示，要求覆蓋所有要點(diǎn)，自然銜接，適當(dāng)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞,行文流暢,渾然一體。但在實(shí)際寫作教學(xué)中,教學(xué)雙方既吃力又有壓力，學(xué)生消極對(duì)待，寫作時(shí)弊病多多：習(xí)慣性漢語式英語及生硬直譯，錯(cuò)漏百出；詞窮,短語和句型的使用生搬硬套；寫作技巧欠缺,東拼西湊,語無倫次,語言的邏輯，連貫和得體無影無蹤。作為引路者，英語教師必須具有與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，有意識(shí)地重視寫作，想方設(shè)法尋求有效的寫作途徑。

1.培養(yǎng)詞塊意識(shí)

詞塊理論指出,詞匯是語言的基礎(chǔ),增加固定詞匯信息，集合組成塊狀結(jié)構(gòu),就是具有語言意義的詞塊。教師可采用啟發(fā)式教學(xué)組織小組討論,根據(jù)詞塊知識(shí)觀察、識(shí)別詞塊并進(jìn)行核對(duì)討論,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)詞塊歸類總結(jié),幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)建語言意義，繼而對(duì)詞塊造句，強(qiáng)化學(xué)生記憶深度,讓學(xué)生在詞塊中理解和掌握詞匯。例如短話詞塊:look forward to, at the same time;句子框架與引語詞塊: what’s more, in a word, taking all the factors into consideration等。從心理教育學(xué)的角度看,詞塊教學(xué)能在潛意識(shí)中把對(duì)詞匯的理解和記憶與對(duì)詞匯的搜索和使用有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,無形中潛移默化詞于詞之間的有機(jī)關(guān)聯(lián)和詞塊的整體連貫性。

2.引入詞塊構(gòu)型策略

詞塊構(gòu)型策略是借助詞塊搭建利于記憶的單位。如a+n+with +adj+n，引導(dǎo)生成a girl with long hair, a house with a beautiful garden等諸如此類；又如修飾句子系列with+n+doing，引出with the time going by, with the society developing等；再有句型構(gòu)型: It's of great importance to do sth. It’s generally acknowledged that等。詞塊構(gòu)型后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解和掌握同類的整個(gè)詞塊語用群，通過遣句、翻譯等方式反復(fù)操練,積報(bào)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生課內(nèi)課外自行分析,識(shí)別,整理,擴(kuò)大詞塊群庫存，因?yàn)閷懽?詞塊構(gòu)型提供了優(yōu)越的記憶儲(chǔ)備。

3.詞塊構(gòu)型策略融入寫作

詞塊結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和語義的可檢測(cè)性使詞塊容易習(xí)得和應(yīng)用，加之詞塊是語法語義語境的統(tǒng)一體，要想正確生成語篇,必須掌握這些固定或半固定詞塊構(gòu)型，它們是記憶單位整體保存在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中的語言材料,不必臨時(shí)組合就可以迅速提取和使用,將這些預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生在特定語境中使用搭配詞和聚合詞的正確性,考察學(xué)生運(yùn)用詞塊的語言交際能力,既見樹木又見森林。

4.詞塊構(gòu)型策略融入寫作高分技巧

4.1 強(qiáng)化英語寫作思維訓(xùn)練，化繁為簡(jiǎn)，夯實(shí)遣詞造句基本功：分清主干句和各修飾成分詞塊，熟練五個(gè)基本句型。

4.2 精準(zhǔn)美化，逐步豐富句子。增添詞塊成分小技巧：先簡(jiǎn)單，后并列，再復(fù)合；定語詞塊(詞語多在名詞前，短語多在名詞后，定語從句躲在名詞后)；狀語詞塊(修飾句子系列也屬于狀語詞塊，均可在句首，句中和句末)；融入句型結(jié)構(gòu)，多用名詞形容詞和副詞來表達(dá)。思維如下：

(1)I’m qualified for the job.

→I firmly believe I’m qualified for the job.

→I hold a firm belief that I’m qualified for the job because I can speak English.

→I hold a firm belief that I’m qualified for the job because I began to learn English when I was at the age of 8.

(2)I’m fluent in both Chinese and English.

→What’s more, I’m fluent in both Chinese and English.

→What’s the most important is that I’m fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with others.

(3)I want the opportunity.

→I want you to give me the golden opportunity to broaden my horizons.

→ If you could be so kind to take me into consideration and give me the golden opportunity to broaden my horizons, I would greatly appreciate it.

4.3 謀篇布局，審題是關(guān)鍵，重點(diǎn)是如何做到根據(jù)增添要點(diǎn)，巧融主要內(nèi)容和添加信息詞塊，以使行文連貫，錦上添花。

例：(2019-全國(guó)卷I)假定你是李華，暑期在倫敦學(xué)習(xí)，得知當(dāng)?shù)孛佬g(shù)館要舉辦中國(guó)畫展覽。請(qǐng)寫一封信申請(qǐng)做志愿者，內(nèi)容包括:寫信目的；個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì)；能做的事情。

Dear Sir / Madam,

I’m writing to apply to be a volunteer for a Chinese Painting Show to be held in your art gallery.

First of all, I hold a firm belief that I’m qualified for the job because I began to learn English when I was at the age of 8.What’s the most important is that I’m fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with others. If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer, I can show visitors around the gallery and answer their questions about the paintings, after some proper training.

If you could be so kind to take me into consideration and give me the golden opportunity to broaden my horizons, I would greatly appreciate it. I’m looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

5.結(jié)語

詞塊是語言的重要組成部分 ,詞塊習(xí)得符合語言認(rèn)知規(guī)律,詞塊構(gòu)型策略融入寫作無疑可以增強(qiáng)語言輸出的準(zhǔn)確性和地道性，減少母語干擾,是切實(shí)可行的有效策略。高中英語“寫作難”，我們必須從“心”開始，循序漸進(jìn)。平時(shí)須著力強(qiáng)化遣詞造句的精準(zhǔn)性和句型結(jié)構(gòu)靈活運(yùn)用；鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生定時(shí)獨(dú)立完成，互相學(xué)習(xí)、取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，老師及時(shí)抓好反饋，加以表揚(yáng),增強(qiáng)信心，從“心”寫作，必能芝麻開花節(jié)節(jié)高。