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側(cè)腦室引流術(shù)與小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)治療小腦出血的臨床效果

2021-03-27 10:31饒輝

饒輝

【關(guān)鍵詞】 側(cè)腦室引流術(shù) 小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù) 小腦出血

[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the clinical effect of lateral ventricle drainage and minimally invasive puncture of cerebellar hematoma in the treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage. Method: A total of 64 patients with cerebellar hemorrhage in our hospital from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group according to random number table, 32 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with minimally invasive puncture of cerebellar hematoma, while the control group was treated with lateral ventricle drainage. The incidence of postoperative complications were compared between two groups, GCS, SSS scores before and after treatment, hs-CRP and NSE before and 1, 3 and 7 d after treatment were compared between two groups. Result: Before treatment, there were no significant differences in GCS and SSS scores between two groups (P>0.05); after treatment, the GCS and SSS scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Before and 1 d after treatment, there were no significant differences in serum hs-CRP between two groups (P>0.05); 3 and 7 d after treatment, serum hs-CRP of two groups were lower than those of before treatment, and the observation group were lower than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum NSE between two groups before treatment and 1 and 3 d after treatment (P>0.05); 7 d after treatment, serum NSE of two groups were lower than those of before treatment, and the observation group was lower than that of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of complications of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, the differences was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Minimally invasive puncture of cerebellar hematoma is superior than lateral ventricle drainage in the treatment of cerebellar hemorrhage, which is worthy of popularization and application.

[Key words] Lateral ventricle drainage Minimally invasive puncture of cerebellar hematoma Cerebellar hemorrhage

First-author’s address: Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Xiaogan Central Hospital), Xiaogan 432000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.21.019

小腦出血主要癥狀為四肢協(xié)調(diào)性變差、眼球震動(dòng)等,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)出現(xiàn)昏迷等情況,給患者生命安全造成很大威脅[1]。目前臨床常用治療手段為側(cè)腦室引流術(shù)及小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù),臨床應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn)小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)效果更佳,在治療小腦出血方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[2]。對(duì)本院64例小腦出血患者分別采用側(cè)腦室引流術(shù)及小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,比較其療效?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取2018年6月-2020年6月本院收治的64例小腦出血患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)過影像學(xué)檢查均確診為小腦出血;(2)血腫量&gt;10 mL以上;(3)血腫量雖<10 mL,但破入或是鄰近第四腦室,導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)移位、變形,引發(fā)腦脊液循環(huán)障礙,出現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)壓上升;(4)年齡40歲以上;(5)出血時(shí)間小于72 h。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并凝血障礙;(2)合并顱內(nèi)或全身感染;(3)合并心、肺、肝、腎等嚴(yán)重疾病。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組32例。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過,患者均知情同意。

1.2 方法 觀察組給予微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)治療,首先選擇合適穿刺點(diǎn)(正中矢狀線旁開2.5 cm與橫竇線下1.5 cm交點(diǎn)),利用CT測(cè)量穿刺點(diǎn)至靶心的距離,根據(jù)距離選擇合適長(zhǎng)度的針。然后進(jìn)行穿刺,主要根據(jù)顱中線、上項(xiàng)線、基線進(jìn)行穿刺,穿刺時(shí)注意穿刺方向與基線及正中矢狀線平行,穿刺后將患者顱內(nèi)血腫徹底清除。對(duì)照組給予側(cè)腦室引流術(shù),指導(dǎo)患者取平臥位,選擇合適穿刺點(diǎn)(矢狀線自眉間向上9 cm,中線旁開2 cm交點(diǎn)),并進(jìn)行常規(guī)消毒以及浸潤(rùn)麻醉。然后由腦膜針進(jìn)行穿刺,再通過引流管將腦脊液移出。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組治療前后格斯拉哥昏迷量表(GCS)評(píng)分。GCS主要對(duì)患者昏迷程度進(jìn)行測(cè)定,該量表包括四個(gè)級(jí)別:15分為正常,12~14分為輕度意識(shí)障礙,9~11分為中度意識(shí)障礙,8分以下為昏迷[3]。(2)比較兩組治療前后斯堪地納維亞卒中量表(SSS)評(píng)分:采用SSS主要對(duì)患者神經(jīng)功能進(jìn)行測(cè)定,其測(cè)定主要包括:意識(shí)狀態(tài)、眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)、上肢肌力、語(yǔ)言、面癱等方面,總分58分,<26分為神經(jīng)功能重度缺損,≥26分為輕、中度缺損,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,說明神經(jīng)功能缺損程度越輕[4]。(3)比較兩組治療前及治療后1、3、7 d的NSE和hs-CRP水平。采取兩組清晨空腹靜脈血5 mL,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法方法測(cè)定NSE和hs-CRP水平。(4)比較兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,包括腦積水和共濟(jì)失調(diào)。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 本研究采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般資料比較 觀察組男17例,女15例;年齡48~78歲,平均(62.56±5.74)歲;單側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大20例,雙側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大12例;出血量10~25 mL,平均(17.65±2.15)mL。對(duì)照組男18例,女14例;年齡49~79歲,平均(62.97±5.65)歲;單側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大21例,雙側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大11例;出血量11~25 mL,平均(17.89±2.34)mL。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

2.2 兩組治療前后GCS、SSS評(píng)分比較 治療前,兩組GCS、SSS評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后,觀察組GCS、SSS評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.4 兩組治療前及治療后1、3、7 d血清NSE比較 治療前及治療后1、3 d,兩組血清NSE比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后7 d,兩組血清NSE均低于治療前,且觀察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。

2.5 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=7.053,P<0.05),見表4。

小腦出血的原因以高血壓較為常見,出血后易導(dǎo)致患者殘疾,甚至死亡[5]。小腦出血的好發(fā)部位為齒狀核區(qū)域。出血的位置(靠近中線或位于兩側(cè))影響患者的癥狀和臨床過程,這可能比血腫大小對(duì)預(yù)后的影響更為重要[6-7]。一般而言,血腫越靠?jī)蓚?cè)、體積越小,越可能避免腦干受累,預(yù)后越好;而位于小腦蚓部的出血?jiǎng)t是導(dǎo)致患者早期死亡的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[8-9]。小腦出血是由于腦干受到血腫影響,阻礙腦脊液循環(huán),使患者出現(xiàn)出血的情況,臨床死亡率較高,因此需盡早進(jìn)行治療,以降低患者致殘率,保障其生命安全[10-11]。

腦室外引流術(shù)簡(jiǎn)便易行,手術(shù)難度不大,在基層醫(yī)院可實(shí)施[12]。手術(shù)過程中適當(dāng)抽吸腦室內(nèi)積血、術(shù)后持續(xù)引流,可以促使腦室系統(tǒng)盡早恢復(fù)通暢;腦室內(nèi)血液及其分解產(chǎn)物被引流出后,可以減少其在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的聚集,減輕對(duì)顱底血管神經(jīng)及腦膜的刺激,但此手術(shù)常見的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在于引流感染[13-14]。微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)主要是通過血腫清除術(shù)進(jìn)一步將血液引流至腦室外。該方式相比較側(cè)腦室引流術(shù)安全性更高,效果更好,可有效降低死亡率,改善患者預(yù)后[15-16]。有研究表明,血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)可有效將患者顱內(nèi)血腫進(jìn)行清除,從而避免再次出血及顱內(nèi)感染情況,進(jìn)一步降低顱內(nèi)壓,可有效降低患者的致殘率[17-18]。本研究采用側(cè)腦室引流術(shù)與小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行治療,得出結(jié)果:治療前,兩組GCS、SSS評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后,觀察組GCS、SSS評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。治療后3、7 d,觀察組血清hs-CRP、NSE均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。這提示該手術(shù)方式可以有效將患者腦部血腫及血液清除,并且對(duì)患者造成的傷害較小,很大程度上減輕對(duì)腦干的傷害,從而避免術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,進(jìn)一步降低患者死亡率,提高治療效果[19-20]。

綜上所述,小腦血腫微創(chuàng)穿刺術(shù)治療小腦出血效果優(yōu)于側(cè)腦室引流術(shù),值得推廣應(yīng)用。

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(收稿日期:2020-10-14) (本文編輯:張明瀾)