劉夢晴

摘要：一直以來，英語科目都是大多數(shù)學(xué)生的薄弱科目，不少學(xué)生僅僅是為了做題而做題，沒有變通能力。尤其新課程改革后，基于對學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)，對英語試題也作了相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，改動最大的地方就在于將筆試部分原本的【單項選擇】題型改成了【語法選擇】題型，其次就是【讀寫綜合】部分將原本的【信息歸納】題改成了【回答問題】題型。題型的的改動對學(xué)生讀寫的能力提出了更高的要求，同時也更能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語篇把握能力。但是從往次學(xué)生練習(xí)、測試的情況來看，學(xué)生在做題時并不能學(xué)以致用、融會貫通。學(xué)生是課堂的主體，也是測試中的被考察對象，一直以來學(xué)生都是被動測試由出題者給出的題目，僅僅將做題當(dāng)作一次練習(xí)而不能深刻理解出題人的出題意圖。在本文中，將以人教版八年級下冊Unit7 課文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 為例，探討在教師的引領(lǐng)下，如何指引學(xué)生感受測試中出題人的意圖，進而提高學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)中的讀寫素養(yǎng)。

關(guān)鍵詞：高效課堂;課程改革;讀寫素養(yǎng)

一、核心素養(yǎng)框架下的讀寫素養(yǎng)

2014年教育部研制印發(fā)《關(guān)于全面深化課程改革落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)的意見》，提出“教育部將組織研究提出各學(xué)段學(xué)生發(fā)展核心素養(yǎng)體系，明確學(xué)生應(yīng)具備的適應(yīng)終身發(fā)展和社會發(fā)展需要的必備品格和關(guān)鍵能力”。而英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)主要包括：語言能力、文化品格、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力等四個方面。讀與寫是中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)重要組成部分，對于英語學(xué)科來說，培養(yǎng)中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的讀寫素養(yǎng)成為英語教師的重要教學(xué)任務(wù)之一。

英語學(xué)習(xí)中的讀寫素養(yǎng)要求中學(xué)生能夠流利地閱讀、理解英文，掌握必要的語法知識點，同時能夠以書面形式準(zhǔn)確地完成作文要求，沒有或很少有語法錯誤。但真正能達到這種水平的學(xué)生少之又少。基于當(dāng)前學(xué)生死做題、做死題的現(xiàn)狀，筆者從教學(xué)經(jīng)驗出發(fā)，探索一種新的教學(xué)方式，即讓學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)換角色，從做題人到做出題人，讓學(xué)生去體會出題人的意圖，培養(yǎng)他們的做題感悟，加強學(xué)生對知識點的理解，提高自身的讀寫素養(yǎng)。

二、案例分析

對學(xué)生學(xué)情的把握是設(shè)計題目的前提。筆者將以人教版八年級下冊Unit7 課文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 為例，探討提升學(xué)生讀寫素養(yǎng)的具體方法。文章原文如下：

Qomolangma--the Most Dangerous Mountain in the World？

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， while the ?first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

這是一篇科普性文章，主要介紹了珠穆朗瑪峰的相關(guān)信息，下面筆者就以這篇文章為例，分別設(shè)計【語法選擇】、【完形填空】、【閱讀理解】、【短文填空】和【讀寫綜合】等題型，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自我設(shè)計題目，從而強化自身對知識點的理解和把握。

1、語法選擇

語法選擇題是2020年廣東新增的考試題型，即將以往的單項選擇題改成了以篇章為依托、具有完形填空形式的選擇題。但語法選擇與完形填空的不同之處在于，語法選擇著重在于考查學(xué)生對語法知識點的掌握，而完形填空則強調(diào)學(xué)生對文章的理解。在設(shè)計語法選擇題前，要同學(xué)生共同復(fù)習(xí)初中英語的語法點主要包括：名詞、代詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、連詞、形容詞和副詞、動詞、主謂一致、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。了解了需要考察哪些知識點才能在設(shè)計題目時做到有的放矢?；谶@樣的設(shè)計要求，教師可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生設(shè)計學(xué)生們自己的【語法選擇】題。以下是筆者基于該篇課文設(shè)計的語法選擇，供師生交流參考。

語法選擇（每題1分，共10分）

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of 1.themostpopular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas runalong the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the 2.highestand is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow3.can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms. It is also very hard to take in air 4.asyou get near the top.

The first people 5.to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary 6.onMay 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960，545 while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons 7.is that people want to challenge8.themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up tryingto achieve our dreams. It also 9.shows that 10.humans can sometimes be stronger thanthe forces of nature.

在本例中，筆者在原文中選取了最?？疾斓墓谠~、代詞、名詞、形容詞/副詞、連詞、動詞（情態(tài)動詞、動詞的時態(tài)、非謂語動詞）、連詞以及介詞進行挖空練習(xí)。同時要求學(xué)生根據(jù)自己做題的經(jīng)驗，按照這種方式設(shè)計他們自己的語法選擇題，然后拿題目考察自己的學(xué)生。

2、完形填空

【完形填空】題型與【語法選擇】題型形式相同，但所考察的重點卻不盡相同。【完形填空】是一種障礙性閱讀，著重在于考察學(xué)生對于文章內(nèi)容的整體理解以及對語言的綜合性把握。它既考查對語法，詞匯，習(xí)語，句型，搭配等基礎(chǔ)知識的綜合運用能力，又考查對短文的閱讀理解能力，其中包括在具體的語境中靈活運用語言知識的能力，根據(jù)試題內(nèi)容進行正確的邏輯推理，綜合判斷和分析概括的能力。即使是優(yōu)生，在完成【完形填空】時也很難拿到滿分。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自我設(shè)計一篇【完形填空】對學(xué)生加深對完形填空題型的理解，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生靈活運用語言的能力至關(guān)重要。以下是筆者就課文Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 而設(shè)計的【完形填空】，供師生交流參考。

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas 1.run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43meters high and so is very dangerous 2.to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very3.hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and 4.heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the 5.top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， 6.whilethe 7.firstwoman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The 8.spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It 9.also shows that humans can 10.sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

本題筆者主要基于文章原文有選擇性地挖空，考察學(xué)生對原文的理解以及學(xué)生的語言應(yīng)用能力。以本題為例，也同時要求學(xué)生以出題人的身份做了同樣的練習(xí)，加深學(xué)生對完形填空題型的理解和感悟，幫助學(xué)生找到【完形填空】題型的解題技巧和思路。

閱讀理解

閱讀理解是英語測試中的重點題型，在一份試卷中占有重要分值。該題型看似著重著重考察學(xué)生的閱讀能力和理解能力，實則是對學(xué)生英語素養(yǎng)的全方位考察。學(xué)生只有在讀懂的基礎(chǔ)上才能真正理解文章的 “main idea” or “what can you infer from the last sentence in the last paragraph”這種類型的題目。但英語閱讀理解涉及到自然、社會、科技、文化等的方方面面，同時又包含了記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文等各種文體，本文并不能夠一一贅述。本篇課文是一篇典型的說明文，文中包含有大篇幅對珠穆朗瑪峰基本情況的介紹，故在題目設(shè)計上可設(shè)計細節(jié)理解題、句意猜測題、推理判斷題和主旨大意題等題型。以下是本人根據(jù)課文引領(lǐng)學(xué)生所設(shè)計的題目，供師生交流參考。

One of the world’s most dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run along the southwestern part of China. Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43 meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29， 1953. The first Chinese team did so in 1960， while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

Where is the Himalayas？

It runs along the northeastern part of China

It runs along the southwestern part of China

It runs along the western part of China

It runs along the eastern part of China

How high is Qomolangma？

More than 9000 meters high

Lower than 8844 meters

8，844.43 meters

8800 meters

Why Qomolangmais very dangerous to climb？

It’s very high

Its top is covered with thick clouds and heavy snow

It has freezing weather conditions and heavy storms

All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE？

Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary reached the top on May 29，1953

The first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from China in 1975

People risk their lives to reach the top just for fun

humans can always be stronger than the forces of nature

What is the main idea of the passage？

Qomolangma is the most dangerous mountain in the world

Qomolangma is famous all over the world

Only a few people succeed in reaching the top of Qomolangma

The forces of nature can be defeated by human

對閱讀理解題型的設(shè)計當(dāng)然不僅僅是筆者所呈現(xiàn)的這幾種，教師可以根據(jù)閱讀理解的文章類型引導(dǎo)學(xué)生設(shè)置不同的問題以加深學(xué)生對閱讀理解題型的理解和解題方法的感悟。

短文填空

短文填空是大部分學(xué)生的失分點，其在考察學(xué)生英語語言素養(yǎng)方面與與語法選擇和完形填空題型有相似之處，同時需要考察學(xué)生對語法知識點的掌握和對文章大意的理解。所不同的是，短文填空是以填空題的形式呈現(xiàn)，在考察學(xué)生語法和閱讀能力的同時還要考察學(xué)生的單詞拼寫能力，難度相對更高。十個空的考察內(nèi)容包含了冠詞、名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、連詞、介詞，以及賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等語法知識點，在考察以上知識點的同時還要保持與文章內(nèi)容保持整體一貫性，因此還考察了學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力。以下是筆者根據(jù)本篇課文所設(shè)計的短文填空題，供師生交流參考。

One of the world’s most 1.dangerous sports is mountain climbing， and one of the most popular places for this is the Himalayas. The Himalayas run 2.along the southwestern part of China. 3.Of all the mountains， Qomolangma rises the 4.highest and is the most famous. It is 8，844.43 meters high and so is very dangerous to climb. Thick clouds 5.cover the top and snow can fall very hard. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms. 6.It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top.

The first people to reach the top were Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on May 29，1953. 7.The first Chinese team did so in 1960， 8.while the first woman to succeed was Junko Tabei from Japan in 1975.

Why do so many climbers risk their lives？ One of the main 9.reasons is that people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.

The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to 10.achieve our dreams. It also shows that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

對學(xué)生來說，短文填空題型難就難在這些空白處需要根據(jù)上下文去進行邏輯推斷，同時還要保證單詞拼寫無誤。在日常的教學(xué)中，教師可試行這種教學(xué)方法，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自己出題，鍛煉學(xué)生對短文填空的理解力和感悟力，提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。

讀寫綜合

讀寫綜合題型分為兩個部分：A. 根據(jù)短文回答問題;B. 書面表達。顧名思義，該部分重在考察學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力和書面表達能力。其中A部分是由之前的【信息歸納】題型改革而成，改變了提問問題的方式和回答問題的方式。改革后的【回答問題】題型更加注重考察學(xué)生的書面表達能力，學(xué)生不僅要讀懂問句，還要根據(jù)問句給出正確的答案，同時保證所表達的句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)是正確的。因此A部分與閱讀理解之間的不同就在于考察形式上的不同。而B部分的書面表達則與之前相同，這里不作過多贅述。以下是本人設(shè)計的讀寫綜合，供師生交流參考。

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問題。（原文在上文）

Where is the Himalayas？

How high is Qomolangma？

Why Qomolangma is very dangerous to climb？

When did the first Chinese team reach the top of Qomolangma？

Can humans sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature？

書面表達

大自然是人類賴以生存的根本，當(dāng)今自然環(huán)境惡化，生態(tài)環(huán)境遭到嚴(yán)重破壞。每個人都應(yīng)該行動起來保護大自然，保護地球母親。請你談一談在日常生活中該如何保護自然環(huán)境。

作文要求：1. 不能照抄原文;不得在作文中出現(xiàn)學(xué)校真實的名稱和學(xué)生的真實姓名。2. 語句連貫，80詞左右。

B部分的設(shè)計要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生考慮對文章文體的把握，在問題設(shè)計上和作文題目設(shè)計上統(tǒng)籌兼顧。

三、總結(jié)

本文主要是以人教版八年級下冊Unit7 Qomolangma - the Most Dangerous Mountains in the World 課文為例，在教師的引導(dǎo)下，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生成為出題人，帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生以本篇課文為基礎(chǔ)，設(shè)計出一套完整的試卷。本篇文章是說明文，以本文為例，教師可選擇其他類型的文體進行訓(xùn)練，從一個新的視角，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語讀寫素養(yǎng)。

新課程改革更加注重學(xué)生的讀寫素養(yǎng)，測試中的【語法選擇】、【完形填空】、【閱讀理解】、【短文填空】和【讀寫綜合】題都對學(xué)生的讀寫能力提出了極大的挑戰(zhàn)。教師在教學(xué)過程中要嘗試引領(lǐng)學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)變自己被考察者的角色，利用教材中或者練習(xí)中比較具有代表性的文章引導(dǎo)學(xué)生成為出題者，通過這一角色的轉(zhuǎn)變，加深學(xué)生對所學(xué)知識點的掌握，同時體會出題人的考察意圖。在這樣的教學(xué)嘗試下，真正讓學(xué)生做學(xué)習(xí)的主體，發(fā)揮教師引領(lǐng)者的作用，提高學(xué)生的讀寫素養(yǎng)。

參考文獻

[1]教育部《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》， 北京： 北京師范大學(xué)出版社， 2011年

[2]李保平.關(guān)于初中英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)研究[J].學(xué)周刊：上旬， 2018（17）：35-36.

[3]李秀云. 核心素養(yǎng)下的初中英語課堂[J].教海探航： 1212期： 35

[4]張?zhí)﹦? 初中英語語篇閱讀材料補充的實踐與思考1[J].英語教師： 2019 （2）