肖芳,李俊,王顥潛,翟杉杉,陳子言,高鴻飛,李允靜,吳剛,張秀杰,武玉花
轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體/內(nèi)標(biāo)基因二重微滴數(shù)字PCR方法的建立及應(yīng)用
肖芳1,李俊1,王顥潛2,翟杉杉1,陳子言2,高鴻飛1,李允靜1,吳剛1,張秀杰2,武玉花1
1中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院油料作物研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料作物生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430062;2農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科技發(fā)展中心,北京 100025
【目的】批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口的轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603是中國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全監(jiān)管的主要對(duì)象。轉(zhuǎn)基因安全監(jiān)管需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)方法,建立轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603的數(shù)字PCR(dPCR)方法將為轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603的定量檢測(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)研制提供精準(zhǔn)測(cè)量技術(shù)。【方法】采用人工合成技術(shù)構(gòu)建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603;將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與不同的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因引物/探針一一組合,遴選與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性PCR具有相同擴(kuò)增能力的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR方法;設(shè)置二重微滴數(shù)字PCR(ddPCR)的退火溫度梯度和引物/探針濃度梯度,優(yōu)化二重ddPCR的反應(yīng)體系和反應(yīng)條件;用梯度稀釋的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒溶液作模板,考察二重ddPCR的檢測(cè)極限、定量極限和動(dòng)力學(xué)范圍;將轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603種子粉末和非轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米種子粉末混合,配制質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為100%、10%和6%的盲樣,考察二重ddPCR的定量準(zhǔn)確性?!窘Y(jié)果】用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603作為二重ddPCR的質(zhì)控對(duì)照,通過考察二重ddPCR反應(yīng)熱圖的微滴信號(hào)強(qiáng)度、陽性微滴與陰性微滴分辨率、雨滴數(shù)量、NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因拷貝數(shù)比值測(cè)量值與預(yù)期值的一致性,確定將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性PCR方法與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR方法組合,建立NK603/二重ddPCR方法。二重ddPCR反應(yīng)體系中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度相同,均為400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1,在60℃退火延伸。NK603/二重ddPCR的檢測(cè)極限是2 copies DNA模板,定量極限是48 copies DNA模板,動(dòng)力學(xué)范圍是10—60 000 copies DNA。應(yīng)用NK603/二重ddPCR方法可準(zhǔn)確定量玉米盲樣中的NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體含量,定值結(jié)果變異系數(shù)小于25%;dPCR定量結(jié)果與熒光定量PCR(qPCR)定量結(jié)果無顯著差異,且具有更高的精確性?!窘Y(jié)論】?jī)?nèi)標(biāo)基因的選擇會(huì)影響dPCR定量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,在建立dPCR方法的過程中,要用具有準(zhǔn)確量值的樣品作為質(zhì)控對(duì)照,評(píng)估內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基因的適用性。以人工合成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603為質(zhì)控對(duì)照,建立了NK603/二重ddPCR方法。應(yīng)用建立的二重ddPCR定值方法進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)的研制和定值,已成功研制出轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)。
轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603;二重?cái)?shù)字PCR;標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子;內(nèi)標(biāo)基因;定量
【研究意義】轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)是轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全監(jiān)管和轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識(shí)制度實(shí)施的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的檢測(cè)方法和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)。目前,熒光定量PCR(qPCR)被認(rèn)為是轉(zhuǎn)基因定量檢測(cè)的金標(biāo)方法,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(international organization for standardization,ISO)及歐盟等發(fā)布的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品定量檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是基于qPCR技術(shù)[1]。研制轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)需要一種參考方法對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行定值,若用qPCR方法為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行定值,則會(huì)令定值過程陷入用依賴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)的方法為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行定值的悖論[2]。數(shù)字PCR(dPCR)是近幾年發(fā)展起來的核酸精確定量技術(shù),與實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)相比,dPCR可不依賴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線對(duì)PCR反應(yīng)中初始DNA模板進(jìn)行絕對(duì)定量,是進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值的潛在基準(zhǔn)方法[3-4]。前期研究表明,在同一PCR管中同時(shí)進(jìn)行外源基因和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的二重PCR擴(kuò)增,可消外源基因和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的取樣誤差,與單重dPCR相比,二重dPCR的測(cè)量結(jié)果具有更高的準(zhǔn)確性和重復(fù)性[5-6]。因此,建立和優(yōu)化二重dPCR方法對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品的定量檢測(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】dPCR技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值、臨床診斷、法醫(yī)科學(xué)、基因表達(dá)檢測(cè)、拷貝數(shù)變異分析等領(lǐng)域[7-11]。為保證dPCR測(cè)量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,需對(duì)dPCR操作進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量控制。2013年Huggett等[12]發(fā)表了dPCR MIQE指南,列出了發(fā)表dPCR研究應(yīng)包含的最少信息,旨在促進(jìn)dPCR試驗(yàn)程序的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。Yoo等[13]為了驗(yàn)證用dPCR定量核酸分子的準(zhǔn)確性,同時(shí)使用流式細(xì)胞儀和dPCR儀測(cè)量質(zhì)??截悢?shù)濃度,2種方法的測(cè)量結(jié)果具有良好的一致性,表明dPCR可成為測(cè)量核酸拷貝數(shù)濃度的潛在參考方法。dPCR基于泊松分布原理對(duì)初始DNA模板進(jìn)行定量,其定量結(jié)果主要受3個(gè)因素的影響,分別是陽性微滴與陰性微滴的準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別、反應(yīng)單元的體積和DNA模板的稀釋倍數(shù)[14-15]。一些研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)總反應(yīng)單元數(shù)、陽性反應(yīng)單元比率和反應(yīng)單元的體積影響dPCR測(cè)量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性[16-17]。Corbisier等[16]用光學(xué)顯微鏡測(cè)定了QX100生成微滴的體積,發(fā)現(xiàn)測(cè)量體積比數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件默認(rèn)的體積小8%,反應(yīng)單元體積的錯(cuò)估會(huì)直接影響測(cè)量結(jié)果。分析以上3個(gè)因素引入的測(cè)量不確定度并合成,有望將ddPCR結(jié)果溯源至國(guó)際單位(système international d'unités,SI)[14,18]。以dPCR作為定值技術(shù),美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與技術(shù)研究所(national institute of standard and technology,NIST)研制出了用于巨細(xì)胞病毒檢測(cè)(SRM 2366)、亨廷頓病檢測(cè)(SRM 2393)等用途的核酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)[19]。歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)與測(cè)量研究所(institute of reference materials and measurement,IRMM)研制出了用于慢性骨髓性白血病檢測(cè)的核酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)(編號(hào)ERM-AD623)[20]。在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域,dPCR已成功用于轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品定量檢測(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值,如dPCR已用于轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米DAS1507、NK603,轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆MON87769、MON87708、MON87705、FG72、GTS40-3-2等的定量檢測(cè)[21-23];在前期,中國(guó)也成功將dPCR技術(shù)用于轉(zhuǎn)基因水稻TT51-1、G6H1、科豐6號(hào)、克螟稻[24-27],轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米T25、MIR604,以及轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆MON89788標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)特性量值的測(cè)定[28-29],成功發(fā)布了多個(gè)有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】NIST研究認(rèn)為,實(shí)現(xiàn)影響dPCR準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量的3個(gè)要素的溯源,可將dPCR測(cè)量結(jié)果溯源到SI單位[14]。而準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別陽性微滴和陰性微滴是影響定量結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性的關(guān)鍵因素,在讀取反應(yīng)單元信號(hào)時(shí),若中等信號(hào)強(qiáng)度單元(下雨現(xiàn)象)太多會(huì)影響陽性反應(yīng)單元和陰性反應(yīng)單元的準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別,進(jìn)而影響定量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。因此,在實(shí)際測(cè)量中,dPCR測(cè)量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性還依賴于引物/探針組合、反應(yīng)體系、反應(yīng)條件、操作程序等因素。轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603是中國(guó)批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)口的轉(zhuǎn)基因品種,是中國(guó)生物安全監(jiān)管的重要對(duì)象,急需研制NK603標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì),為轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603的安全監(jiān)管提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。雖然歐盟已經(jīng)建立了NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性qPCR方法,但由于qPCR和dPCR的反應(yīng)試劑不同,不能直接將qPCR方法平移到dPCR平臺(tái)上,需對(duì)dPCR反應(yīng)體系和反應(yīng)條件等進(jìn)行優(yōu)化?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究擬以轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603為材料,將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性引物/探針與不同的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因引物/探針進(jìn)行組合,比較測(cè)量結(jié)果,遴選出與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性PCR方法組合的最適內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR方法,并對(duì)二重微滴數(shù)字PCR(ddPCR)的反應(yīng)體系和反應(yīng)條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,建立NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的二重ddPCR,為轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603定量檢測(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值提供準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量方法。
轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603是美國(guó)孟山都公司研發(fā)的抗草銨膦轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米,轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603及其受體對(duì)照種子由農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科技發(fā)展中心提供。將轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603種子及其受體玉米種子研磨成粉末,用校準(zhǔn)的天平按照質(zhì)量比分別稱量NK603玉米粉末和相應(yīng)的受體粉末,混合均勻,配制成轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%、6%的樣品,用于二重ddPCR方法的測(cè)試。
NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性引物/探針來源于歐盟發(fā)布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[30],玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因、、、、的引物/探針來源于發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)或國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[31],其中,和是同一內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的2個(gè)方法。在NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性探針603-QP的5’端標(biāo)記激發(fā)熒光染料6-FAM、3’端標(biāo)記淬滅熒光染料BHQ1;在內(nèi)標(biāo)基因探針的5’端標(biāo)記激發(fā)熒光染料HEX、3’端標(biāo)記BHQ1。NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,序列信息詳見表1。
稱取質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為100%、10%和6%的NK603樣品100—200 mg,用QIAGEN試劑盒DNeasy Plant Mini Kit(貨號(hào)69106)提取純化基因組DNA,用微量紫外可見分光光度計(jì)NanoDrop one測(cè)定DNA的濃度,用0.1×TE緩沖液將DNA濃度調(diào)整到約100 ng·μL-1備用。試驗(yàn)于2020年4月在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)中心DNA提取室開展。
將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性片段和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因(Accession No. X07535)、(Accession No. X07535)、(Accession No. AJ131373)、(Accession No. NC_024462)和(Accession No. X04050)的PCR擴(kuò)增片段依次拼接,拼接出一個(gè)融合片段。委托北京擎科生物科技有限公司(武漢分公司)人工合成NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的融合序列,并克隆至載體pUC57中,構(gòu)建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603。用質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒提取純化重組質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603。用環(huán)形質(zhì)粒分子作ddPCR的模板,會(huì)引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的下雨現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致難以準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分陽性微滴和陰性微滴[15],需將質(zhì)粒分子線性化。用限制性內(nèi)切酶Ⅰ對(duì)質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603進(jìn)行單酶切,酶切反應(yīng)體系為Ⅰ 2 μL、質(zhì)粒1 μg、10×buffer 5 μL,加ddH2O至50 μL;反應(yīng)條件為37℃30 min;65℃20 min,反應(yīng)終止。線性化的質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603保存于-20℃,用于二重ddPCR方法的建立。試驗(yàn)于2020年2月—3月在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)中心分子生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開展。
表1 PCR引物/探針信息
在CFX96熒光定量PCR儀上進(jìn)行qPCR,反應(yīng)體系為1×Premix Ex Taq?、上、下游引物終濃度400 nmol·L-1、探針終濃度200 nmol·L-1、DNA模板濃度為100—1 000 000 copies·μL-1。反應(yīng)程序?yàn)?5℃1 min;95℃ 15 s,60℃60 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。在退火延伸(60℃)時(shí)收集熒光信號(hào)。反應(yīng)結(jié)束后用軟件Bio-Rad CFX Manager 3.1分析數(shù)據(jù)。試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù)。以梯度稀釋的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603為校準(zhǔn)樣品進(jìn)行NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的實(shí)時(shí)熒光PCR擴(kuò)增,根據(jù)校準(zhǔn)樣品模板拷貝數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)與Ct值之間的線性關(guān)系,分別繪制NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體PCR和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。將測(cè)試樣品中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的Ct值分別代入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,計(jì)算測(cè)試樣品中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)。測(cè)試樣品中轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603含量=NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體拷貝數(shù)/內(nèi)標(biāo)基因拷貝數(shù)×100%。試驗(yàn)于2020年7月在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)中心PCR準(zhǔn)備室和PCR擴(kuò)增室開展。
用QX200微滴數(shù)字PCR系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行二重ddPCR反應(yīng),反應(yīng)體系為20 μL,反應(yīng)體系中各組分的濃度同qPCR。將配制的20 μL反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至微滴生成卡中,然后加入70 μL微滴生成油,蓋上膠墊,放入微滴生成儀(Bio-Rad,美國(guó))中生成微滴,將40 μL微滴小心緩慢地轉(zhuǎn)移至96孔板中,蓋上鋁膜,用熱封儀封膜,在普通PCR儀C1000中進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。反應(yīng)結(jié)束后將96孔板放入微滴讀取儀(Bio-Rad,美國(guó))中讀取微滴信號(hào),用軟件QuantaSoft Version 1.7.4.0917分析數(shù)據(jù)。試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù)。轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603含量=NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體拷貝數(shù)/內(nèi)標(biāo)基因拷貝數(shù)×100%。
引物/探針濃度優(yōu)化,反應(yīng)體系包括10 μL 1× ddPCR Supermix、1 μL DNA模板、上下游引物、探針(NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因),加水至20 μL。設(shè)置4個(gè)引物/探針濃度梯度,終濃度依次為100/50、200/100、400/200和800 nmol·L-1/400 nmol·L-1。反應(yīng)程序退火溫度優(yōu)化,為95℃10 min;94℃30 s,退火60 s(溫度梯度設(shè)置為52℃、52.7℃、54℃、55.9℃、58.4℃、60.3℃、61.4℃和62℃),40個(gè)循環(huán);98℃10 min,4℃保溫。根據(jù)ddPCR反應(yīng)熱圖確定二重ddPCR的最適引物/探針濃度和退火溫度。
以測(cè)試樣品的基因組DNA為模板進(jìn)行二重ddPCR定量檢測(cè),通過軟件QuantaSoft Version 1.7.4.0917直接讀取測(cè)試樣品單位體積DNA中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)。測(cè)試樣品中轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603含量的計(jì)算,同qPCR方法。試驗(yàn)于2020年4月—7月在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)中心PCR準(zhǔn)備室和PCR擴(kuò)增室完成。
將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的PCR擴(kuò)增序列依次拼接,拼接時(shí)在轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性序列與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因之間插入一段20 bp的間隔序列,拼接出一個(gè)611 bp的核苷酸片段(圖1-A),人工合成并克隆至載體pUC57中,構(gòu)建了攜帶NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體序列和4個(gè)玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603(圖1-B)。經(jīng)重測(cè)序驗(yàn)證,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603攜帶一個(gè)拷貝的NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和各內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的靶標(biāo)序列,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和各玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)比值為1.0(轉(zhuǎn)基因含量100%)。
將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體引物/探針與不同的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因、、、和引物/探針分別組合,以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603為模板,進(jìn)行二重ddPCR擴(kuò)增。每個(gè)二重ddPCR組合設(shè)置了8個(gè)退火溫度梯度(52℃、52.7℃、54℃、55.9℃、58.4℃、60.3℃、61.4℃和62℃)。二重ddPCR一維熱圖顯示,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體引物/探針與不同的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因引物/探針組合,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體陽性微滴的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度相似;在不同退火溫度下NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體陽性微滴的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度相近,但隨著退火溫度的降低,中等信號(hào)強(qiáng)度微滴數(shù)增加(下雨現(xiàn)象加重)(圖2-A—E)。NK603/、NK603/二重ddPCR中,在任何退火溫度下都不能清晰地區(qū)分和的陰性微滴和陽性微滴(圖2-A和圖2-B);NK603/二重ddPCR中,雖能區(qū)分的陽性微滴和陰性微滴,但“下雨”現(xiàn)象相對(duì)嚴(yán)重(圖2-C);NK603/、NK603/二重ddPCR中,在所有溫度下都能清晰地區(qū)分和的陽性微滴和陰性微滴,微滴的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度也比較穩(wěn)定,但與相比,在8個(gè)不同退火溫度下,的陽性微滴和陰性微滴的區(qū)分度更高、信號(hào)更強(qiáng)、中等信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的雨滴相對(duì)更少(圖2-D和圖2-E)。因此,初步選擇作為二重ddPCR的候選內(nèi)標(biāo)基因。
在不同退火溫度下,統(tǒng)計(jì)NK603/、NK603/和NK603/二重ddPCR測(cè)量的NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)比值。NK603/二重ddPCR測(cè)量的拷貝數(shù)比值為0.92—0.94,低于理論值1.0;NK603/二重ddPCR測(cè)量的拷貝數(shù)比值為1.00—1.01,接近理論值1.0;NK603/二重ddPCR測(cè)量的拷貝數(shù)比值為1.04—1.06,高于理論值1.0(圖3)。比較3個(gè)二重ddPCR組合,NK603/二重ddPCR的拷貝數(shù)測(cè)量值最接近理論值1.0,表明玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體在PCR反應(yīng)中具有相似的擴(kuò)增能力,因此,確定用作為NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體定量檢測(cè)的內(nèi)標(biāo)基因,并與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體組合,建立NK603/二重ddPCR方法。NK603/二重ddPCR的NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因引物/探針均對(duì)退火溫度不敏感,在不同的退火溫度下,拷貝數(shù)比值測(cè)量值接近,但NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體引物/探針在退火溫度低于55.9℃時(shí),中等信號(hào)強(qiáng)度微滴明顯增多(圖2-D)。58.4℃—62℃均是NK603/二重ddPCR的適宜退火溫度,選擇60℃作為NK603/二重ddPCR的最適退火溫度。在60.3℃退火溫度下,NK603/二重ddPCR的二維熱圖中有4個(gè)清晰的微滴群,對(duì)應(yīng)陰性微滴、FAM熒光微滴、HEX熒光微滴和雙熒光微滴(圖2-F)。通過考察NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的微滴信號(hào)強(qiáng)度、陽性微滴與陰性微滴的分辨率、中等信號(hào)強(qiáng)度雨滴數(shù)量、以及NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因拷貝數(shù)的比值,確定能與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體組合進(jìn)行二重ddPCR擴(kuò)增的最適內(nèi)標(biāo)基因?yàn)?,NK603/二重ddPCR的最適退火溫度為60℃。
引物/探針濃度會(huì)影響ddPCR微滴信號(hào)強(qiáng)度、雨滴數(shù)量及測(cè)量值的準(zhǔn)確性,通過設(shè)置引物/探針濃度梯度,遴選出最佳的引物/探針濃度。設(shè)計(jì)了2種模式的引物/探針濃度,第一種模式中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度相同,設(shè)置了4個(gè)濃度梯度,分別為100/50、200/100、400/200和800 nmol·L-1/ 400 nmol·L-1;第二種模式中轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度不同,轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度分別為400/200、200 nmol·L-1/100 nmol·L-1,200/100、400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1,400/200、800 nmol·L-1/400 nmol·L-1,800/400、400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1。二重ddPCR一維熱圖如圖4所示,2種模式都可以根據(jù)擴(kuò)增熱圖清晰的區(qū)分NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的陽性微滴和陰性微滴,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的微滴信號(hào)強(qiáng)度都隨著引物/探針濃度的升高而升高,但當(dāng)引物/探針濃度升至800 nmol·L-1/400 nmol·L-1,陽性微滴的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度波動(dòng)區(qū)間變大,且雨滴增多(圖5-A4、圖5-A8、圖5-B4和圖5-B7)。統(tǒng)計(jì)不同的引物探針濃度下NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)比值,發(fā)現(xiàn)拷貝數(shù)比值的測(cè)量值在0.98—1.04范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng),均接近理論值(圖4-C)。當(dāng)NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度均為400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1,或分別為200/100、400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1時(shí),測(cè)得的NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)比值更接近理論值1.0(圖4-C)。為方便反應(yīng)體系配置,選擇400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1作為NK603/雙重ddPCR的引物探針濃度,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的引物/探針濃度相同,且與qPCR反應(yīng)體系一致。
用ddH2O梯度稀釋線性化的質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603到3×105、6×104、3×104、6×103、1.2×103、2.4×102、48、10和2 copies·μL-1,測(cè)試NK603/雙重ddPCR的線性動(dòng)力學(xué)范圍及檢測(cè)極限。結(jié)果顯示,在空白對(duì)照中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和均未產(chǎn)生陽性微滴;當(dāng)模板拷貝數(shù)濃度為3×105copies·μL-1時(shí),NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和全部微滴均為陽性,超過了ddPCR的最高檢測(cè)極限;當(dāng)模板拷貝數(shù)濃度低至2 copies·μL-1時(shí),所有反應(yīng)中均有NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和的陽性信號(hào),但拷貝數(shù)濃度的測(cè)量值顯著偏離預(yù)期值,變異系數(shù)(relative standard deviation,RSD)大于25%,測(cè)量偏差(Bias)超過±25%,確定NK603/雙重ddPCR的檢測(cè)限為2 copies DNA;當(dāng)模板濃度為48 copies·μL-1時(shí),測(cè)量值的變異系數(shù)小于25%,測(cè)量偏差在±25%范圍內(nèi),確定NK603/雙重ddPCR的定量限為48 copies DNA。根據(jù)質(zhì)粒模板預(yù)期濃度和測(cè)量濃度間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系繪制NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和的回歸曲線,NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體回歸曲線的決定系數(shù)2為0.999,內(nèi)標(biāo)基因回歸曲線的決定系數(shù)2為0.9989,在模板濃度為10—60 000 copies·μL-1的范圍內(nèi)NK603/二重ddPCR測(cè)量的模板拷貝數(shù)與理論拷貝數(shù)間具有良好的線性關(guān)系(圖5)。
用NK603/二重ddPCR定量檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603粉末質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為100%(S1)、10%(S2)和6%(S3)的盲樣。3個(gè)盲樣轉(zhuǎn)基因含量的測(cè)量平均值分別為51.05%、4.82%和3.07%,定量結(jié)果的變異系數(shù)分別為1.91%、2.28%和0.50%(表2),都小于25%,符合歐盟規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品定量方法的性能要求。3個(gè)盲樣的實(shí)測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA含量約為預(yù)期質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的一半,定量結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603種子為雜合體。
表2 二重ddPCR和qPCR檢測(cè)盲樣的轉(zhuǎn)基因含量
用梯度稀釋的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒pUC57-NK603為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品分別繪制NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,采用qPCR定量盲樣S1、S2和S3的轉(zhuǎn)基因含量。3個(gè)盲樣轉(zhuǎn)基因含量的測(cè)量平均值分別為55.55%、5.09%和3.59%,定量結(jié)果的變異系數(shù)分別為6.83%、4.17%和10.68%,均小于25%(表2)。比較二重ddPCR和qPCR的定量結(jié)果,3個(gè)盲樣2組測(cè)量結(jié)果的值均大于0.05,表明這兩種定量方法的定量結(jié)果間無顯著差異。定量同一個(gè)盲樣,二重ddPCR定量結(jié)果的變異系數(shù)小于qPCR,表明二重ddPCR定量結(jié)果具有更好的準(zhǔn)確性。
在轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域,dPCR已成功用于轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品的定量檢測(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值[3],與qPCR相比,dPCR不需要用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,但這并不意味著dPCR檢測(cè)不需要設(shè)置質(zhì)控對(duì)照[12]。轉(zhuǎn)基因含量通常表征為轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA量與總DNA量的比值,轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA量通過測(cè)量外源基因或轉(zhuǎn)化體特異性序列拷貝數(shù)確定,總DNA量通過測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)標(biāo)基因拷貝數(shù)確定。若要準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量樣品中的轉(zhuǎn)基因含量,在dPCR方法的建立和應(yīng)用過程中,必須確保外源基因和內(nèi)標(biāo)基因具有相同的擴(kuò)增能力,因此,dPCR雖然不依賴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行定量,但在dPCR反應(yīng)時(shí),必須設(shè)置至少1個(gè)有準(zhǔn)確量值的樣品為質(zhì)控對(duì)照,而理論轉(zhuǎn)基因含量為100%的純合體DNA是質(zhì)控對(duì)照的最佳選擇。
玉米種子由種皮、胚和胚乳組成,種皮為二倍體,DNA全部來源于母本;胚乳占種子重量的80%—85%,為三倍體,2/3 DNA來源于母本,1/3來源于父本;胚為二倍體,一半DNA來源于母本,一半DNA來源于父本[33]。轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米種子的轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA含量與其基因型相關(guān),純合種子的轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA含量理論上為100%,雜合種子的轉(zhuǎn)基因含量則受到轉(zhuǎn)基因親本來源、組織倍性等因素的影響,其轉(zhuǎn)基因含量不確定,理論值為33.3%—66.6%[34]。鑒定轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603種子的基因型,發(fā)現(xiàn)研發(fā)者提供的NK603種子均為雜交種(數(shù)據(jù)未給出)。本研究在建立轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603二重ddPCR方法過程中,必須要保證NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體具有與玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因相同的擴(kuò)增能力,由于轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603種子均為雜交種,其基因組DNA沒有確定的轉(zhuǎn)基因含量理論值,致使方法建立過程中缺少有準(zhǔn)確量值的質(zhì)控對(duì)照。為了獲取到有準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA含量的質(zhì)控樣品,本研究通過人工合成的方式,構(gòu)建了攜帶NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體和4個(gè)玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因擴(kuò)增序列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603,轉(zhuǎn)化體序列與內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的拷貝數(shù)比值是1.0。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明,質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603是一個(gè)合格的質(zhì)控對(duì)照樣品,這意味著在后續(xù)建立dPCR方法過程中,若缺乏合適的質(zhì)控對(duì)照,可通過人工合成的方式快速構(gòu)建質(zhì)粒分子作為質(zhì)控對(duì)照。
采用dPCR技術(shù)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因成分定量檢測(cè),內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的選擇會(huì)影響定量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,要優(yōu)先選擇單拷貝內(nèi)標(biāo)基因,應(yīng)用多拷貝內(nèi)標(biāo)基因會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)基因含量的低估[35]。目前用于轉(zhuǎn)基因檢測(cè)的玉米內(nèi)標(biāo)基因有4個(gè),涉及5種方法,分別為、、、、[29-30]。為評(píng)估各內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR方法的適用性,將NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體與各內(nèi)標(biāo)基因PCR方法一一組合,以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603為DNA模板進(jìn)行二重ddPCR擴(kuò)增,根據(jù)擴(kuò)增熱圖,發(fā)現(xiàn)難以區(qū)分和的陽性微滴和陰性微滴,和的PCR擴(kuò)增能力與NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體PCR不一致,NK603/二重ddPCR會(huì)低估樣品中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體含量,而NK603/二重ddPCR則會(huì)高估樣品中NK603轉(zhuǎn)化體含量,最終選擇與NK603組合,建立NK603/二重ddPCR方法。研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí),作物內(nèi)標(biāo)基因的選擇會(huì)影響轉(zhuǎn)基因定量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。
以人工合成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)粒分子pUC57-NK603為質(zhì)控對(duì)照,成功建立了NK603/二重ddPCR方法,其定量結(jié)果比qPCR具有更高的精確性。應(yīng)用NK603/二重ddPCR方法為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)定值,中國(guó)已成功研制出轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米NK603有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)(有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)編號(hào)GBW(E)100684、GBW(E)100685、GBW(E)100686)。
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Establishment and application of a duplex ddPCR method to quantify the NK603/copy number ratio in transgenic maize NK603
XIAO Fang1, LI Jun1, WANG Haoqian2, ZHAI Shanshan1, CHEN Ziyan2, GAO Hongfei1, LI Yunjing1, WU Gang1, ZHANG Xiujie2, WU Yuhua1
1Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement Oil Crops Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062;2Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100025
【Objective】Transgenic maize NK603 approved for import is an important target of genetically modified organism (GMO) regulation in China. The implementation of GMO regulation requires reference materials (RMs) and standardized detection methods. Establishment of a duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) would provide accurate measurement technology for quantification of NK603 event and development of NK603 RMs. 【Method】 A standard plasmid molecule pUC57-NK603 was constructed by DNA synthetic technique; the primer/probe set of NK603 event was combined with different maize reference genes one by one to select reference gene PCR assay with identical amplification ability to NK603 event-specific PCR assay; main reaction parameters, such as annealing temperature and primer/probe concentration,were optimized in the course of establishing duplex ddPCR; the standard plasmid solution was serially diluted to investigate the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and dynamic range of the duplex ddPCR assay; blinded samples with mass fractions of 100%, 10% and 6% were prepared by mixing NK603 powder with non-GM counterpart, to evaluate the accuracy of quantitative results of the duplex ddPCR. 【Result】The reference genewas determined to combine with NK603 event to establish the NK603/duplex ddPCR method with the standard plasmid molecule pUC57-NK603 as a quality control after analyzing the fluorescence amplitude of positive droplets, separation between positive and negative droplets, raindrop number, and consistency between measured copy number ratio and expected copy number ratio of NK603 event to reference gene. The primer/probe concentration was optimized to be 400 nmol·L-1/200 nmol·L-1for both NK603 event andgene, and the annealing temperature was determined to be 60°C. The LOD of NK603/duplex ddPCR was estimated to be 2 copies of DNA template, the LOQ was 48 copies of DNA template, both NK603 assay andassay showed good linearity between measured values and theoretical values over the dynamic range from 10 to 60 000 copies of DNA template. The NK603/duplex ddPCR achieved accurate quantitative results of NK603 content in blind maize samples with less than 25% of coefficient of variation; the quantitative results of ddPCR were not significantly different from those of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), moreover, the duplex ddPCR showed an advantage over qPCR in term of precision. 【Conclusion】 The selection of reference genes affects the accuracy of quantitative results by ddPCR. Establishment of ddPCR methods should use samples with accurate GMO content as quality controls to evaluate the applicability of reference genes. The NK603/duplex ddPCR method was successfully established using the synthetic standard plasmid molecule pUC57-NK603 as a quality control. NK603 certified reference materials (CRMs) have been successfully developed in China by applying the established NK603/duplex ddPCR assay to characterize the property values.
transgenic maize NK603; duplex droplet digital PCR; reference plasmid molecule; reference gene; quantification
2021-04-28;
2021-06-16
轉(zhuǎn)基因生物新品種培育專項(xiàng)(2016ZX08012003)
肖芳,E-mail:xf_hzau@163.com。通信作者張秀杰,E-mail:zhxj7410@sina.com。通信作者武玉花,E-mail:wuyuhua@oilcrops.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 李莉)