王曉軍
(寧夏大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,寧夏 銀川 750021)
信息化時(shí)代,學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的定制化問題日益突出,學(xué)習(xí)資源瑣碎多樣,交互鏈接關(guān)系復(fù)雜,學(xué)習(xí)需求不盡相同,學(xué)習(xí)模式因人而異,學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境需要較強(qiáng)的個(gè)性化和動(dòng)態(tài)適應(yīng)性。因此,各種學(xué)習(xí)模式應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,異彩紛呈,如多媒體學(xué)習(xí)、慕課學(xué)習(xí)、移動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)、線上學(xué)習(xí)等。海量的信息和多樣的學(xué)習(xí)模式促使英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)方式加快進(jìn)化,各種手段紛至沓來,不勝枚舉,如PPT 課件展示、電子郵件交流、在線交流糾錯(cuò)、學(xué)習(xí)平臺(tái)指導(dǎo)等[1]。對(duì)于各種教學(xué)模式的效果,學(xué)者們展開了相關(guān)研究,眾說紛紜,難分高下。本研究隨機(jī)選取了寧夏幾所高校部分非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生,進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)學(xué)期的大學(xué)英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)?,F(xiàn)行的英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式能否提高學(xué)生的寫作能力?本文就實(shí)驗(yàn)前后選取的學(xué)生作文樣本進(jìn)行宏觀的語篇錯(cuò)誤類型分析,試圖比較該模式實(shí)施前后學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。
本研究涉及語篇理論的兩個(gè)方面:語篇分析類型和語篇錯(cuò)誤類型。Harris(1952)[2]《語篇分析》一文開現(xiàn)代語篇分析理論之先河。語篇分析涉及宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析兩個(gè)層面。語篇中各要素之間既相互依存又各自獨(dú)立,關(guān)系錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。句子內(nèi)部的詞語選擇、語法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯搭配,句子之間的相互包含、銜接連貫、語義關(guān)系,句子的語義表達(dá)、信息展開、思路聯(lián)絡(luò)方式等,都屬于語篇的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析;語篇中結(jié)構(gòu)布局框架設(shè)置、主題脈絡(luò)展開線索、內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出方式,語篇中段落與段落之間、段落與語篇主題之間的關(guān)系,屬于語篇的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
語言學(xué)家Carl James 將語言學(xué)習(xí)和使用中的錯(cuò)誤定義為本體、文本和語篇錯(cuò)誤[3]。本體錯(cuò)誤指各種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大小寫和拼寫錯(cuò)誤。文本錯(cuò)誤指詞匯錯(cuò)誤和語法錯(cuò)誤,其中,詞匯錯(cuò)誤包括詞語選擇錯(cuò)誤、詞性錯(cuò)用錯(cuò)誤和詞語搭配錯(cuò)誤。語法錯(cuò)誤包括詞法和句法錯(cuò)誤。語篇錯(cuò)誤指連貫銜接和語言輸出錯(cuò)誤。本文將著重討論語篇錯(cuò)誤,從結(jié)構(gòu)布局、主題展開、內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出[4]三個(gè)方面,分析大學(xué)英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式下寧夏高校學(xué)生的寫作宏觀語篇錯(cuò)誤類型,通過比較實(shí)驗(yàn)前后錯(cuò)誤的改正情況,以期有益于寫作教學(xué)。
本研究從2019 年秋季開始,進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)學(xué)期的教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
(1)從結(jié)構(gòu)布局、主題展開、內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出三個(gè)方面看,學(xué)生的英語寫作宏觀錯(cuò)誤類型在實(shí)驗(yàn)前后有什么變化?
(2)英語學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果是否產(chǎn)生了積極影響?
本研究以寧夏幾所高校的本科生為研究對(duì)象,共有100 位學(xué)生參與了實(shí)驗(yàn)。
本研究利用SPSS 23.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,采用分析作文樣本的方式,對(duì)100 份學(xué)生大學(xué)英語四級(jí)作文樣本從結(jié)構(gòu)布局、主題展開、內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行宏觀分析,嘗試解讀大學(xué)生的語篇錯(cuò)誤類型特征,提出改進(jìn)策略。
課題組依據(jù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容,綜合運(yùn)用翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂教學(xué)模式、混合教學(xué)模式,主題探究模式等適宜教學(xué)目標(biāo)的模式,支持個(gè)性化知識(shí)構(gòu)建,完成學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的借鑒與指導(dǎo),并堅(jiān)持隨時(shí)隨地泛在學(xué)習(xí)和交互語寫作訓(xùn)練,以盡可能滿足英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)的熟練實(shí)操需要。
在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,相關(guān)教師和學(xué)生利用作文批改網(wǎng)、騰訊會(huì)議、雨課堂、微信、QQ 等云空間中的資源、工具,通過個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)、自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)、翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂、主題探究等學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)寫作技能。課題組針對(duì)學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平和普遍存在的語篇錯(cuò)誤類型,通過PPT 課件展示、電子郵件交流、在線交流反饋、寫作學(xué)習(xí)平臺(tái)互動(dòng)等形式,對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行寫作技能訓(xùn)練和寫作成果評(píng)估,以滿足個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)和交互式學(xué)習(xí)的需要。具體方式如下。
(1)PPT 課件展示
教師在課前布置學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)課程涉及的寫作技能和范文。在課堂上講解該寫作技能,與學(xué)生討論范文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架、主要論點(diǎn)展開計(jì)劃、細(xì)節(jié)(論據(jù))支撐手段、連貫銜接方式和高級(jí)語法詞匯亮點(diǎn)。布置學(xué)生課后完成相關(guān)作文并制作PPT 課件。在隨后的課堂教學(xué)中,教師利用投影儀將精心選取的學(xué)生作文PPT 演示文稿在班級(jí)進(jìn)行展示,與學(xué)生一起分析作文的亮點(diǎn)與缺陷,征求學(xué)生修改意見,達(dá)到互動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)的目的。
(2)電子郵件交流
教師布置的需要學(xué)生課后完成的作文作業(yè)可以通過電子郵件發(fā)送給教師。經(jīng)過認(rèn)真批改后,教師就文章的結(jié)構(gòu)布局、觀點(diǎn)產(chǎn)出、銜接手段,以及語法詞匯運(yùn)用優(yōu)勢(shì)及缺陷等方面給出具體的改進(jìn)意見,回復(fù)給學(xué)生,達(dá)到針對(duì)性學(xué)習(xí)和探究式學(xué)習(xí)的目的。
(3)在線交流反饋
通過雨課堂、騰訊會(huì)議、微信、QQ 平臺(tái),教師和學(xué)生可以打破時(shí)空限制,輕松自如地在聊天室、討論組和百度貼吧里上傳優(yōu)秀作文,發(fā)表寫作心得,交流高級(jí)的句型詞句、簡(jiǎn)單的作文套路、易行的連貫手法等,實(shí)現(xiàn)自主化學(xué)習(xí)和個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)。
(4)寫作學(xué)習(xí)平臺(tái)互動(dòng)
作文批改網(wǎng)具有共享資源、寫作輸入、語法檢查、作文評(píng)價(jià)等多種功能,能夠系統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)確地批改、檢測(cè)、評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生的作文成品。教師可以利用作文批改網(wǎng),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生向自主化學(xué)習(xí)模式轉(zhuǎn)變,為學(xué)生設(shè)置寫作訓(xùn)練習(xí)題,讓學(xué)生大量接觸豐富的寫作資源和訓(xùn)練習(xí)題,隨時(shí)隨地自行訓(xùn)練,根據(jù)批改糾錯(cuò)提示,逐步提升寫作產(chǎn)出能力,提高寫作水平。
經(jīng)過兩個(gè)學(xué)期的實(shí)驗(yàn),課題組對(duì)100 位學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)前后的大學(xué)英語四級(jí)作文樣本中的語篇錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì),力圖檢驗(yàn)大學(xué)英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式的實(shí)驗(yàn)效果。統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果如下表1。
表1 實(shí)驗(yàn)前后100 份作文樣本中學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤類型所占比例
(1)結(jié)構(gòu)布局錯(cuò)誤
英語作文的結(jié)構(gòu)布局一般由開頭(introduction)、主體(main body)和結(jié)尾(conclusion)三部分組成。三個(gè)部分相對(duì)獨(dú)立,起承轉(zhuǎn)合,卻又相互照應(yīng),合力打造一篇前后呼應(yīng)、流暢自然、主題統(tǒng)一的作文。
文章的開頭需要向讀者闡明主題方向和展開計(jì)劃,此處要簡(jiǎn)明扼要地點(diǎn)出主要觀點(diǎn)及展開線索,讓讀者明了文章的脈絡(luò)。切忌長(zhǎng)篇大論,模棱兩可地?cái)⑹鲋黝},缺少展開線索,思路不清,讓讀者費(fèi)解。
文章的主體部分應(yīng)對(duì)開頭部分提出的主題思想進(jìn)行有力論證,應(yīng)旁征博引,一般需要兩三個(gè)主要論點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié),對(duì)主題思想展開進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,支撐和解讀主題思想,這是文章的重頭戲,需要濃墨重彩、層次鮮明、環(huán)環(huán)相扣地展開文章主要觀點(diǎn),流暢自如地體現(xiàn)各觀點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系,說服讀者、打動(dòng)讀者、引人入勝。切忌主要觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)缺失,各觀點(diǎn)之間邏輯混亂、銜接斷裂,造成文不對(duì)題、支撐無力的局面。
文章的結(jié)尾部分是對(duì)主題思想的合理總結(jié)和歸納,應(yīng)與前文首尾呼應(yīng),完美收官。此處應(yīng)提綱挈領(lǐng)地概述主要觀點(diǎn),必要時(shí)可以設(shè)問或預(yù)告未來走向,給讀者一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)完整、回味悠長(zhǎng)的印象。切忌草草結(jié)束,寫一些與前文無關(guān)的內(nèi)容,破壞文章的整體效果。
以下是一篇質(zhì)量較差的作文,在學(xué)生作文樣本中占比很小,但比較典型,糾錯(cuò)難度較大。
例1:In recent years,there are more and more Confucius Institutes being built all around the world,which shows that our Chinese culture become much more popular than ever.As one of the four ancient civilizations,China has long history and creates many splendid cultures.The ancient culture once had great influence on the world,such as Japan,South Korea and other Asian and European countries.
這篇作文的主旨是論述中國文化對(duì)世界文化的影響。但開頭部分論述過于寬泛,雖然闡述了中國古代文化對(duì)世界的影響范圍涉及亞洲及歐洲國家,但沒有與主題相關(guān)的具體論點(diǎn),讀者看不清論述的主題方向,造成一種內(nèi)容蒼白、空洞無力的感覺。
例2:From the respect of school,Confucianism,Mohism,Taoism,and Legalism are the main schools created in ancient China,and they also have great influence on the Modern China and the world,especially the Confucianism.They deeply root in traditional Chinese culture and people’s daily lives.
Specially,Kungfu,traditional Chinese painting,poem,opera,cooking,clothing,architecture and many other kinds of cultural forms make up the splendid Chinese culture.The kinds listed above are the typical ones which connect to each other at the same time.For example,painting,clothing and architecture has many things in common.And each kind of cultural form contains numerous intentions.
這是例1 文章的主體部分,且不論本文中語法詞匯等微觀語篇錯(cuò)誤,單就主題思想展開一點(diǎn)而言,我們?nèi)鐗嬑謇镌旗F,不知作者是想論述儒教、道教、墨子等百家學(xué)說的影響,還是想論述中國功夫、詩歌、戲曲、國畫、烹飪、服飾、建筑對(duì)世界的影響。作者不是分類歸納、提綱挈領(lǐng)、環(huán)環(huán)相扣,不是抽絲剝繭地為讀者展示中華文化對(duì)世界文化各方面的深遠(yuǎn)影響,而是任由想象馳騁,信馬由韁、隨性所至、毫無計(jì)劃地想到哪里寫到哪里,觀點(diǎn)之間沒有前后照應(yīng),段落之間缺乏連貫的銜接。
例3:In short,Chinese culture are the accumulation of Chinese history,which makes Chinese culture colorful and prosperous.If one wants to know or study Chinese culture deeply,he or she must spend much time in it,otherwise he or she can only get the tip of an iceberg.
這是例1 文章的結(jié)尾部分,雖然使用了高級(jí)的句型和復(fù)雜的語法結(jié)構(gòu),諸如定語從句和狀語從句,但是并沒有總結(jié)歸納文章的主要觀點(diǎn),使之與上文沒有很好地呼應(yīng),給人結(jié)構(gòu)松散的感覺。
以下是一篇質(zhì)量中等的作文,在學(xué)生作文樣本中占比較大,比較典型,有一定糾錯(cuò)難度。
例4:Online payment has been advocated around the world,which is the future way to pay bills.In China,Ali pay is popular everywhere,even the small business can be finished by this advanced way.People play the joke that they don’t need to worry about the lack of cash.The advantages of online payment are obvious.
Firstly,it saves people’s time to pay bills.The use of online payment is carried out with a smart phone.Especially when we go to the supermarket,there are always a lot of people waiting in the long line.The process of costing customers’time is to take out the cash or use the credit card,because both customers and cashiers need to count the money or check the bills.But now the cashier can just scan the phone and the bill will be paid and the customer can check quickly.
Secondly,people don’t have to worry about getting the fake cash.Many years ago,people were easy to get fake money as they received the change.But now,as the cash have been used less,people won’t receive the fake cash without paper money.With the development of new applications,our life will be much convenient.
這篇文章開頭部分指出:現(xiàn)在世界范圍內(nèi)提倡在線付款,它已經(jīng)成為一種未來的付費(fèi)趨勢(shì),中國的阿里支付很受歡迎,人們甚至開玩笑說不用擔(dān)心缺錢,在線付款的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是很明顯的。這里,雖然文中提出了主題思想:The advantages of online payment are obvious(在線付款的優(yōu)點(diǎn)很明顯),但是沒有明顯的展開線索,對(duì)于在線付款有哪些優(yōu)點(diǎn),讀者感到頗費(fèi)思索,解讀困難。
文章主體部分提出了兩個(gè)主要論點(diǎn):It saves people’s time to pay bills 和People don’t have to worry about getting the fake cash(它能節(jié)省人們付費(fèi)的時(shí)間;人們不用擔(dān)心拿到假鈔),一方面論述了在線付款節(jié)省收付現(xiàn)金或信用卡刷卡的時(shí)間,另一方面論述了在線付款解決了人們的擔(dān)心——不收現(xiàn)金就不會(huì)收到假鈔。兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)較好地支撐和補(bǔ)充說明了主題思想。
文章結(jié)尾只有一句話:With the development of new applications,our life will be much convenient.既沒有獨(dú)立分段,也沒有概括總結(jié)文章的主要論點(diǎn),更沒有直接關(guān)聯(lián)文章主題思想,顯得比較突兀,作者需要根據(jù)議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練,補(bǔ)充完善文章結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)主題展開錯(cuò)誤
英語文章展開主題的方式是通過主旨句直接切入主題。主旨句一般在文章的開頭,包含幾個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的主要觀點(diǎn),提供文章的展開線索或計(jì)劃。文章主體部分由幾個(gè)段落組成,這些段落實(shí)際上是主旨句下設(shè)的幾個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn),每個(gè)段落的主題句分述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),段落里的每一個(gè)句子都應(yīng)圍繞這個(gè)主題句落筆,構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。
以下是一篇質(zhì)量較差的作文,盡管在學(xué)生作文樣本中占比不大,但糾錯(cuò)難度較大。
例5:As time goes by,we stay in school for less and less time,which makes us have to face a question about the job,after graduation we will go to work in a big city or a small city?Some people may choose to fight in big cities because they want to go to a bigger stage to realize their dreams.But I prefer small towns.First of all,small towns don’t have too much burden of living,and they don’t need to pay more for basic food and housing.Secondly,working in a small town will give me more free time,which will enable me to accompany my family or friends to travel,watch movies,go shopping and so on.Finally,working in a big city will make me have to make more friends,but I am not a sociable person,which will make me unhappy....這篇文章的主題是大學(xué)生畢業(yè)后是去大城市工作還是在小城市工作。作文的主要問題是沒有主旨句和展開線索。碰到這樣的題目,首先我們應(yīng)該先選擇一個(gè)方向:去大城市或者去小城市找份工作。但作者沒有給出任何提示,令讀者感到茫然。所幸的是文章主體部分的主題句比較清晰(I prefer small towns——我選擇去小城市工作),幾個(gè)論據(jù)也能支撐主題思想(not too much burden of living; more free time;less friends for a less sociable person——沒有太多的生活壓力;更多的可自由支配時(shí)間;不善社交的人可以少交一些朋友)。
以下是一篇質(zhì)量中等的作文,在學(xué)生作文樣本中占比較大,比較典型,有一定糾錯(cuò)難度。
例6:In recent years,more and more young people are putting off marriage.Some people even become unmarried.
There are various factors for putting off marriage.One of the most common causes is that many people have an open mind.They think it’s ok to stay boyfriend and girlfriend,and there’s no need to get married.In their opinion,it doesn’t matter whether they get married or not.Another contributing cause is that women are more independent than they used to be.In the past,women had to get married and they were depend on men,but it’s not the same now.Many women are no longer depend on men and they can support themselves financially.Finally,and most importantly,many people don’t want to be tied down by family.Some people think that getting married is troublesome and stressful,and they will be tied down and have no free moment after starting a family.
All in all,different people have different ideas.But in my opinion,people should choose the right age to get married.
這篇文章的主題是為什么現(xiàn)在的年輕人推遲結(jié)婚。文章的主要問題是開頭部分缺少主旨句和文章展開計(jì)劃,沒有點(diǎn)明年輕人推遲結(jié)婚的主要原因,使讀者對(duì)文章的發(fā)展方向無法預(yù)判。令人欣慰的是,文章對(duì)年輕人推遲結(jié)婚的原因論述得比較清晰,如年輕人思想開放、女性較之過去經(jīng)濟(jì)比較獨(dú)立、許多年輕人不愿被家庭束縛等。各觀點(diǎn)之間也能相互呼應(yīng),有力地闡明問題產(chǎn)生的原因。還有一個(gè)瑕疵是文章結(jié)尾部分偏離了主題——作者提議:人們應(yīng)該選擇合適的年齡結(jié)婚。這與前文沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。作者需要熟悉議論文的結(jié)構(gòu),適時(shí)總結(jié)歸納中心論點(diǎn),增強(qiáng)文章的整體感。
(3)內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出錯(cuò)誤
表1 的數(shù)據(jù)表明,語篇錯(cuò)誤中內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出所占比例最高,達(dá)到了46.6%。內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出牽涉如何組織信息圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開,并有力地支撐該中心論點(diǎn)。語篇需要做到以下兩點(diǎn)。首先,作為各個(gè)論據(jù)的信息點(diǎn)必須與主要觀點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián),不能出現(xiàn)冗余信息。其次,每個(gè)論據(jù)的起承轉(zhuǎn)合必須連貫自然,不能模糊不清或互不相干。
例7:…Resolution is important for a man’s success.When you choose your dream,you are supposed to make sacrifices for the dream.Even if it is very difficult to realize it,you should also keep struggling.A good way is also very important for the success.If you get a right way to struggle,you will get more progress with less effort.One thing is important but not least,success belongs to the persevering.As long as you begin one thing,you must persuade yourself to persist in it.Always remind yourself to start and finish.
例7 作文的質(zhì)量堪憂,主要錯(cuò)誤是觀點(diǎn)之間缺乏聯(lián)系,存在冗余信息,論點(diǎn)之間的連貫不順暢,令讀者困惑不解。
以下還有一篇質(zhì)量尚可的作文,只需稍加提煉,就能成為上好的作品。
例8:With the social and economic development,our means of transportation have changed a lot over thelastfewdecades,whichhasbroughtmuchconvenience to our life.
In the 1970s and 1980s,bicycles were the primary means of public transportation.Families that owned a bicycle were thought to be in relatively good economic conditions.Because of the implementation of the reform and opening policy,the economy and people’s living standards were improved a lot and travelling by private cars became more and more common in 1990s and 2000s.And thanks to the information technology,we can now enjoy bike -sharing service and online ride-hailing service which help to make our journey more economical and flexible.
We have enough reason to believe that our way of transportation could be more and more economically friendly and intelligent.
這篇文章闡述了在過去的幾十年中交通工具的發(fā)展變化給人們生活帶來的便利。文章首先提及20 世紀(jì)70 年代的自行車,繼而提到20 世紀(jì)90年代的私家車。唯一的瑕疵是出現(xiàn)了以下的冗余信息:And thanks to the information technology,we can now enjoy bike-sharing service and online ridehailing service which help to make our journey more economical and flexible——多虧了信息技術(shù),現(xiàn)在可以使用共享單車等工具,人們出行變得更加經(jīng)濟(jì)和靈活。這使信息鏈斷裂,交通工具沒有什么新的進(jìn)展和變化,讀者預(yù)期出現(xiàn)卡頓。接下來如果能繼續(xù)寫飛機(jī)或高鐵等交通工具,論點(diǎn)之間不僅會(huì)相互關(guān)聯(lián),而且會(huì)連貫順暢,銜接自然。
表1 的數(shù)據(jù)表明,在經(jīng)過大學(xué)英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式教學(xué)試驗(yàn)后,學(xué)生作文在結(jié)構(gòu)布局、主題展開和內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出方面取得了明顯進(jìn)步。以下是一篇質(zhì)量中等的作文,從撫養(yǎng)男孩、女孩的不同方式展開了對(duì)比。
例9:Boys and girls are brought up in quite different ways,which can be seen in the clothes they wear,the toys they play with,and the games they likes.
At first,Boys and girls grow up wearing different clothes.For example,boys wear plain and low-key colors.Boys like to wear less conspicuous clothes,and usually like to wear dark clothes,because they will think that the high-profile boys will wear too bright clothes.Girls wear bright and strong colors.Girls like some brighter clothes,they think it will make more people notice them and get their appreciation.In addition,boys and girls like to play different types of toys.Boys like some very powerful characters in animation and some toy cars,airplanes and the like.Girls like some stuffed toys,Barbie dolls and the like,because they think these are pretty.Last but not least,boys and girls like to play different types of games.Boys like to play adventure games,gunfight games and driving games,which they think is very exciting.Girls like to play games that change the costumes of game characters.They enjoy the feeling of creating game characters by themselves.
In general,boys and girls have a lot of differences in the growth process,not only in these aspects,if they can get a good education in childhood,they will definitely grow up happily.
這篇作文具備了實(shí)驗(yàn)后學(xué)生作文樣本的普遍特征。首先,文章結(jié)構(gòu)布局基本合理。文章開頭簡(jiǎn)明扼要,主旨句明確闡述了展開計(jì)劃(男孩女孩服裝、玩具和游戲的不同特征)。主體部分分述了上述差異。第一,男孩通常身穿深色調(diào)的衣服,以便顯得深沉穩(wěn)重;女孩通常身著鮮艷的服裝,以引起關(guān)注和欣賞。第二,男孩向往力量和權(quán)威,玩具多為動(dòng)畫片里的動(dòng)物或汽車飛機(jī)等;女孩憧憬美麗漂亮,玩具多為芭比娃娃等毛絨玩具。第三,男孩喜歡玩冒險(xiǎn)、槍戰(zhàn)和追逐游戲,感到興奮刺激;女孩喜歡變換服裝的游戲,享受創(chuàng)造故事的快樂。雖然結(jié)尾部分沒有概括總結(jié)主要觀點(diǎn),但歸納了一句話——男孩、女孩在成長(zhǎng)過程中存在許多差異,并且對(duì)男孩女孩未來發(fā)展走向進(jìn)行了預(yù)示——如果他們能夠在孩童時(shí)期得到良好的教育,一定會(huì)成長(zhǎng)得非常幸福,給讀者留下結(jié)構(gòu)完整的印象。其次,文章主題展開脈絡(luò)清晰,層次分明,有力支撐了主要觀點(diǎn)。最重要的是,內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出方面有了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,各論點(diǎn)之間連貫順暢,能夠圍繞一個(gè)中心思想描寫,冗余信息少。當(dāng)然,文章還存在語法錯(cuò)誤、用詞比較簡(jiǎn)單、句型不夠豐富等問題,后續(xù)研究將著力改進(jìn)這些問題。
以下是一篇質(zhì)量較好的作文,體現(xiàn)了實(shí)驗(yàn)后的教學(xué)效果。
例10:In recent years,more and more children have been sent abroad to study at a very early age in junior high school,or even immediately after graduating from primary school.It has aroused a heated debate in public.
Advocates proclaim that studying abroad at an early age allows children to learn a foreign language earlier and they can integrate into foreign culture and life more easily.In addition,it seems that the chance of a successful application for a foreign school at an early age is bigger.However,some people also express their concern over this phenomenon.For one thing,studying abroad earlier costs more money,which may exert a heavier financial burden on the family.For another,there is evidence that some children are too young to adapt to the new environment.As a result,they become more and more lonely,frustrated and even depressed,which is harmful to their mental and physical health.
As far as I am concerned,I believe that studying abroad is a worthy experience,while it doesn’t mean people should study abroad at a very early age.When children become stronger in physical strength and willpower,they can be more prepared for the overseas life.
這篇文章題目是:Is It Good to Study Abroad at an Early Age?(年幼時(shí)出國學(xué)習(xí)好嗎?)
首先,文章的結(jié)構(gòu)布局完整合理。文章開頭描述了一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象:越來越多年幼的孩子從初中甚至小學(xué)畢業(yè)起就被送往國外學(xué)習(xí),這引起了公眾的熱議。這里有一個(gè)瑕疵:沒有提及文章主旨,展開計(jì)劃不明確,讀者不清楚作者的態(tài)度,贊成還是反對(duì)?什么原因?文章主體部分思路比較清晰,對(duì)比分析了贊成者和反對(duì)者兩派的理由。贊成者提倡孩子年幼時(shí)出國學(xué)習(xí),認(rèn)為有兩點(diǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì):第一,這可以使孩子早些學(xué)習(xí)外國語,易于融入外國文化與生活。第二,在國外就讀,未來成功的可能性更大。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為孩子年幼時(shí)出國學(xué)習(xí)有兩個(gè)劣勢(shì):第一,會(huì)花費(fèi)更多金錢,給家庭造成更重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。第二,一些孩子因太年幼,不能適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境,變得孤獨(dú)、沮喪,甚至抑郁,危害了其身心健康。文章結(jié)尾部分作者綜合分析兩派觀點(diǎn),并提出了自己的看法:出國學(xué)習(xí)確實(shí)有益,但并不是越早越好,只有在孩子身體強(qiáng)壯、意志堅(jiān)定的情況下,他們才能更好地適應(yīng)出國學(xué)習(xí)。
其次,文章的主題展開思路清晰,通過描述現(xiàn)象引發(fā)討論,贊成派和反對(duì)派各抒己見,理由充足,對(duì)比分明。作者縱觀全局,態(tài)度持平公正,令人信服,討論完美收官。
最搶眼的是文章的內(nèi)容產(chǎn)出。全文不僅構(gòu)思巧妙、連貫自然、陳述有序,而且用詞高超,句法繁復(fù),佳句迭出。比如:介詞短語、分詞短語、動(dòng)名詞短語運(yùn)用熟練,狀語從句、定語從句、同位語從句層出不窮,過渡詞語畫龍點(diǎn)睛,恰如其分、循環(huán)往復(fù)、無縫銜接,顯示了作者良好的語言功底和作文素養(yǎng)。
除了質(zhì)性分析之外,本研究還運(yùn)用SPSS 23.0軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)前后學(xué)生的期末英語寫作成績(jī)進(jìn)行了平均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差對(duì)比,同時(shí)進(jìn)行了獨(dú)立樣本T 檢驗(yàn)。寧夏高校的大學(xué)英語期末考試均使用外研社提供的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助測(cè)試訊飛AI 考試平臺(tái),信度效度經(jīng)過了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢驗(yàn)。表2 的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)前學(xué)生作文成績(jī)平均值為11.13,實(shí)驗(yàn)后學(xué)生作文成績(jī)平均值為13.29,兩個(gè)平均值之間的差值是2.16。此數(shù)據(jù)說明,實(shí)驗(yàn)后成績(jī)平均值得到了提高。另外,實(shí)驗(yàn)前學(xué)生作文成績(jī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為4.695,實(shí)驗(yàn)后學(xué)生成績(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差變?yōu)?.456,說明學(xué)生間的差距發(fā)生了細(xì)微的變化,較之實(shí)驗(yàn)前,差距變大了一些。表3 顯示,獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn)顯著性值為0.028(小于0.05)[5],表明實(shí)驗(yàn)前后的學(xué)生英語寫作成績(jī)存在顯著性差異。綜合上述數(shù)據(jù)分析,本研究得出結(jié)論:大學(xué)英語寫作學(xué)習(xí)云空間融合模式對(duì)學(xué)生寫作學(xué)習(xí)效果產(chǎn)生了積極影響。
表2 實(shí)驗(yàn)前后作文成績(jī)對(duì)比
表3 獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn)
信息化時(shí)代,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展為英語學(xué)習(xí)者提供了多樣化的電子學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,這不僅有助于學(xué)習(xí)者在參與復(fù)雜的認(rèn)知活動(dòng)時(shí)利用豐富多彩的信息內(nèi)容、信息媒介、信息交互形式,而且有助于他們拓寬思考和解決問題的路徑,更新和重構(gòu)知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),從而提升其英語運(yùn)用能力。