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4種沉香樹葉片揮發(fā)油化學(xué)成分GC-MS分析

2022-02-10 23:34劉欣怡王雅麗王昊王露露梅文莉戴好富王軍
熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2022年1期

劉欣怡 王雅麗 王昊 王露露 梅文莉 戴好富 王軍

摘 ?要:比較3個(gè)白木香良種‘熱科1號(hào)’(Aquilaria sinensis ‘Reke 1’)、‘熱科2號(hào)’(A. sinensis ‘Reke 2’)、‘熱科3號(hào)’(A. sinensis ‘Reke 3’)及1種國外引種的印度沉香(A. agallocha Roxb.)植物葉片揮發(fā)油成分的異同,旨在為其進(jìn)一步開發(fā)利用提供依據(jù)。采用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取4種葉片中的揮發(fā)油,用氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(GC-MS)技術(shù)對(duì)其成分進(jìn)行分析獲得總離子流圖,通過Date Analysis化學(xué)工作站,結(jié)合Nist2005和Wiley275質(zhì)譜庫及前人鑒定方法等對(duì)檢測(cè)到的色譜峰進(jìn)行檢索及人工解析;利用峰面積歸一化法測(cè)定其化學(xué)成分的相對(duì)百分含量,統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)后進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果表明,3個(gè)白木香良種與印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油僅5個(gè)共有成分,獨(dú)有成分?jǐn)?shù)量較多占半數(shù)以上;‘熱科1號(hào)’(34.44%)、‘熱科3號(hào)’(25.08%)及印度沉香(37.06%)葉片揮發(fā)油中萜類總相對(duì)百分含量較高,‘熱科2號(hào)’(13.20%)中相對(duì)較低,其中‘熱科1號(hào)’(9.82%)與‘熱科2號(hào)’(8.17%)沉香葉揮發(fā)油中分別有3種、8種倍半萜類化合物且均為獨(dú)有;‘熱科2號(hào)’(5.03%)沉香葉揮發(fā)油中二萜類成分遠(yuǎn)低于其他三者(‘熱科1號(hào)’為19.25%、‘熱科3號(hào)’為24.18%、印度沉香為35.45%);‘熱科1號(hào)’(5.37%)與印度沉香(1.61%)葉片揮發(fā)油中含三萜類成分,其他二者未檢出。綜上,萜類多具有抗菌抗炎活性,故‘熱科1號(hào)’‘熱科3號(hào)’及印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油更適合發(fā)掘其在藥用、保健方面的功能,印度沉香葉揮發(fā)油的二萜類化合物中致香成分含量較高,適合發(fā)掘香料、煙草等方面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,‘熱科2號(hào)’葉揮發(fā)油具有苦味的二萜類化合物含量低,在食品、茶飲方面具有較好的開發(fā)潛能及應(yīng)用前景。因此,對(duì)不同沉香樹葉及揮發(fā)油的開發(fā)利用應(yīng)更具針對(duì)性,充分挖掘其價(jià)值,開發(fā)高附加值產(chǎn)品并推動(dòng)沉香樹種植產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整升級(jí),促進(jìn)沉香產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞:白木香良種;印度沉香;葉片揮發(fā)油;GC-MS分析

中圖分類號(hào):R284.1 ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil from Four Kinds of Agarwood Tree Leaves

LIU Xinyi1, WANG Yali2,3, WANG Hao2,3, WANG Lulu2, MEI Wenli2,3, DAI Haofu 2,3*, WANG Jun2,3*

1. College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China; 2. Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; 3. Hainan Agarwood Engineering Technology Research Center / Hainan Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China

Abstract: To analyze the similarities and differences of the volatile oil constituents from the leaves of three improved varieties of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng, A. sinensis ‘Reke 1’, A. sinensis ‘Reke 2’, A. sinensis ‘Reke 3’ and a introduced foreign species A. agallocha Roxb., which could provide a basis for further development and utilization. The volatile oil from the leaves were extracted by steam distillation, and its components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain total ion flow diagrams. Through the Date Analysis Chemistry workstation and combined with NIST2005 and WILEY275 mass spectrometry libraries and previous identification methods, the detected chromatographic peaks were retrieved and analyzed manually. The peak area normalization method was used to determine the relative content of each chemical constituent, and the statistical data were compared and analyzed. There were only 5 common components in the volatile oil from the leaves of the three improved varieties of A. sinensis and A. agallocha, and the number of unique ingredients accounted for more than half. The content of total relative percentage of terpenes in the volatile oil of the leaves of ‘Reke 1’ (34.44%), ‘Reke 3’ (25.08%) and A. agallocha (37.06%) were higher, while that of ‘Reke 2’ (13.20%) was relatively lower. There were 3 and 8 unique sesquiterpenoids in the volatile oil of ‘Reke 1’and ‘Reke 2’, respectively. The diterpenoids in the volatile oil from the leaves of ‘Reke 2’ (5.03%) were much lower than those of the other three [‘Reke 1’ (19.25%), ‘Reke 3’ (24.18%) and A. agallocha (35.45%)]. The volatile oil of the leaves of ‘Reke 1’ (5.37%) and A. agallocha (1.61%) contained triterpenoids which were not detected in the other two. In conclusion, terpenoids mostly have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, so the volatile oil of the leaves of ‘Reke 1’ ‘Reke 3’ and A. agallocha are more suitable for exploring the functions of medicinal and health-care. The volatile oil of the leaves of A. agallocha which have a high content of diterpenoids with aroma is suitable for exploring its application value in spices and tobacco. The volatile oil of the leaves of ‘Reke 2’ which have a low content of diterpenoids with bitter has a good development potential and application prospect in food and tea. Therefore, the development and utilization of different agarwood leaves and volatile oil should be more targeted to fully tap their value, develop high value-added products, promote the adjustment and upgrading of the agarwood tree planting industry, and promote the development of the agarwood industry.

Keywords: improved varieties of Aquilaria sinensis; A. agallocha; leaves volatile oil; GC-MS analysis

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.01.024

瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)沉香屬(Aquilaria Lam.)植物共有20余種,擬沉香(Gyrinops Gaertn.)植物共有約9種,從南亞次大陸的東北部到印度尼西亞群島及巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞群島均有分布,主要分布于越南、印度、緬甸、老撾、中國和柬埔寨等亞洲國家[1-3];沉香是該科沉香屬和擬沉香屬植物受到外界傷害后含有樹脂的木材,是傳統(tǒng)的名貴藥材和天然香料,具有極高的藥用價(jià)值,且在工藝品、保健品、宗教文化等領(lǐng)域被廣泛應(yīng)用,市場需求量大,沉香及相關(guān)產(chǎn)品備受關(guān)注[1, 3]。但沉香野生資源十分稀缺且日漸枯竭,已被列入《世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》(IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants)和《瀕危野生動(dòng)植物種國際貿(mào)易公約》(CITES)附錄[4],而國產(chǎn)沉香唯一的來源為白木香[Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.][5],也已被列為國家二級(jí)重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生植物;雖然自20世紀(jì)80年代起,我國海南、廣東、廣西、云南和貴州等地及東南亞國家開始大規(guī)模栽培白木香[6],但受限于結(jié)香難、周期長、產(chǎn)量低、收益慢等,長期以來仍存在沉香資源緊缺問題。

同時(shí)對(duì)沉香的利用及研究更被重視,對(duì)沉香植株其他具有藥理活性、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)等價(jià)值的部位關(guān)注甚少,枝葉等其他部位雖然產(chǎn)量可觀卻多被丟棄;現(xiàn)代研究對(duì)以葉為主的其他部位進(jìn)行研究表明,沉香植物葉片提取的化學(xué)成分及揮發(fā)油成分具有抑菌、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)、抗氧化、保護(hù)肝臟、抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛、通便[7]、抗過敏[8]等功效,其葉可用作藥物治療炎癥、哮喘、頭痛等病癥;前人對(duì)白木香葉的毒理特性研究均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有毒副作用及不良反應(yīng)[9],白木香葉在2012年被申請(qǐng)為新食品原料,廣東將其列為地方特色食品[10-11],在海南、廣東電白等沉香主要產(chǎn)地,有白木香葉茶流行[12],2007年起有相關(guān)專利被申請(qǐng)[13],后沉香茶被證明有改善心腦血管衰老狀態(tài)、降血脂、抗DNA氧化損傷等功效[14-15]。據(jù)此,沉香植物葉片應(yīng)用價(jià)值頗高,應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)其進(jìn)行綜合開發(fā)利用,減少資源浪費(fèi),一定程度上緩解沉香資源緊缺并提升經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會(huì)效益。

目前對(duì)于沉香樹葉揮發(fā)油成分的研究有一定基礎(chǔ),劉玉峰等[16]、張偉等[17]、王加深等[18]、黃慧芳等[19]先后對(duì)水蒸氣蒸餾法提取的白木香葉揮發(fā)油通過GC-MS進(jìn)行成分分析,分別鑒定出41、48、40、23個(gè)化學(xué)成分,且其中有多種具有藥理或生物活性的化合物,鄧紅梅等[20]應(yīng)用GC-MS有針對(duì)性地研究了樹體結(jié)香前后白木香葉揮發(fā)油含量及成分變化,結(jié)果顯示結(jié)香前揮發(fā)油含量高而結(jié)香后揮發(fā)油成分更復(fù)雜,劉竹枝等[21]應(yīng)用GC-MS就海南不同產(chǎn)地及結(jié)香方法對(duì)白木香葉揮發(fā)油中的角鯊烯含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示差異明顯。以上研究結(jié)果表明,不同沉香葉揮發(fā)油雖然化合物類型總體相似,但成分差異及含量相對(duì)較大且受到多種因素的影響,不夠細(xì)分和具有針對(duì)性,缺少對(duì)不同種、不同品種或不同地域等進(jìn)行細(xì)分的相關(guān)研究。沉香葉原材料與產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和利用間關(guān)聯(lián)與針對(duì)性不強(qiáng)也導(dǎo)致其發(fā)展受到一定制約,產(chǎn)品類型較為單一,且目前多集中于食品原料與茶飲的開發(fā),在其他方面尚有較大的開發(fā)潛力,而揮發(fā)油不僅在醫(yī)藥上具有重要價(jià)值,如多具有祛痰、止咳、平喘、解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗菌消炎等作用,在香料工業(yè)中應(yīng)用也極為廣泛,如浸膏、凈油、香膏等,且在日用食品工業(yè)及化學(xué)工業(yè)上也是重要的原料,因此對(duì)沉香葉揮發(fā)油的深入研究十分重要。

本研究以3個(gè)白木香良種‘熱科1號(hào)’(Aquilaria sinensis ‘Reke1’)、‘熱科2號(hào)’'(A. sinensis ‘Reke2’)、‘熱科3號(hào)’(A. sinensis ‘Reke3’)及1種國外引種的印度沉香(A. agallocha Roxb.)植物葉片為研究對(duì)象,其中白木香良種‘熱科’系列是通過母樹選擇、引種馴化、區(qū)域試驗(yàn)、生物學(xué)性狀評(píng)價(jià)、結(jié)香評(píng)價(jià)、DUS(特異性、一致性、穩(wěn)定性)測(cè)試等手段篩選培育而出,旨在獲得高品質(zhì)和高產(chǎn)量的沉香[22];白木香良種‘熱科1號(hào)’‘熱科2號(hào)’和‘熱科3號(hào)’(下文將3個(gè)白木香良種簡稱為“‘熱科1號(hào)”’、“‘熱科2號(hào)”’、“‘熱科3號(hào)”’)分別于2016、2018和2019年獲得海南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)的良種認(rèn)定。印度沉香主產(chǎn)于印度,現(xiàn)已被歸并入馬來沉香(A. malaccensis Lam.)[23],在我國云南、廣西和廣東等地有少量引種栽培。本研究采用氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(GC- MS)技術(shù)對(duì)利用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取的以上沉香葉揮發(fā)油成分進(jìn)行研究,探討其異同與其在藥用、保健、制香等方面可能的應(yīng)用方向與前景,進(jìn)一步發(fā)掘白木香良種及其他優(yōu)質(zhì)沉香樹種在結(jié)香之外的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,綜合開發(fā)沉香屬各植物的多種價(jià)值,加強(qiáng)沉香樹高產(chǎn)值、高附加值研究,構(gòu)建產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體系,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續(xù)、快速、深入發(fā)展。

1 ?材料與方法

1.1 ?材料

1.1.1 ?儀器與試劑 ?Agilent 7820A-Agilent 5977E型氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀,美國安捷倫科技有限公司;色譜柱為HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm)彈性石英毛細(xì)管柱,美國安捷倫科技有限公司;BGM-150E 通風(fēng)柜,廣州華盈實(shí)驗(yàn)室家具設(shè)備公司;普通玻璃水蒸氣蒸餾裝置,重慶欣維爾玻璃有限公司;98-1-C型數(shù)字控溫加熱套,天津市泰斯特儀器有限公司;ME204/02萬分之一電子秤,梅特勒-托利多儀器上海有限公司。乙醚為(分析純),四川西隴科學(xué)有限公司。

1.1.2 ?樣品材料 ?白木香良種‘熱科1號(hào)’‘熱科2號(hào)’和‘熱科3號(hào)’葉片均于2020年采自海南省文昌市邁號(hào)鎮(zhèn)中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所和下山陳村基地,印度沉香葉片于2019年采集自廣東省恩平市(早年由中國科學(xué)院華南植物園戚樹源研究員等從國外引種);樣品均選擇樹齡3~5 a栽培植株的成熟葉片采集;葉片風(fēng)干后保存于中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所。樣品信息具體見表1,樣品圖片見圖1。

1.2 ?方法

1.2.1 ?揮發(fā)油提取 ?去除葉片中枝條、樹皮、雜草等雜質(zhì),將葉片放置在通風(fēng)陰涼處,待其干燥后備用。分別取干燥后的葉片樣品0.5 kg切碎,放置于10 L的圓底燒瓶中,加入蒸餾水浸泡過夜;按照蒸餾提取要求安裝精油提取器,用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取8 h以上至揮發(fā)油量不再增加為止;收集其揮發(fā)油,分別得到0.075、0.170、0.145、0.065 g揮發(fā)油,按照公式(1)計(jì)算提取率,干葉重為0.5 kg,提取率分別為0.015%、0.034%、0.029%和0.013%;取揮發(fā)油用乙醚溶解后,各取等量1.5 mL于溶劑瓶中用于GC-MS分析。

提取率=揮發(fā)油重量(g)/葉片重量(g)×100 %

(1)1.2.2 ?GC-MS檢測(cè)條件 ?氣相色譜條件:采用 HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm)彈性石英毛細(xì)管柱;升溫程序?yàn)椋褐鶞?0℃,以5℃/min升溫至310℃,保持10 min;汽化室溫度250℃;載氣為高純He(99.999%),流速1.0 mL/min;柱前壓43 kPa;進(jìn)樣量1.0 μL,不分流進(jìn)樣,溶劑延遲時(shí)間4.0 min。

質(zhì)譜條件:電子轟擊(EI)離子源,電子能量70 eV,接口溫度280℃,離子源溫度250℃,四級(jí)桿溫度150℃,調(diào)諧方式為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)調(diào)諧,電子倍增電壓1718 kV,質(zhì)量掃描范圍40~800 m/z。

2 ?結(jié)果與分析

通過Date Analysis化學(xué)工作站,按照1.2.2分析方法,結(jié)合Nist2005和Wiley275質(zhì)譜庫,并借鑒前人和前期的鑒定方法對(duì)檢測(cè)到的色譜峰進(jìn)行檢索,并結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行解析。4種葉片揮發(fā)油的總離子流色譜圖如圖2所示;利用峰面積歸一化法測(cè)定其化學(xué)成分的相對(duì)百分含量,4種葉片揮發(fā)油的化學(xué)成分及相對(duì)百分含量等如表2所示,四者名稱分別以Reke1、Reke2、Reke3和A. a代替。

為對(duì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)一步分析并直觀展示以上表格中數(shù)據(jù)信息,運(yùn)用Excel軟件等處理數(shù)據(jù)并制作相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖(見圖3和,圖4),。其中,圖3為4個(gè)樣品揮發(fā)油中化合物總相對(duì)百分含量及不同類型化合物相對(duì)百分含量堆積柱狀圖,可較為直觀的地看出各類型化合物的相對(duì)含量多少,圖4則為各化合物含量熱力圖,依據(jù)顏色變化及深淺可直觀看出不同樣品揮發(fā)油中所含化合物及其含量多少。

據(jù)由以上圖表可知,從4種葉片揮發(fā)油中分別鑒定出29、27、37、34個(gè)成分,相對(duì)百分含量分別為81.42%、66.69%、93.26%、96.37%,其中‘熱科1號(hào)’‘熱科2號(hào)’及印度沉香植物葉片揮發(fā)油中分別有7種、6種、1種化合物未檢出,相對(duì)百分含量分別為6.85%、2.97%及0.24%。白木香良種與印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油的共有成分僅5種,分別為棕櫚酸、植酮、植物醇、硬脂酸及2,4-二叔丁基苯酚;白木香良種除以上5種共有成分外,7,9-二叔丁基-1-氧雜吡啶(4,5)癸-6,9-二烯-2,8-二酮及十五烷酸也為共有成分,但相對(duì)百分含量均較低,前者均不超過2.00%,后者均不超過1.00%;沉香植物葉片揮發(fā)油主要由脂肪酸類、萜類及烷烴類化合物構(gòu)成,其總相對(duì)百分含量分別在四者已解析成分中的占比分別達(dá)到89.20%、87.39%、87.72%及99.44%,但其具體化合物及含量差異較大;相對(duì)百分含量超過5.00%的成分在‘熱科1號(hào)’中有5個(gè),分別為棕櫚酸(14.83%)、植酮(10.33%)、植物醇(5.47%)、羽扇烯酮(5.37%)、β-桉葉醇(5.09%),‘熱科2號(hào)’中1個(gè),為棕櫚酸(27.68%),‘熱科3號(hào)’中3個(gè),分別為棕櫚酸(15.84%)、植酮(15.31%)、十六酸-2-羥基-1-(羥甲基)乙酯(8.38%),印度沉香中5個(gè),分別為棕櫚酸(34.41%)、植酮(15.92%)、植物醇(12.28%)、硬脂酸(5.93%)、順式異油酸(5.87%)。

綜上,棕櫚酸為四者皆有且含量較大的成分,此外,萜類在各揮發(fā)油中相對(duì)百分含量較高,‘熱科1號(hào)’含倍半萜類成分3種且均為其獨(dú)有,分別為β-桉葉醇(5.09%)、α-桉葉醇(4.03%)及馬兜鈴烯(0.70%),其中β-桉葉醇和α-桉葉醇均為天然的含氧倍半萜類化合物,二萜類成分5種(19.25%),其中植酮(10.33%),植物醇(5.47%),三萜類成分1種,為羽扇烯酮(5.37%),各類型萜類相對(duì)含量均較高;‘熱科2號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油含倍半萜類成分8種(8.17%)且均為其獨(dú)有,但各成分含量均較低,二萜類成分2種(5.03%),為植酮(2.18%)和植物醇(2.85%);‘熱科3號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油含倍半萜類成分2種(0.90%),二萜類成分5種(24.18%),植酮(15.31%)、2,6,10,14-四甲基-十六烷(4.90%),相對(duì)百分含量較高;印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油無倍半萜類成分,而二萜類成分有11種(35.45%)之多,包含植酮(15.92%)、植物醇(12.28%)和(E,E)-法尼基丙酮(3.19%)等,三萜類成分1種,為角鯊烯(1.61%)。

白木香良種與印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油獨(dú)有的成分較多,四者獨(dú)有成分分別有14、13、21及17個(gè),占已鑒定出成分的近一半或以上,相對(duì)百分含量分別為26.52%、16.65%、25.02%、11.24%;其中‘熱科1號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油中獨(dú)有倍半萜類成分3個(gè)(9.82%),二萜類成分3個(gè)(3.45%),烷烴類成分5個(gè)(6.52%),脂肪酸類成分2個(gè)(2.00%),‘熱科2號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油中獨(dú)有倍半萜類成分8個(gè)(8.17%),脂肪酸類成分4個(gè)(7.75%);‘熱科3號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油中獨(dú)有倍半萜類成分2個(gè)(0.90%),二萜類成分3個(gè)(4.49%),三萜類成分1個(gè)(1.61%),烷烴類成分11個(gè)(16.15%);印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油中獨(dú)有二萜類成分5個(gè)(3.45%),烷烴類成分7個(gè)(4.56%),脂肪酸類成分4個(gè)(3.18%)。

3 ?討論

本研究中白木香良種揮發(fā)油與前人水蒸氣蒸餾法提取的普通白木香揮發(fā)油成分[16-18]相比,僅有植酮、植物醇、棕櫚酸、肉豆蔻酸等少量相同成分,且相對(duì)百分含量差別較大,可見雖同為白木香,但受到品種、立地條件和氣候環(huán)境等因素的影響較大,選育出的良種葉片揮發(fā)油依然與普通白木香有明顯差別。前人采用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取的馬來沉香葉片揮發(fā)油成分[24]與本研究中印度沉香(歸并入馬來沉香)的檢測(cè)結(jié)果差別較大,前者主要成分為十五醛(32.08%)、順式-9-十八碳烯醛(15.89%)、十四烷醛(6.93%)、棕櫚酸(4.80%)等,而后者含量較高的則為棕櫚酸(34.41%)、植酮(15.92%)、植物醇(12.28%)等成分,兩二者差別較大。

據(jù)前文數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果,棕櫚酸(脂肪酸類),植酮和植物醇(萜類)等為揮發(fā)油主要成分,棕櫚酸相對(duì)含量在四者中均較高,萜類成分在‘熱科1號(hào)’(34.44%)、‘熱科3號(hào)’(25.08%)與印度沉香(37.06%)葉揮發(fā)油中相對(duì)含量均較高,此類成分多具有較好的生物活性與應(yīng)用價(jià)值。棕櫚酸可誘導(dǎo)胰島素瘤細(xì)胞MIN6細(xì)胞凋亡作用并對(duì)胰島素成熟有影響,也可誘導(dǎo)大鼠主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[25-26],此外棕櫚酸可用于多種化工原料,其特殊香氣和滋味,亦可用于配制食用香料或作為食品添加劑的原料[27]。倍半萜及其含氧衍生物多具有較強(qiáng)的香氣和生物活性,是醫(yī)藥、食品和化妝品工業(yè)的重要原料,二萜及其含氧衍生物、三萜及其衍生物皂苷類亦具有較好生物活性[28];其中植酮具有抗菌、鎮(zhèn)痛和抗炎活性[29-30],植物醇具有抗氧化、抗炎等活性,對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌有抗菌活性,對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞分化、肝臟糖脂代謝具有調(diào)節(jié)作用[31],另外,還有羽扇烯酮具抗炎、抗病毒和抗糖尿病等多種藥理活性而無主要毒性[32-33];角鯊烯具有促進(jìn)膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化、促進(jìn)肝功能與膽汁分泌、耐缺氧、促進(jìn)皮膚健康等功效,在食品及化妝品中廣泛應(yīng)用[34-36]。

植酮和植物醇等二萜類化合物除具有上述的藥理活性以外還具有香氣,如植酮是煙草本身固有香氣成分,具有提升卷煙香氣、減少雜氣的作用;植物醇有輕微香氣及輕度辛辣味;(E,E)-法尼基丙酮具有淡的清甜香氣,可增加清甜香和烤煙香;葉片香氣品質(zhì)是多種揮發(fā)性化合物氣味的綜合體現(xiàn),化合物的含量對(duì)葉片的香氣特征有重要的影響,含量高的化合物可能對(duì)葉片獨(dú)特香氣有較高的貢獻(xiàn)率[37],印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油中上述3種化合物的相對(duì)百分含量總計(jì)為31.39%,遠(yuǎn)高于其他3個(gè)樣品中的15.80%、5.03%與17.23%,且(E,E)-法尼基丙酮為其獨(dú)有,其他獨(dú)有成分也較其他葉片更多,而作者在清聞?dòng)《瘸料闳~片氣味時(shí)亦發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有淡淡的清香,可能與上述原因有關(guān),并推測(cè)其獨(dú)有成分中有香氣閾值較低的化合物,在低濃度下也能表現(xiàn)出顯著香氣[38]。值得一提的是,‘熱科2號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油二萜類成分總相對(duì)含量最低,僅為5.03%(‘熱科1號(hào)’為19.25%、‘熱科3號(hào)’為24.18%、印度沉香為35.45%),而二萜類成分多具有苦味[28],這可能與作者口嘗4種葉片發(fā)現(xiàn),其葉片苦味不濃且有回甘之感而其他三者葉片皆甚為苦澀的現(xiàn)象相互印證。

綜上所述,‘熱科1號(hào)’‘熱科3號(hào)’及印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)油中較為豐富的萜類成分多具有抗炎抗菌等活性,更適合發(fā)掘其揮發(fā)油在藥用、保健方面的功能;印度沉香葉片揮發(fā)性成分中所含致香成分更多,更適合發(fā)掘其在香料、煙草等方面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值;‘熱科2號(hào)’葉片揮發(fā)油中的二萜類含量較少苦味輕,在食品、茶飲方面具有較好的開發(fā)潛能及應(yīng)用前景。由于不同品種沉香樹葉片揮發(fā)油中的化合物及含量差異較大,因此,對(duì)其開發(fā)利用應(yīng)更具有針對(duì)性,充分發(fā)揮各品種的特性和優(yōu)勢(shì),發(fā)掘它們?cè)诮Y(jié)香之外的高附加值產(chǎn)品,推動(dòng)沉香樹種植產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)調(diào)整,帶動(dòng)香農(nóng)增收,為沉香產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康、持續(xù)和快速發(fā)展提供科技支撐,也為國家鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略作出貢獻(xiàn)。

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