孫海龍 王嘉儀 陳玉 劉便榮
摘 ? ? 要|權(quán)力感如何影響垃圾分類這類親環(huán)境行為是實(shí)踐界和理論界均關(guān)注的重要研究問(wèn)題?;谏鐣?huì)比較理論, 本研究構(gòu)建權(quán)力感影響垃圾分類行為的理論模型。通過(guò)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)權(quán)力感正向影響垃圾分類行為,個(gè)體感知權(quán)力感越高,越傾向進(jìn)行垃圾分類行為;(2)權(quán)力感顯著正向預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體的敬畏感程 度;(3)權(quán)力感通過(guò)心理敬畏感影響垃圾分類行為。具體而言,權(quán)力感越高的個(gè)體,越具有較高的敬畏感,進(jìn)一步,敬畏感的提升促進(jìn)個(gè)體更傾向進(jìn)行垃圾分類這類親環(huán)境行為。本研究整合的理論框架為解釋權(quán) 力感對(duì)垃圾分類行為的影響提供了更全面的解釋,這不僅豐富了權(quán)力相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),拓展了社會(huì)比較理論在垃 圾分類等親環(huán)境行為領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,同時(shí)也為如何助推個(gè)體垃圾分類提供了實(shí)踐啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞|權(quán)力感;敬畏感;垃圾分類行為;社會(huì)比較理論
Copyright ? 2022 by author (s) and SciScan Publishing Limited
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
1 引言
近年來(lái),伴隨經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,垃圾問(wèn)題日益凸顯,已成為全球十大環(huán)境問(wèn)題之一。面對(duì)愈加嚴(yán)重的垃圾問(wèn)題,垃圾分類行為對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)垃圾無(wú)害化、減量化和資源化具有重要作用。然而,與垃圾分類重要性相悖,根據(jù)生態(tài)環(huán)境部數(shù)據(jù)顯示:中國(guó)生活垃圾總量持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),2017 年已達(dá)到約 2.15 億噸,僅廣東省一年內(nèi)共填埋 1625.8 萬(wàn)噸垃圾,垃圾分類回收率不足 30%。如何促進(jìn)人們進(jìn)行垃圾分類、減少環(huán)境污染日益成為社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)及管理學(xué)共同關(guān)注的問(wèn)題(Gifford and Nilsson,2014;Kolodko and Read, 2018)。
過(guò)往垃圾分類的研究聚焦于可能的環(huán)境因素,從客觀環(huán)境可達(dá)性、吸引性和可視性方面探討了垃圾桶的數(shù)量和位置(Kallgren et al.,2000)、環(huán)境的整潔度對(duì)環(huán)保行為的影響。例如有研究指出指導(dǎo)具體化有利于人們減少亂扔垃圾的行為(Kolodko and Read,2018)。也有研究從個(gè)體知識(shí)、環(huán)保價(jià)值觀、環(huán)境態(tài)度等方面探討對(duì)環(huán)保行為的影響( Liobikiene and Juknys,2016;Montano et al.,2008)。然而,垃圾分類行為不僅受上述因素影響,它還明顯受到社會(huì)關(guān)系因素影響,例如,作為人與人之間一種特殊影響力的權(quán)力感,影響著人們的思維方式和社會(huì)活動(dòng)。那么,權(quán)力感對(duì)垃圾分類行為有何影響?其內(nèi)在的心理機(jī)制如何?上述問(wèn)題亟待解決。
因此,基于社會(huì)比較理論,本研究擬建構(gòu)權(quán)力感影響垃圾分類行為的理論模型,探討權(quán)力感對(duì)垃圾分類行為的影響機(jī)制。研究為后續(xù)垃圾分類行為研究提供新的方向,同時(shí)有助于我們更加全面、客觀地看待不同權(quán)力感個(gè)體的環(huán)保行為,為我國(guó)社會(huì)治理提供合理有效的建議。
2 理論基礎(chǔ)與研究假設(shè)
權(quán)力感與敬畏的關(guān)系
權(quán)力是指?jìng)€(gè)體可以控制、影響他人的能力(Anderson and Galinsky,2006),其不僅具有社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)屬性(真實(shí)的社會(huì)關(guān)系中的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)),而且具有心理屬性。換言之,一個(gè)人無(wú)須真實(shí)地處于擁有權(quán)力的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)情境中,同樣可能感知到擁有權(quán)力的心理體驗(yàn)。將上述這種個(gè)體對(duì)自身資源能夠影響和控制他人、無(wú)須依賴他人能力的主觀感知稱之為權(quán)力感(Tost and Plunkett L,2015)。已有研究表明權(quán)力感水平的高低影響個(gè)體的心理與行為過(guò)程。然而不同于早期權(quán)力感相關(guān)研究認(rèn)為高權(quán)力感者傾向于與他人保持距離(Lammers et al.,2012),更加傾向物化他人(Lammers and Stapel,2011)。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究表明高權(quán)力感具有積極作用,例如,德威特等(2017)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)高權(quán)力感個(gè)體更善于聽(tīng)取他人的建議(De Wit et al.,2017)。
根據(jù)社會(huì)比較理論,人們常常通過(guò)與他人態(tài)度、能力、觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)果等方面的對(duì)比來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)自身的處境和地位。它會(huì)影響人們對(duì)自我的認(rèn)知、評(píng)價(jià),影響人們的情緒反應(yīng),也會(huì)對(duì)人們的行為產(chǎn)生不同的影響。我們認(rèn)為相較于低權(quán)力感個(gè)體,高權(quán)力感個(gè)體掌握著更多的珍貴資源,會(huì)產(chǎn)生能動(dòng)導(dǎo)向,使得個(gè)體更關(guān)注自我表達(dá)、提升和保護(hù)(Rucker et al.,2012)。進(jìn)一步,這種自我表達(dá)提升的需要,使得高權(quán)力感個(gè)體相比于低權(quán)力感個(gè)體更可能進(jìn)行上行比較,引發(fā)自我超越性情緒(Hu et al.,2018),以最終達(dá)到自我提升的目的。
與自我超越情緒內(nèi)涵相一致,敬畏即是一種包含自我超越情緒的復(fù)雜情緒狀態(tài)。一方面從認(rèn)知機(jī) 制層面來(lái)看,高權(quán)力感個(gè)體的社會(huì)距離感知更大,解釋水平也就更高,心理表征也就更抽象(Magee et al.,2010)。已有研究表明抽象的心理表征更易產(chǎn)生敬畏感的核心特征——浩大感(Prade and Saroglou, 2016)。另一方面,相比于低權(quán)力感個(gè)體,高權(quán)力個(gè)體具有更加靈活的信息加工方式,較少受到資源限制,更易進(jìn)行上行比較。高權(quán)力感個(gè)體往往采取積極主動(dòng)行為,與個(gè)人成就、自然界事物進(jìn)行上行比較, 進(jìn)而引發(fā)敬畏感,并伴隨相應(yīng)的小我感。據(jù)此,我們提出假設(shè) 1。
假設(shè) 1:權(quán)力感正向預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體的敬畏感。
敬畏感與垃圾分類行為的關(guān)系
敬畏是人們面臨浩瀚的事物,并且超越自己目前認(rèn)知范圍的事物時(shí)產(chǎn)生的驚異、敬佩和恐懼的復(fù)雜情緒體驗(yàn)。一般認(rèn)為敬畏感屬于一種積極的道德情緒范疇,具有親社會(huì)性的益處。根據(jù)社會(huì)比較理論和敬畏的相關(guān)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在個(gè)體體驗(yàn)到敬畏情緒時(shí),其注意力開(kāi)始從自我轉(zhuǎn)移到外界,自我利益和自我需求減弱,變得更注重他人和集體利益。早年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),敬畏會(huì)增加個(gè)體對(duì)所屬群體的積極性,增強(qiáng)團(tuán)體凝聚力,使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)烈的忠誠(chéng)和奉獻(xiàn)的意愿(Shiota,Keltner,and Mossman,2007)。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),敬畏可以促進(jìn)對(duì)未知他人的親社會(huì)態(tài)度和行為(Prade and Saroglou,2016),促進(jìn)綠色消費(fèi)(Wang et al.,2019)和個(gè)體的親環(huán)境行為(孫穎 等,2020)。
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Too High to Awe? The Influence of Power on Garbage Sorting Behavior
Sun Hailong1 Wang Jiayi1 Chen Yu1 Liu Bianrong2
1. School of Business, Guagndong Unviersity of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou; 2.Guangxi Vocational College of Technology and Business, Nanning
Abstract: How the sense of power affects garbage sorting is an important research issue in practice. Based on the theory of social comparison, a theoretical model of power sense affecting garbage sorting behavior is constructed. Through the questionnaire survey, the results found that: (1) The sense of power positively affects garbage sorting behavior. The higher the sense of power, the more inclined one is to engage in garbage sorting behavior; (2) The sense of power can positively predict an individuals sense of awe;
(3) The sense of power affects garbage classification behavior through the sense of awe. Specifically, the sense of power helps to improve the individuals sense of awe, and then awe increases to promote a higher tendency toward garbage sorting behavior. The theoretical framework integrated in this study provides a more comprehensive explanation of the influence of power on garbage sorting behavior, which not only enriches the power-related literature and expands the application of social comparative theory in pro- environmental behaviors such as garbage sorting but also provides practical enlightenment for how to boost individual garbage classification.
Key words: Sense of power; Sense of awe; Garbage sorting behavior; Ocial comparison theory