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負(fù)壓封閉引流對下肢骨折患者炎癥反應(yīng)及微循環(huán)的影響觀察

2022-05-09 03:16劉大偉
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2022年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:負(fù)壓封閉引流下肢骨折炎癥反應(yīng)

劉大偉

【摘要】 目的:分析負(fù)壓封閉引流用于下肢骨折患者中對炎癥反應(yīng)及微循環(huán)的影響。方法:選取2019年1月-2021年3月佳木斯市中心醫(yī)院收治的80例下肢骨折患者為研究對象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組和對照組,各40例。觀察組術(shù)后采用負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)治療,對照組采用常規(guī)換藥治療。記錄兩組患者住院期間情況,包括換敷料次數(shù)、創(chuàng)面感染情況、抗生素使用時(shí)間、創(chuàng)面愈合時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間;分別于治療前(T0)及治療后1 d(T1)、3 d(T2)抽取空腹外周靜脈血,檢測血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo),包括C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8);分別于T0、T1及T2檢測患者微循環(huán)情況,指標(biāo)包括流態(tài)積分、襻周積分、管襻積分及總積分。比較兩組各指標(biāo)的差異。結(jié)果:觀察組換敷料次數(shù)少于對照組(P<0.05),創(chuàng)面感染率低于對照組,抗生素使用時(shí)間、創(chuàng)面愈合時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均短于對照組(P<0.05)。兩組T0各炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)及微循環(huán)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1及T2,兩組CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8及流態(tài)積分、管襻積分、襻周積分、總積分均低于T0,且觀察組上述指標(biāo)均低于對照組,兩組T2炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)及微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均低于T1,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:負(fù)壓封閉引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),減輕患者炎癥反應(yīng),對改善患者微循環(huán)有積極意義。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 負(fù)壓封閉引流 下肢骨折 炎癥反應(yīng) 微循環(huán)

Effect of Vacuum Sealing Drainage on Inflammatory Reaction and Microcirculation in Patients with Lower Limb Fracture/LIU Dawei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(11): 0-045

[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the effect of vacuum sealing drainage on inflammatory reaction and microcirculation in patients with lower limb fracture. Method: A total of 80 patients with lower limb fractures treated in Jiamusi Central Hospital from January 2019 to March 2021 were as the research objects, according to the random number table method, the patients were divided into observation group and control group, with 40 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with negative pressure sealing drainage technique after operation, and the control group was treated with routine dressing change. The situation of patients during hospitalization were recorded, including dressing change times, wound infection, antibiotic use time, wound healing time and hospitalization time; fasting peripheral venous blood was taken before treatment (T0) and 1 d (T1), 3 d (T2) after treatment, serum inflammatory response indexes including C reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count (WBC), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected; the microcirculation of patients was measured at T0, T1 and T2 respectively, the indexes include flow state integral, loop circumference integral, loop tube integral and total integral. The differences of all indexes between the two groups were compared. Result: The number of dressing changes in the observation group was less than that in the control group (P<0.05), the wound infection rate was lower than that of the control group, and the use time of antibiotics, wound healing time and hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in inflammatory reaction indexes and microcirculation indexes between the two groups at T0 (P>0.05); at T1 and T2, CRP, WBC, IL-6, IL-8, flow state integral, loop tube integral, loop circumference integral and total integral of the two groups were lower than those at T0, and those in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, at T2, the inflammatory reaction indexes and microcirculation indexes of the two groups were lower than those at T1, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Vacuum sealing drainage is helpful to accelerate the postoperative recovery of lower limb fracture patients, reduce the inflammatory reaction and improve the microcirculation of patients.

[Key words] Vacuum sealing drainage Lower limb fracture Inflammatory reaction Microcirculation

First-author’s address: Jiamusi Central Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Jiamusi 154002, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.11.010

下肢骨折為骨科常見疾病,隨著交通事故及工傷的增加,開放性骨折增加且骨折常伴有大面積軟組織損傷,影響患者正常組織功能及血液循環(huán),明顯增加了并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性[1-3]。涉及骨或軟組織的傷口感染是下肢骨折手術(shù)治療后最常見的并發(fā)癥[4],例如,脛骨平臺骨折的平均感染率高達(dá)27%,pilon骨折的感染率在5%~40%[5]。早期徹底清創(chuàng)和負(fù)壓封閉引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)是一種保護(hù)四肢大傷口的新方法,可有效清除壞死組織及分泌物,預(yù)防感染,刺激肉芽生成,從而提高后續(xù)手術(shù)的成功率,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)肢體功能恢復(fù)[6-7]。黃鶴等[8]研究也表明負(fù)壓封閉引流可促進(jìn)創(chuàng)傷性骨折患者創(chuàng)面愈合、減少創(chuàng)面感染及炎性因子水平。本研究就負(fù)壓封閉引流對下肢骨折患者炎癥反應(yīng)及微循環(huán)的影響進(jìn)行觀察,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 研究對象為佳木斯市中心醫(yī)院

2019年1月-2021年3月收治的下肢骨折患者80例,男59例,女21例,年齡18~57歲,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組和對照組,各40例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)入院經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查等確診為下肢骨折;(2)開放性骨折可能/或合并感染,或重度軟組織挫裂傷及軟組織缺損;(3)臨床資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)患者存在活動性出血或凝血功能異常;(2)合并影響預(yù)后的其他嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷;(3)合并心、肝、腎等臟器功能損傷或惡性腫瘤;(4)免疫功能障礙或治療前使用過抗感染、激素類藥物治療。患者及家屬均知情同意,本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)同意。

1.2 方法 兩組均清理創(chuàng)面并去除壞死組織,保留較大碎骨,清創(chuàng)后消毒鋪巾,切開皮膚充分暴露骨折部位進(jìn)行骨折修復(fù),根據(jù)骨折類型、創(chuàng)面及軟組織損傷情況等對骨折采用外固定或內(nèi)固定。術(shù)中探查血管神經(jīng)受損情況并修復(fù),術(shù)后給予抗生素、抗凝等常規(guī)治療。對照組給予常規(guī)紗布換藥:術(shù)后采用無菌紗布覆蓋創(chuàng)面,根據(jù)創(chuàng)面滲出情況更換敷料并給予相應(yīng)處理,對存在創(chuàng)面感染患者給予抗生素濕紗布敷于創(chuàng)面并包扎;觀察組接受VSD技術(shù)治療:根據(jù)創(chuàng)面情況裁剪VSD敷料并覆蓋于創(chuàng)面,粘貼封閉創(chuàng)面,連接引流管,引流管維持負(fù)壓持續(xù)引流,存在感染患者經(jīng)另一引流管給予抗感染藥物及生理鹽水灌洗,根據(jù)引流液情況更換敷料。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)記錄患者住院期間情況,包括換敷料次數(shù)、創(chuàng)面感染情況、抗生素使用時(shí)間、創(chuàng)面愈合時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間;(2)分別于治療前(T0)及治療后1 d(T1)、3 d(T2)抽取空腹外周靜脈血,檢測血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo):C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)水平;(3)分別于T0、T1及T2檢測患者微循環(huán)情況:微循環(huán)檢測儀檢測甲襞微循環(huán),采用加權(quán)積分進(jìn)行評價(jià),指標(biāo)包括流態(tài)積分、襻周積分、管襻積分及總積分,正常均為0分[9]。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 本研究所得數(shù)據(jù)采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行分析處理,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用例(%)表示,組間比較則采用字2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般資料比較 兩組年齡、性別、骨折部位、致傷原因比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。

2.2 兩組住院期間情況比較 觀察組換敷料次數(shù)少于對照組,創(chuàng)面感染率低于對照組,抗生素使用時(shí)間、創(chuàng)面愈合時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3 兩組炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)比較 兩組T0各炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1及T2,兩組CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8均低于T0,且觀察組均低于對照組,兩組T2炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)均低于T1,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。

2.4 兩組微循環(huán)情況比較 兩組T0各指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1及T2,兩組流態(tài)積分、管襻積分、襻周積分、總積分均低于T0,且觀察組均低于對照組,兩組T2各積分均低于T1,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。

3 討論

下肢骨折是極為常見的損傷,在下肢開放性骨折中,由于皮膚破裂,骨折骨暴露在環(huán)境中,傷口感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特別高,在軟組織廣泛損傷的閉合性骨折中,傷口或手術(shù)部位感染的發(fā)生率同樣很高[5]。傷口暴露、壞死組織不完全清除、傷口邊緣的缺血或術(shù)后傷口滲漏等均可能會導(dǎo)致手術(shù)切口感染[10-11]。研究表明,骨折術(shù)后傳統(tǒng)引流治療方式術(shù)后感染率仍較高[5]。VSD是一種近年來在骨科廣泛應(yīng)用的新型真空封閉引流技術(shù)[1],其應(yīng)用過程中形成的持續(xù)負(fù)壓封閉環(huán)境有利于引流區(qū)滲出物、壞死組織等的迅速、徹底清除,減少積液產(chǎn)生,其封閉環(huán)境同時(shí)阻止了外部環(huán)境中細(xì)菌侵入,從而有效減少創(chuàng)面感染,促進(jìn)肉芽組織生成,促進(jìn)傷口愈合[1,12]。黃鶴等[8]將VSD應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)傷性骨折中,患者創(chuàng)面愈合及住院時(shí)間均縮短且具有較高的術(shù)后舒適度;王翔等[13]則將VSD應(yīng)用于多發(fā)傷合并Gustilo ⅢC型開放性骨折患者中,不僅減少了患者清創(chuàng)次數(shù)及住院時(shí)間,同時(shí)減少了并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。本研究中觀察組換敷料次數(shù)少于對照組,創(chuàng)面感染率低于對照組,抗生素使用時(shí)間、創(chuàng)面愈合時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均短于對照組(P<0.05),這說明,負(fù)壓封閉引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)[14]。

骨折造成的組織損傷、手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷及術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)的感染,均可引起炎癥反應(yīng)造成炎癥因子水平的異常升高[13]。當(dāng)機(jī)體處于應(yīng)急狀態(tài)下時(shí),炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)CRP、WBC、IL-6、IL-8均會大量釋放,且炎癥因子間可通過級聯(lián)反應(yīng)相互作用,合成分泌進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)加重炎癥反應(yīng)[11,15]。WBC作為一項(xiàng)常規(guī)化驗(yàn)指標(biāo),其敏感性較高而特異性較低,CRP是機(jī)體損傷或感染急性期血漿中急劇上升的非特異性炎癥標(biāo)志物[16];IL-6屬于促炎因子,在外傷引起的急性炎癥中誘導(dǎo)急性期反應(yīng)蛋白的合成,IL-8通過趨化和激活中性粒細(xì)胞參與組織損傷,在炎癥反應(yīng)中較CRP更早升高[17-18]。本研究中上述指標(biāo)在術(shù)前均處于較高水平,可能與骨折造成的組織損傷有關(guān),術(shù)后各指標(biāo)均較之前下降,可能與清創(chuàng)處理去除了壞死組織、污染物及疼痛減輕有關(guān),觀察組術(shù)后各指標(biāo)優(yōu)于對照組,表明VSD更有利于減輕炎癥反應(yīng),與文獻(xiàn)[8]研究結(jié)果一致。

微循環(huán)是反映機(jī)體血液循環(huán)的重要指標(biāo),而甲襞是最常用的觀察微循環(huán)的部位,流態(tài)積分、管襻積分、襻周積分及總積分均是反應(yīng)微循環(huán)的重要指標(biāo)[19-20]。以往研究表明,骨折創(chuàng)傷可引起微循環(huán)障礙[21],VSD技術(shù)可改善骨折術(shù)后感染患者微循環(huán),本研究將VSD技術(shù)直接應(yīng)用于骨折術(shù)后患者,術(shù)后感染率較低,患者各項(xiàng)微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均得到顯著改善,且優(yōu)于對照組,表明VSD對改善患者微循環(huán)有積極意義。

綜上所述,負(fù)壓封閉引流有利于加速下肢骨折患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),減輕患者炎癥反應(yīng),對改善患者微循環(huán)有積極意義。

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(收稿日期:2021-09-28) (本文編輯:張爽)

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