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氧化三甲胺對氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集的抑制作用觀察

2022-12-24 08:32馬瑞松胡小春王苗廖旺王圣
山東醫(yī)藥 2022年33期
關鍵詞:斷尾生理鹽水氯吡

馬瑞松,胡小春,王苗,廖旺,王圣

氧化三甲胺對氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集的抑制作用觀察

馬瑞松,胡小春,王苗,廖旺,王圣

海南省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科 海南省心血管病臨床研究中心,???570311

觀察氧化三甲胺(TMAO)對氯吡格雷(Clo)抗血小板聚集的抑制作用。19只雄性SD大鼠隨機分為IR組、Clo + IR組、TMAO + Clo + IR組。IR組制備IR模型;Clo + IR組使用Clo溶液灌胃4 d后再制作IR模型;TMAO + Clo + IR組使用Clo溶液灌胃4 d,尾靜脈注射TMAO溶液后再制作IR模型。取大鼠頸靜脈血,使用全自動血液體液分析儀測定血小板計數(shù)、平均血小板體積(MPV)、大血小板比例(P-LCR),使用血小板聚集功能分析儀觀察血小板聚集功能,包括最大聚集率(MaxAR-ADP)、平均聚集率(AveAR-ADP)和最大聚集時間(MaxAT-ADP)。再灌注4 h后斷尾,觀察大鼠斷尾出血時間。采用免疫染色法觀察大鼠心肌血栓負荷,用最大血栓濃度(MD)和血栓指數(shù)(TI)表示。Clo + IR組血小板計數(shù)顯著高于IR組(<0.05)。Clo + IR組、TMAO + Clo + IR組血小板MaxAR-ADP、AveAR-ADP均低于IR組(均<0.05),而TMAO + Clo + IR組血小板MaxAR-ADP高于Clo + IR組(<0.05)。Clo + IR組大鼠斷尾出血時間高于IR組(<0.05)。Clo + IR組TI、MD均低于IR組(均<0.05),TMAO + Clo + IR組MD低于IR組(<0.05),TMAO + Clo + IR組TI高于Clo + IR組(<0.05)。Clo可以誘導血小板再生、抑制血小板聚集、延長斷尾出血時間、減輕心肌血栓負荷,而TMAO可以部分抑制Clo的抗血小板聚集作用,導致Clo抵抗。

氧化三甲胺;氯吡格雷;藥物抵抗;缺血再灌注;血小板

氯吡格雷(clopidogrel,Clo)是抑制血小板聚集的藥物,是急性冠脈綜合征的基石治療方案,然而Clo抵抗(clopidogrel resistance, CR)發(fā)生率為5.2%~40%[1],限制了其臨床應用。氧化三甲胺(Trimethylamine-N-oxide,TMAO)是腸道菌群代謝產(chǎn)物三甲胺經(jīng)肝臟氧化而來[2]。近年來研究[3-6]證實,TMAO可以誘導血小板高反應性,增加動脈血栓風險,同時參與調(diào)解糖脂代謝,促進冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展。Clo療效受糖脂代謝、腎功能不全等多種因素影響,而TMAO除了直接影響血小板活性,也調(diào)解糖脂代謝,且依賴腎臟排泄。研究[7]證實,慢性腎臟病患者的腎小球濾過率低于60,血清TMAO水平顯著高于健康人群,且TMAO是慢性腎臟病患者心血管并發(fā)癥的獨立預警因子。因此我們推測,TMAO可能是Clo抵抗的潛在因素之一。2018年2月—12月,我們觀察了TMAO對Clo抗血小板聚集的抑制作用,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1大鼠分組、Clo和TMAO給予及IR構建方法19只雄性SD大鼠(180~230 g,6~8周齡)購自湖北省疾控中心,隨機分為IR組、Clo + IR組、TMAO + Clo + IR組。TMAO + Clo + IR組(6只大鼠),使用Clo(1 mg/kg,Sanofi)粉末溶于生理鹽水(1 mL)后連續(xù)灌胃4 d,尾靜脈注射TMAO溶液(500 mg/kg,溶于0.5 mL生理鹽水),30 min后制作IR模型大鼠:2.5%戊巴比妥鈉(45 mg/kg,i.p)麻醉大鼠,固定于鼠板上,行氣管插管(70 bpm,吸呼比1︰1.5,潮氣量4 mL),開胸后剪開心包,將大鼠冠狀動脈前降支近端與一中空中間帶凹槽的塑料管一起結(jié)扎30 min,沿凹槽剪斷結(jié)扎線,再灌注4 h。Clo + IR組(7只大鼠),使用Clo(1 mg/kg,Sanofi)粉末溶于生理鹽水(1 mL)后連續(xù)灌胃4 d,尾靜脈注射生理鹽水0.5 mL,30 min后制作IR模型大鼠,方法同上。IR組(6只大鼠),使用生理鹽水(1 mL/d)連續(xù)灌胃4 d后,尾靜脈注射生理鹽水0.5 mL,30 min后制作IR模型大鼠,方法同上。

1.2各組大鼠血小板計數(shù)、平均血小板體積(mean platelet volume,MPV)、大血小板比例(platelet-larger cell ratio,P-LCR)測定取大鼠頸靜脈血0.5 mL,收集到EDTA的抗凝管,選用全自動血液體液分析儀(XN-9000, Sysmex Corporation)測定血小板計數(shù)、MPV、P-LCR。

1.3各組大鼠血小板聚集功能觀察采用血小板聚集實驗。取大鼠頸靜脈血1 mL到ACD抗凝管中,上下顛倒10次,使抗凝劑與血液充分混勻,選用300目尼龍布過濾掉血液中微血栓,后用英諾華AGGRESTAR(PL)血小板聚集功能分析儀測定ADP誘導的血小板聚集功能,包括最大聚集率(Maximum Agglutination Ratio, MaxAR-ADP)、平均聚集率(Average Agglutination Ratio, AveAR-ADP)和最大聚集時間(Maximum Agglutination Time, MaxAT-ADP)。

1.4各組大鼠斷尾出血時間觀察再灌注4 h后,在距離大鼠尾巴末端0.5 cm處斷尾,將鼠尾殘端浸于36 ℃生理鹽水中,鼠尾殘端出血線中斷視為出血終止,記錄出血時間。若出血時間>15 min,則以出血時間為15 min計算。

1.5各組大鼠心肌血栓負荷觀察采用免疫染色法。各組大鼠制作IR模型后,半量2.5%戊巴比妥鈉(22.5 mg/kg,i.p)麻醉,快速剪取心臟,缺血區(qū)(心梗區(qū)周圍5 mm)心肌,洗滌后用4%多聚甲醛固定,包埋、切片、脫蠟后,高溫高壓修復抗原,驢血清(AntGene,ANT051)封閉,分別用1抗、抗CD41(1∶500稀釋,Abcam)和抗CD31(1∶1 000稀釋,Abcam),4 ℃過夜,Alexa Fluor 488驢抗兔IgG(1∶400稀釋,賽默飛世爾)37 ℃孵育30 min,DAPI(1∶500稀釋,羅氏公司)染核,顯微玻片掃描儀(Pannoraminc Viewer MIDI II)掃描。血小板和微血栓被染成綠色,用Pannoramic Viewer軟件調(diào)解合適的亮度和對比度,使直徑<8 μm的綠色團塊消失,觀察各組大鼠心肌血栓負荷,用最大血栓濃度(Maximum density,MD)和血栓指數(shù)(Thrombosis index,TI)表示。MD定義為在100×下,750 μm×750 μm區(qū)域內(nèi)綠色團塊的面積。TI定義為整塊染色心肌中綠色團塊面積與整塊染色心肌面積的比值。

2 結(jié)果

2.1各組大鼠血小板計數(shù)、MPV、P-LCR比較各組大鼠血小板計數(shù)、MPV、P-LCR比較見表1。由表1可知,Clo + IR組血小板計數(shù)顯著高于IR組(<0.05)。

表1 各組大鼠血小板計數(shù)、MPV、P-LCR比較( ± s)

注:與IR組相比,*<0.05。

2.2各組大鼠血小板MaxAR-ADP、AveAR-ADP、MaxAT-ADP比較各組大鼠血小板MaxAR-ADP、AveAR-ADP、MaxAT-ADP比較見表2。由表2可知,Clo + IR組、TMAO + Clo + IR組血小板MaxAR-ADP、AveAR-ADP均低于IR組(均<0.05),而TMAO + Clo + IR組血小板MaxAR-ADP高于Clo + IR組(<0.05),提示TMAO可以部分拮抗Clo抑制血小板聚集的功能。

表2 各組大鼠血小板MaxAR-ADP、AveAR-ADP、MaxAT-ADP比較( ± s)

注:與IR組相比,*<0.05;與Clo + IR組相比,#<0.05。

2.3各組大鼠斷尾出血時間比較IR組、Clo + IR組、TMAO + Clo + IR組大鼠斷尾出血時間分別為(2.33 ± 1.43)min、(15.00 ± 2.37)min、(10.50 ± 8.63)min,其中Clo + IR組大鼠斷尾出血時間高于IR組(<0.05)。

2.4各組大鼠心肌血栓負荷比較各組大鼠心肌血栓負荷比較見表3。由表3可知,Clo + IR組TI、MD均低于IR組(均<0.05),TMAO + Clo + IR組MD低于IR組(<0.05),TMAO + Clo + IR組TI高于Clo + IR組(<0.05)。

表3 各組大鼠心肌血栓負荷比較( ± s)

注:與IR組相比,*<0.05;與Clo + IR組相比,#<0.05。

3 討論

Clo是血小板P2Y12受體拮抗劑,通過與ADP競爭性拮抗P2Y12受體抑制血小板活化。Clo可以誘導急性期血小板生成,并增加大血小板比率。循環(huán)中,正常血小板大約2~3 μm,新生成的血小板不乏直徑超過6 μm的,稱為大血小板。相較于正常血小板,其內(nèi)網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構和血小板激活因子更為豐富,因此也有更高的聚集活性。有研究[8-9]提出,網(wǎng)狀血小板和大血小板可以作為心血管風險的預警因子。前期FU等[9]研究證實,心梗30 min內(nèi)即可以觀察到骨髓活化和血小板生成,氯吡格雷組血小板數(shù)量呈上升趨勢,可能與開胸手術創(chuàng)傷、急性失血、氯吡格雷誘導的血小板失活、急性心梗等多種因素刺激大鼠骨髓活化,生成血小板相關[10-11]。

從細胞、動物、臨床實驗水平均已證實,TMAO可以誘導血小板高反應性[11-14]。同時TMAO參與調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝以及冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。研究證實,冠心病患者血清TMAO水平較正常人更高,人群血清TMAO水平波動在0~400 μM[12],其與冠脈血栓事件和不良心血管預后正相關[15-17]。血清TMAO水平,每升高10 μM冠心病患者全因死亡率提高7.6%[17]。降低血清TMAO水平可以逆轉(zhuǎn)血小板高反應性,降低血栓風險[18]。有學者提出,TMAO可以作為不穩(wěn)定斑塊以及急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者不良心血管事件的獨立預警因子[19]。因此TMAO是誘導血小板高反應性的獨立因素,但其對Clo抗血小板治療效果的影響尚未見報道,本研究率先提出,TMAO可以部分拮抗Clo抗血小板作用,相較于Clo + IR組,TMAO可以增加血小板聚集功能,縮短大鼠尾巴出血時間,增加心肌血栓負荷。據(jù)此我們推測,冠心病患者血清中高TMAO水平,可能是Clo抵抗以及臨床抗血小板治療失敗的潛在因素。

目前,TMAO誘導血小板高反應性的機制尚未闡明。前期ZHU等[11]證實,TMAO可能通過上調(diào)磷脂酰肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸和胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度誘導血小板活化。基于目前對血小板活化機制的認識,血小板胞內(nèi)鈣離子通過下游Ras相關蛋白1b,激活絲裂原激活蛋白激酶通路誘導血栓素AA合成,同時誘導血小板致密顆粒分泌ADP和血栓素AA,進而通過胞內(nèi)-胞外通路活化整合素Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體,引起血小板聚集,這可能是TMAO誘導Clo抵抗的潛在機制。然而,多種上游通路參與調(diào)節(jié)血小板內(nèi)磷脂酰肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸表達和胞內(nèi)鈣離子上調(diào),如免疫受體酪氨酸活化基序、TOLL樣1和2受體通路、糖蛋白Ib-IX通路和G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體中的蛋白激活受體1和4等[20-21]。因此,TMAO誘導血小板活化的完整機制尚待進一步研究。

綜上所述,Clo可以誘導血小板再生、抑制血小板聚集、延長斷尾出血時間、減輕心肌血栓負荷,而TMAO可以部分拮抗Clo的作用,誘導Clo抵抗的發(fā)生,TMAO可能是臨床Clo抵抗的潛在因素之一。本研究還存在以下幾點局限性,一是本研究通過大鼠IR模型模擬冠心病心梗模型,二者微環(huán)境可能存在不同;二是普拉格雷和替格瑞洛亦為P2Y12受體拮抗劑,尚需進一步研究明確TMAO對二者抗血小板療效的影響。

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Inhibitory effect of TMAO on anti-platelet aggregation effects of clopidogrel

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,,570311,

To observe the inhibitory effect of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) on clopidogrel (Clo) against platelet aggregation.Nineteen male SD rats were randomly divided into the IR group, Clo+IR group, and TMAO+Clo+IR group. In the IR group, we made IR models. The rats in the Clo+IR group were given Clo solution intragastrically for 4 days before the IR models were made. In the TMAO+Clo+IR group, Clo solution was administered intragastrically for 4 days, and TMAO solution was injected into the tail vein before the IR models were made. Carotid venous blood was collected from rats, and platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV) and large platelet ratio (P-LCR) were measured by automatic blood fluid analyzer. Platelet aggregation functions, including maximum aggregation rate (MaxAR-ADP), average aggregation rate (AveAR-ADP), and maximum aggregation time (MaxAT-ADP), were measured by platelet aggregation function analyzer. The tail was severed 4 h after reperfusion and the bleeding time was observed. The myocardial thrombotic load of rats was observed by immunostaining, which was expressed by the maximum thrombotic concentration (MD) and thrombotic index (TI).The platelet count in the Clo+IR group was significantly higher than that in the IR group (<0.05). Platelet MaxAR-ADP and AveAR-ADP in the Clo+IR group and TMAO+Clo+IR group were lower than those in the IR group (both<0.05), while platelet MaxAR-ADP in the TMAO+Clo+IR group was higher than that in the Clo+IR group (<0.05). The duration of caudal bleeding in the Clo+IR group was longer than that in the IR group (<0.05). TI and MD in the Clo+IR group were lower than those in the IR group (both<0.05), MD in the TMAO+Clo+IR group was lower than that in the IR group (<0.05), and TI in the TMAO+Clo+IR group was higher than that in the Clo+IR group (<0.05).Clo can induce platelet regeneration, inhibit platelet aggregation, prolong the time of caudal bleeding, and reduce myocardial thrombotic load, while TMAO can partially inhibit the anti-platelet aggregation effect of Clo, leading to Clo resistance.

trimethylamine-N-oxide; clopidogrel; drug resistance; ischemia and reperfusion; platelet

10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2022.33.003

R54

A

1002-266X(2022)33-0009-04

海南省自然科學基金項目(821MS0823,822RC811)。

馬瑞松(1986-),男,博士,主治醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為血小板、心肌缺血再灌注損傷研究。E-mail: 414542231@qq.com

王圣(1972-),男,博士,主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為血小板、結(jié)構性心臟病研究。E-mail: Cardiohn@126.com

(2022-07-07)

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