陸嬌
在“雙減”政策下,為了切實(shí)減輕學(xué)生過重的作業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān),我們要在作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和批閱方面多下功夫。在作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方面,我們要想方設(shè)法減少數(shù)量,提高質(zhì)量?!皽p負(fù)提質(zhì)”是我們所要達(dá)到的目標(biāo),那種只一味地強(qiáng)調(diào)“減負(fù)”,而不講究質(zhì)量的做法,顯然也是片面的。在初中英語教學(xué)中,我們?cè)陂喿x和寫作高質(zhì)量作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方面作了一些探索,供初中英語教學(xué)同仁和研究專家批評(píng)指正。
一、英語閱讀作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容與形式
學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語,只閱讀教材中的課文是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,必須向課外延伸、拓展,真正提高英語的閱讀能力。
1. 英語閱讀作業(yè)的內(nèi)容
學(xué)生英語閱讀作業(yè)的材料,可以是教師選定的,或印刷給學(xué)生,或通過多媒體發(fā)送給學(xué)生;也可以由學(xué)生自由地選擇閱讀。最好將這兩種形式有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來。教師選定的英語閱讀作業(yè),一定要結(jié)合本單元或本課學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容,尤其要突出學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)。
2. 常見的閱讀作業(yè)形式
英語閱讀作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的形式很多,其中常用的形式主要為如下幾種:(1)正誤判斷。(2)單項(xiàng)選擇:即文章后提一個(gè)問題,要求從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)(一般4個(gè))中選擇最適當(dāng)?shù)囊粋€(gè)。(3)完形填空:根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填詞(有時(shí)給出該詞的第一個(gè)字母),要求復(fù)原殘缺的語言片段。一般的做法是,第一句或頭兩句是完整句,不去掉任何詞。從第二、三句開始平均每隔9個(gè)詞空一個(gè)。有時(shí)還給出所要填的單詞的第一個(gè)字母作為提示。(4)完形填空與單項(xiàng)選擇相結(jié)合,選擇項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)正確答案,其他是干擾項(xiàng)。
3. 閱讀作業(yè)的內(nèi)容和對(duì)應(yīng)的問題類型
(1) 掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意:回答主旨和大意,一般應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀文章的第一段或最后一段、段首或段尾。這類問題的提問方式大致有以下幾種:
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the subject / topic of the passage?
Which sentence best expresses the main idea?
The best title for this passage would be ______.
The passage deals primarily with ______.
Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
The main purpose of this passage is to ______.
It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
What is the authors main point?
With what topic is this passage primarily concerned?
The passage mainly deals with ______.
(2) 作業(yè)檢測(cè)事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié):細(xì)節(jié)往往是為了說明或證實(shí)主旨或主要思想,根據(jù)不同的細(xì)節(jié)提出不同的問題。常見的問題類型有:
The author describes... as... ______.
According to the passage, it is... that ______.
...is characterized by ______.
...people have to admit that ______.
What influences... most in... is ______.
A chief factor in... (in the 19th century) is ______.
In the lst paragraph, ...refers to ______.
According to the passage, the best solution to... is ______.
According to the passage, the problem of... partly arises from...
______.
(3) 根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯或短語的意義:這類題主要要求對(duì)文章中出現(xiàn)的某些詞、詞組或句子的意思做出判斷。這種判斷往往不能孤立地根據(jù)一個(gè)句子作出,必須根據(jù)這個(gè)句子的上下文來判斷其確切含意。通常的提問方式有:
The word... ?(in line...) most probably means ______.
The expression... stands for ______.
The word... probably refers to ______.
The phrase... suggests ______.
From the passage, we can infer that the word... is ______.
According to the passage, what is ______.
By..., the writer (probably) means ______.
The author uses the phrase... to illustrate ______.
What does the author probably mean by... in paragraph...?
(4) 既理解個(gè)別句子的意義也理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系:這種題型主要是檢測(cè)學(xué)生辨別是非的能力。如:
Which of the following is FALSE?
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Which of the following does the author NOT express?
Which of the following is NOT included in...
The author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ______.
What do... mean when they say...?
The word “it” / “them” (in line..., para.4) most probably refers to ______.
The sentence (Line..., paragraph...) means that ______.
According to the passage, ... ______.
The first two sentences in the paragraph... tell us that ______.
From the... paragraph we know that ______.
The... resulted in ______.
In line..., paragraph..., ...means ______.
教師設(shè)計(jì)的英語閱讀作業(yè)多為拓展型的,所以選材一定要與本單元或本課學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容有某種方面的聯(lián)系。學(xué)生自由閱讀則是為了提高英語閱讀能力,所以閱讀材料的選擇權(quán)在于學(xué)生自己,但教師也要給予適當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)。
二、英語寫作作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容與形式
英語寫作是英語教學(xué)的難點(diǎn),很多學(xué)生畏之如虎,不敢寫,怕寫不好。教師設(shè)計(jì)的英語寫作作業(yè)要有指導(dǎo)性,要能夠激發(fā)學(xué)生英語寫作的內(nèi)驅(qū)力,使學(xué)生想寫并能寫好。
1. 英語寫作作業(yè)的內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)
英語寫作作業(yè)的內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)可以不拘形式,讓學(xué)生能夠放下思想包袱大膽地去寫??梢詫懮钪械乃?、所感、所思,也可以對(duì)剛學(xué)習(xí)過的英語課文進(jìn)行續(xù)寫、改寫、擴(kuò)寫。當(dāng)然,也可以讓學(xué)生按照教師提出的要求去進(jìn)行英語寫作訓(xùn)練。
2. 英語寫作幾種主要的設(shè)計(jì)方式
英語寫作作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的形式與內(nèi)容也很多,但主要是如下幾種設(shè)計(jì)形式。(1)單句寫作:在一定程度上檢測(cè)語法、句型和詞匯。(2)組句成章:比如將一篇短文的句子的順序顛倒,讓學(xué)生再恢復(fù)原序。讓學(xué)生在左邊的橫線上用a、b、c、d,標(biāo)出正確順序;也可用多項(xiàng)選擇的方式。(3)有指導(dǎo)的寫作:例如,給學(xué)生一個(gè)故事,然后讓他們變換人稱改寫故事。如果是說明文,可給出第一段,以下幾段只給出一兩句,讓學(xué)生完成;要求根據(jù)第一段提出的各種觀點(diǎn),在下幾段中進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的發(fā)揮。
3. 英語寫作作業(yè)的評(píng)分方法
寫作評(píng)分主觀性比較強(qiáng)。常用的方法有:(1)機(jī)械法:計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤的地方,按點(diǎn)扣分。(2)印象法:一般三四人為宜,這叫多人評(píng)定法。(3)分析法:把作文肢解成幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目,按項(xiàng)目賦分,最后累加。
由評(píng)分辦法可見,提高寫作水平的技巧主要有二,一是少出客觀性錯(cuò)誤,如字詞、語法等;二是盡可能給老師留下好感,如立意新穎、行文流暢、句子優(yōu)美、卷面整潔、書法漂亮等。
下面以具體實(shí)例說明評(píng)分檔次:
為了把作文評(píng)分原則及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更具體化,讓學(xué)生做到心里有數(shù),我們來看各檔作文的樣文。
要求:Women in the Modern World
1. Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.
________________________________________________.
2. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well.
________________________________________________.
3. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.
________________________________________________.
例一 Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Long age women only did something in the kitchen or at home. Now many of them have serious jobs to serve for people. What men can do so can women.
With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. ...the liberation of women.
評(píng)分:2分。除起始句外,幾乎一無是處;第二段起,放手胡寫,詞不達(dá)意,不知所云。
例二 Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In today, many women have a work. They worked as well as men playing an important... They are equal to her husband. They have the right of speaking of idea... We also should realize. Women liberty are limited. For example, ...to change this condition. Im sure, the liberation of women would be increased.
評(píng)分:5分,基本切題,但語言功底差,存在大量語言錯(cuò)誤。如: They lead other people country (不知所云);There are many women scientist slso. (scientist不加“s”也罷,但不知slso從何而來);They event new things ?event 想來是invent之筆誤,等等。
英語寫作的內(nèi)容是豐富多彩的,其作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的形式也是多種多樣的。教師要在教學(xué)中不斷地總結(jié)、歸納、提煉,使英語寫作作業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)更加科學(xué)、更加合理,使學(xué)生完成英語寫作作業(yè)不僅沒有壓力感,反而覺得有趣味,愿意寫并且能夠?qū)懞谩?/p>
在“雙減”政策下,我們?cè)诔踔杏⒄Z教學(xué)中對(duì)閱讀和寫作高質(zhì)量作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)還處于探索階段。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,英語閱讀和寫作高質(zhì)量作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的形式也在不斷地發(fā)展和變化。要想真正地既“減負(fù)”又“提質(zhì)”,還有許多工作需要我們?nèi)プ?。我們相信,只要我們真正地重視了這個(gè)問題,又切實(shí)地付諸行動(dòng)了,那么就一定能夠達(dá)到目標(biāo)。