蔣絨 李永霞
摘要:目的 探討甘油三酯葡萄糖乘積指數(shù)(TyG)、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合腰圍(WC)預(yù)測阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(OSA)患者發(fā)生非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的價(jià)值。方法 回顧性分析2020年1月—2021年12月在昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院行睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測并診斷為OSA的患者190例,依據(jù)超聲檢查結(jié)果分為OSA合并NAFLD組107例及對照組83例。計(jì)量資料兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用二元Logistic回歸分析探討OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的影響因素。繪制TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC預(yù)測OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線),計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC)。AUC的比較采用Z檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 與對照組相比,OSA合并NAFLD患者的BMI、頸圍、WC、AHI、ODI、ALT、GGT、TG、FPG、TyG較高,年齡、Average SpO2、LSaO2 、HDL-C較低(P值均<0.05)。二元Logistic分析顯示TyG(OR=1.961,95%CI:1.03~3.73,P=0.040)、BMI(OR=1.203,95%CI:1.03~1.41,P=0.020)、WC(OR=1.074,95%CI:1.01~1.14,P=0.026)為OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC預(yù)測OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的AUC(95%CI)分別為0.696(0.625~0.760)、0.787(0.722~0.843)和0.803(0.739~0.857),最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)分別為8.72、0.36和0.60。TyG聯(lián)合BMI對OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值高于TyG(Z=2.542,P=0.011),TyG聯(lián)合WC的預(yù)測價(jià)值也高于TyG(Z=2.976,P=0.002 9)。結(jié)論 TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC對OSA發(fā)生NAFLD具有良好的預(yù)測價(jià)值,以TyG聯(lián)合WC的預(yù)測價(jià)值最佳,有望成為OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:睡眠呼吸暫停, 阻塞性; 非酒精性脂肪性肝病; 甘油三酯葡萄糖乘積指數(shù); 人體質(zhì)量指數(shù); 腰圍
基金項(xiàng)目:昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生創(chuàng)新基金(2022S073)
Value of triglyceride-glucose index combined with obesity index in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea
JIANG Rong, LI Yongxia. (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China)
Corresponding author:LI Yongxia, yongxiali999@163.com (ORCID:0000-0002-8166-2211)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), TyG combined with body mass index (BMI), and TyG combined with waist circumference (WC) in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 190 patients who underwent sleep respiratory monitoring and were diagnosed with OSA in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021, and according to the results of ultrasonography, they were divided into OSA+NAFLD group with 107 patients and control group with 83 patients. The t-test or the Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors for the development of NAFLD in patients with OSA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC in predicting NAFLD in the patients with OSA, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. The Z test was used for comparison of AUC. Results Compared with the control group, the OSA+NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, neck circumference, WC, apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, and TyG and significantly lower age, average SpO2, LSaO2, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P<0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that TyG (odds ratio [OR]=1.961, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-3.73, P=0.04), BMI (OR=1.203, 95%CI: 1.03-1.41, P=0.020), and WC (OR=1.074, 95%CI: 1.01-1.14, P=0.026) were independent risk factors for NAFLD in patients with OSA. TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC had an AUC of 0.696 (95%CI: 0.625-0.760), 0.787 (95%CI: 0.722-0.843), and 0.803 (95%CI: 0.739-0.857), respectively, in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, with an optimal cut-off value of 8.72, 0.36, and 0.60, respectively. TyG combined with BMI had a significantly higher value than TyG in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients (Z=2.542, P=0.011), and TyG combined with WC also had a significantly higher predictive value than TyG (Z=2.976, P=0.002 9). Conclusion TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC have a good value in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, among which TyG combined with WC has the best predictive value and is thus expected to become a predictor for the risk of NAFLD in OSA patients.
Key words:
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Triglyceride-Glucose Index; Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference
Research funding:
Graduate Student Innovation Fund of Kunming Medical University (2022S073)
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)是指患者在睡眠中反復(fù)發(fā)作的上呼吸道阻塞,全球30~69歲的成年人患有OSA的近10億[1]。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是肝細(xì)胞中脂肪的異常堆積,在中國的患病率在25%以上,成為了中國慢性肝病和肝功能檢查異常的主要原因,帶來了嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生負(fù)擔(dān)[2]。研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)OSA和NAFLD密切相關(guān)且OSA患者中NAFLD的患病率較高,其中可能的機(jī)制之一為OSA所致的慢性間歇性低氧(chronic intermittent hypoxia,CIH)所引起的胰島素抵抗(IR),容易加重NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展。甘油三酯葡萄糖乘積指數(shù)(TyG)由空腹血糖(FPG)和甘油三酯(TG)計(jì)算得出,是識別IR的有效指標(biāo)[4],有研究[5]表明,TyG聯(lián)合肥胖指標(biāo)[即人體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)或腰圍(WC)]比單獨(dú)的TyG指數(shù)有更高的敏感度和特異度。但目前探討TyG聯(lián)合肥胖指標(biāo)對OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值的研究較少,因此,本文旨在探索TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI、TyG聯(lián)合WC對成人OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象 收集2020年1月—2021年12月在昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院行睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測并診斷為OSA的患者190例,按是否患有NAFLD分為對照組和OSA合并NAFLD組。對OSA的診斷依據(jù)中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)制定的診治指南[6]。NAFLD的診斷參考中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)肝病學(xué)分會(huì)脂肪肝和酒精性肝病學(xué)組制定的診治指南[7]。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合OSA診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)年齡>18歲,病例資料完整;(3)初次診斷OSA,入院前未接受相關(guān)治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)之前診斷為OSA或經(jīng)過持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣等治療的患者;(2)中樞性或混合性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;(3)過量飲酒者(平均攝入量男性超過30 g/d,女性超過20 g/d);(4)病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病、藥物性肝病、肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃浴⑷改c外營養(yǎng)等可導(dǎo)致脂肪肝的特定疾?。唬?)資料不全者。
1.2 一般情況及血清學(xué)指標(biāo)的檢測 收集患者的性別、年齡、頸圍、WC、身高、體質(zhì)量,患者夜間行睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測,第2天晨起后采集空腹血樣本。采用貝克曼庫爾特AU5800全自動(dòng)生化儀檢測血清ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、FPG。
1.3 相關(guān)指標(biāo)計(jì)算 BMI(kg/m2)=體質(zhì)量(kg)/身高2(m2);TyG=ln[TG(mg/dL)× FPG(mg/dL)/2][8]。
1.4 睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測 采用德國瑞思曼ApneaLinkTMAir行睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測,收集呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)、氧減指數(shù)(ODI)、平均氧飽和度(Average SpO2)、最低氧飽和度(LSaO2)等指標(biāo)的值。
1.5 超聲檢查 所有患者均行腹部超聲檢查,檢查前至少禁食8 h,仰臥位和左側(cè)臥位行腹部超聲掃描,觀察受檢者肝臟外形、肝實(shí)質(zhì)回聲、脈管系統(tǒng)等。經(jīng)超聲診斷脂肪肝的條件為:(1)肝近場回聲彌漫性增強(qiáng)(“明亮肝”),回聲強(qiáng)于腎臟;(2)肝遠(yuǎn)場回聲衰減;(3)肝內(nèi)管道結(jié)構(gòu)顯示不清楚[7]。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS? 25.0及Medcalc 20.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用x±s表示,兩組間比較用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布數(shù)據(jù)以用M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用二元Logistic回歸分析探討TyG、BMI和WC與OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的關(guān)系。Medcalc繪制TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI和TyG聯(lián)合WC預(yù)測OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)并計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC),最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)為約登指數(shù)最大的點(diǎn)。不同指標(biāo)AUC的兩兩比較采用Z檢驗(yàn)[9]。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組間臨床資料比較 本研究共納入了190例OSA患者,其中107例為OSA合并NAFLD患者,余83例非NAFLD患者為對照組。OSA合并NAFLD組與對照組在性別、AST、ALP、TC、LDL-C差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05)。與對照組相比,OSA合并NAFLD患者的BMI、頸圍、WC、AHI、ODI、ALT、GGT、TG、FPG、TyG較高,年齡、Average SpO2、LSaO2、HDL-C較低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的影響因素分析 以是否發(fā)生NAFLD為因變量,將具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的指標(biāo),即年齡、BMI、頸圍、WC、AHI、ODI、LSaO2、Average SpO2、ALT、GGT、HDL-C、TyG(因TyG由TG、FPG計(jì)算得出,故TG、FPG不納入)進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,BMI[OR(95%CI):1.203(1.03~1.41),P=0.020]、WC[OR(95%CI):1.074(1.01~1.14),P=0.026]、TyG[OR(95%CI):1.961(1.03~3.73),P=0.040]是OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的獨(dú)立影響因素。
2.3 TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC對OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值 TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC預(yù)測OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的AUC分別為0.696、0.787和 0.803,最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)分別為 8.72、0.36和0.60(圖1、表3)。TyG聯(lián)合BMI對OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值高于TyG(Z=2.542,P=0.011),TyG聯(lián)合WC的預(yù)測價(jià)值也高于TyG(Z=2.976,P=0.002 9)。
3 討論
OSA引發(fā)機(jī)體發(fā)生病理變化的基礎(chǔ)是CIH,而CIH引起的氧化應(yīng)激、線粒體功能障礙、IR、肝臟脂肪變性和纖維化等和NAFLD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[10]。既往研究表明,OSA是NAFLD一個(gè)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,一項(xiàng)納入9 項(xiàng)研究的薈萃分析[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)OSA患者的ALT水平更高且更易使肝臟發(fā)生炎癥改變、氣球樣變性、脂肪變性和纖維化。一項(xiàng)納入160例患者的研究[12]表明,OSA與肝臟脂肪變性及血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的
升高獨(dú)立相關(guān),且在經(jīng)3個(gè)月持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣治療后,血清中的ALT較前明顯下降。此外,一項(xiàng)研究[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),在137例因懷疑OSA而接受多導(dǎo)睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測的受試者中,NAFLD的患病率高達(dá)83%。由于OSA和NAFLD之間的密切關(guān)系以及OSA患者中較易發(fā)生NAFLD,因此臨床上早期對OSA患者進(jìn)行NAFLD的篩查是必要的。
NAFLD診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍是“肝活檢”[14],是一種有創(chuàng)檢查,難以被患者所接受,此外肝活檢存在取樣偏差,只能提供非常小的樣本,有可能無法代表整個(gè)肝臟變化情況[15];基于超聲的檢查為半定量方法,且取決于檢查者的技術(shù);受控衰減參數(shù)(CAP)與超聲相比,容易高估了肝臟脂肪變性的程度,其區(qū)分肝臟脂肪變性不同程度的診斷閾值及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化的臨床意義有待商榷[16];磁共振基于代謝水平評估肝臟脂肪變性的程度,且能定量分析肝臟的脂肪含量,但成本高且復(fù)雜,難以常規(guī)進(jìn)行[17]。 因此臨床上需要一種簡單易得且客觀的指標(biāo)來預(yù)測OSA患者中NAFLD的發(fā)生。
OSA可使胰腺β細(xì)胞凋亡,導(dǎo)致葡萄糖的不良耐受和胰島素敏感度降低,引起IR,加快NAFLD的進(jìn)程[10]。鑒于OSA和NAFLD均和IR密切相關(guān),檢測IR可能有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)OSA患者中的NAFLD人群,以進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),逆轉(zhuǎn)NAFLD的發(fā)展。IR測量的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是高胰島素-正葡萄糖鉗夾試驗(yàn),但此法操作復(fù)雜,耗時(shí)且價(jià)格昂貴,并未能在臨床上使用。使用較廣泛的評估IR的方法是穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評估 (HOMA-IR),但其需要直接測量胰島素,成本較高,難以常規(guī)開展。TyG是測定IR的可替代指標(biāo),和高胰島素-正葡萄糖鉗夾試驗(yàn)及HOMA-IR均具有很好的相關(guān)性[18]。Lee等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TyG比HOMA-IR能更好的預(yù)測NAFLD的發(fā)生。此外,由于肥胖是OSA和NAFLD的共同危險(xiǎn)因素,BMI和WC聯(lián)合TyG預(yù)測NAFLD發(fā)生的效能更佳。一項(xiàng)納入21 001例受試者的研究結(jié)果表明,TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC對NAFLD的預(yù)測性優(yōu)于TyG和HOMA-IR,特別是在非肥胖人群中[20]。因此本研究期望TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI及TyG聯(lián)合WC這種低成本、易得且客觀的指標(biāo)能預(yù)測OSA患者中NAFLD的發(fā)生。
本研究結(jié)果表明BMI、WC、TyG是OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的獨(dú)立影響因素。TyG聯(lián)合BMI和TyG聯(lián)合WC對OSA患者中NAFLD的預(yù)測價(jià)值高于TyG,其中以TyG聯(lián)合WC的預(yù)測能力最佳。TyG預(yù)測NAFLD的AUC(95%CI)為0.696(0.625~0.760),TyG-BMI的為0.787(0.722~0.843),TyG-WC的為0.803(0.739~0.857)。和其他研究相比,本研究TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI和TyG聯(lián)合WC的預(yù)測效能稍低[5,20]。但也有研究[21]表明,TyG、TyG聯(lián)合BMI和TyG聯(lián)合WC預(yù)測NAFLD的AUC更低,分別為0.676、0.675、0.693。這可能和研究的人群、種族、診斷NAFLD的方法、樣本量以及不同地方NAFLD的患病率不同等有關(guān)。但和其他研究一致,本研究表明TyG聯(lián)合WC在預(yù)測NAFLD方面優(yōu)于TyG和TyG聯(lián)合BMI,這表明和一般性肥胖相比,腹型肥胖的OSA患者發(fā)生NAFLD的可能性更高。
本研究尚存在一定的局限性:第一,受試者是因睡眠呼吸暫停就診并被診斷為OSA的,且多為住院患者,存在選擇偏倚。第二,本研究中NAFLD的診斷為超聲檢查結(jié)果,并非肝臟活檢結(jié)果,有研究[22]表明腹部超聲識別輕度脂肪肝的敏感度較低,為60.9%~65%。第三,本研究為橫斷面研究和小樣本設(shè)計(jì),無法明確因果關(guān)系,需要進(jìn)行大規(guī)模、前瞻性研究。
綜上,TyG聯(lián)合肥胖指標(biāo)和NAFLD之間存在很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,可以作為OSA患者篩查NAFLD的工具,在這些指標(biāo)中TyG聯(lián)合WC是檢測OSA患者中NAFLD最可靠的標(biāo)志物。由于TG、FPG、BMI和WC是臨床中常規(guī)測量的指標(biāo),因此可為臨床工作者特別是基層醫(yī)務(wù)工作者快速篩查OSA患者中的NAFLD高危者提供依據(jù),用來篩選需要進(jìn)一步行腹部超聲檢查的病人,并且可為這部分NAFLD的高危人群及早進(jìn)行生活方式的干預(yù),以期逆轉(zhuǎn)OSA患者中NAFLD的進(jìn)展。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究方案于2022年6月30日經(jīng)由昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查,批號:審-PJ-科-2022-130。
利益沖突聲明:本研究不存在研究者、倫理委員會(huì)成員、受試者監(jiān)護(hù)人以及與公開研究成果有關(guān)的利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:李永霞負(fù)責(zé)文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)、研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、論文的修訂、對文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理;蔣絨負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析、撰寫論文。
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收稿日期:
2022-07-31;錄用日期:2022-09-23
本文編輯:王亞南