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HBV相關(guān)腎小球腎炎的研究進(jìn)展

2023-04-29 17:22:33李朝霞李楠辛桂杰
臨床肝膽病雜志 2023年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:治療學(xué)乙型診斷

李朝霞 李楠 辛桂杰

摘要:慢性HBV感染人群數(shù)量龐大,HBV不僅損害肝臟,腎臟也是主要受累器官之一,HBV相關(guān)腎小球腎炎(HBV-GN)是由HBV感染引起的繼發(fā)性腎小球腎炎,是HBV感染最常見(jiàn)的肝外并發(fā)癥之一。HBV-GN多見(jiàn)于兒童及中青年人,男性多見(jiàn),臨床上以不同程度蛋白尿?yàn)橹饕憩F(xiàn),可伴有血尿和高血壓,最常見(jiàn)病理類(lèi)型為膜性腎病,其次為系膜增生性腎小球腎炎和IgA腎病。HBV-GN起病隱匿,缺乏特征性的癥狀及病理學(xué)表現(xiàn),易與各種腎小球腎炎混淆,導(dǎo)致漏診誤診。HBV-GN發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,涉及免疫紊亂、病毒直接損傷、遺傳等諸多環(huán)節(jié),其中免疫復(fù)合物沉積學(xué)說(shuō)已得到廣泛認(rèn)可。近年來(lái)關(guān)于HBV-GN發(fā)病機(jī)制、診斷及治療方面的研究取得了一些重要進(jìn)展。本文將對(duì)此進(jìn)行綜述,希望為臨床診治提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:腎小球腎炎; 肝炎病毒,?? 乙型; 診斷; 治療學(xué)

基金項(xiàng)目:吉林省衛(wèi)生廳重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室項(xiàng)目(2018J043)

Research advances in hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis

LI Zhaoxia, LI Nan, XIN Guijie. (Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China)

Corresponding author:

XIN Guijie, xingj@jlu.edu.cn (ORCID:0000-0002-0868-0317)

Abstract:

There is are large number of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV not only damages the liver, but also involves the kidney. Hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) is secondary glomerulonephritis caused by HBV infection, and it is one of the most common extrahepatic complications of HBV infection. HBV-GN is mainly observed in children and young and middle-aged adults, with varying degrees of proteinuria as the main clinical manifestation, and it may be accompanied by hematuria and hypertension. Membranous nephropathy is the most common pathological type, followed by membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy. HBV-GN has an insidious onset and lacks characteristic symptoms and pathological manifestations, and thus it may be easily confused with various types of glomerulonephritis, which may lead to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. HBV-GN has a complex pathogenesis involving various links such as immune disorders, direct viral damage, and genetics, among which the theory of immune complex deposition has been widely recognized. In recent years, some important advances have been made in the research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of HBV-GN. This article summarizes the above issues, so as to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Key words:

Glomerulonephritis; Hepatitis B Virus; Diagnosis; Therapeutics

Research funding:

Jilin Province Health Department Key Laboratory Program (2018J043)

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),全球慢性HBV感染者數(shù)量約為2.4億,其中8%~20%伴有腎功能受損[1-2],主要包括HBV相關(guān)腎小球腎炎(HBV-associated glomendonephrits,HBV-GN)。黃瑤等[3]的研究回顧分析了9310例腎臟病理資料,包括繼發(fā)性腎小球腎炎(secondary glomerulonephritis,SGN)2523例,其中HBV-GN占10.62%,是較為常見(jiàn)的SGN類(lèi)型之一。HBV-GN由Combes[4]于1971年首次報(bào)道,于1989年正式命名,兒童發(fā)病多見(jiàn),成人發(fā)病率男性高于女性,臨床上主要表現(xiàn)為不同程度蛋白尿,可伴有血尿和高血壓,常見(jiàn)病理類(lèi)型有:膜性腎?。╩embranous nephropathy,MN)、系膜增生性腎小球腎炎(membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis,MPGN)和IgA腎病,MN最為常見(jiàn)。

HBV-GN的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清晰,目前普遍認(rèn)為免疫復(fù)合物沉積是其主要發(fā)病機(jī)制,近年來(lái)研究提示病毒直接損傷、免疫損傷及遺傳因素也起到一定作用(圖1)。直至目前,HBV-GN尚無(wú)可行性較高的診斷及療效評(píng)估指標(biāo),亦缺乏確切有效的治療方案。本文就HBV-GN的發(fā)病機(jī)制、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及治療進(jìn)展作一綜述。

1 HBV-GN的發(fā)病機(jī)制

1.1 病毒抗原與宿主抗體免疫復(fù)合物沉積 HBV抗原能夠與自身抗體結(jié)合形成免疫復(fù)合物沉積于腎小球,因HBV抗原的分子量及電荷屬性不同,沉積部位也不同,具有多種病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)。HBeAg大小為17 kD,是三種抗原中最小的一種,可穿透基底膜而沉積于腎小球上皮細(xì)胞下,病理可表現(xiàn)為MN。HBsAg和HBcAg大小分別為35~50 kD和22 kD,同屬陰離子,無(wú)法穿透腎小球基底膜而沉積于腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞下及系膜區(qū),病理多表現(xiàn)為MPGN。

1.2 HBV直接損傷腎小管細(xì)胞 鈉離子-?;悄懰峁厕D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide,NTCP)是一種可在腎臟中表達(dá)的糖蛋白[5],最早被認(rèn)為是膽汁酸運(yùn)輸?shù)氖荏w并在膽汁酸腸肝循環(huán)中起到重要作用[6],后被發(fā)現(xiàn)可作為受體與HBV前S1蛋白(HBV preS1)結(jié)合介導(dǎo)HBV進(jìn)入肝細(xì)胞[7],初步證實(shí)HBV具有感染腎臟的基本條件,但關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá)尚未被證實(shí)。多項(xiàng)研究[8-9]觀察到了血清學(xué)HBV標(biāo)志物陰性的HBV-GN患者,推測(cè)HBV或可直接損傷腎臟。HBx是一種多功能調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,具有調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期及激活信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的作用[10-11],與HBV在細(xì)胞中的復(fù)制密切相關(guān)。HBx在腎小管細(xì)胞中能夠調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期蛋白表達(dá)從而影響腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡[12]。Li等[13]將HBx質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染到人近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞(HK-2),發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染增加了NF-κB磷酸化,猜想HBx可能通過(guò)激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化,最終導(dǎo)致腎臟間質(zhì)纖維化。HBx還可上調(diào)組蛋白賴(lài)氨酸特異性脫甲基酶(lysine-specific demethylase 1,LSD1),LSD1處于NF-κB上游,通過(guò)LSD1-Toll樣受體(TLR)4-NF-κB/JNK信號(hào)通路激發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)炎性介質(zhì)釋放并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[14-15]。

1.3 病毒介導(dǎo)的特異性免疫效應(yīng)機(jī)制 HBV介導(dǎo)的免疫效應(yīng)在HBV-GN的發(fā)病過(guò)程中同樣具有重要作用。Zhou等[16]在HBV-GN的腎組織中檢測(cè)到了CD4+、CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞,并觀察到了腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化,提示免疫細(xì)胞激活引起的自身細(xì)胞損傷在發(fā)病過(guò)程中具有一定作用。HK-2是非專(zhuān)業(yè)的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,正常情況僅表達(dá)少量的主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅱ(MHC-Ⅱ)類(lèi)抗原及部分T淋巴細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞的共刺激分子,在HBV感染時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)化為專(zhuān)業(yè)的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞[17],分泌多種細(xì)胞因子并促進(jìn)免疫炎癥反應(yīng)[18-19]。HK-2細(xì)胞在HBx轉(zhuǎn)染后可促進(jìn)CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖及趨化因子單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1的產(chǎn)生,還可使巨噬細(xì)胞黏附指數(shù)增加,大量激活巨噬細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)炎癥損傷[20]。

Notch1作為Notch信號(hào)通路主要受體之一可在HBV-GN患者的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞及間質(zhì)區(qū)域表達(dá),隨著腎小管炎癥及間質(zhì)纖維化加重,受體數(shù)量也相應(yīng)增加。Wang等[21]應(yīng)用短發(fā)夾RNA敲除Notch1可抑制HBx轉(zhuǎn)染后的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化,這表明HBV感染通過(guò)某種機(jī)制上調(diào)了Notch1的表達(dá)并促進(jìn)了腎間質(zhì)纖維化。Notch1還可促進(jìn)IL-4分泌并減少I(mǎi)FNγ分泌,使輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞1/2(Th1/Th2)細(xì)胞增殖失衡,進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)免疫紊亂。

黑色素瘤缺乏因子(absent in melanoma,AIM)2屬HIN-200(hematopoietic IFN-inducible nuclear protein containing a 200-amino-acid repeat)蛋白家族,與細(xì)胞質(zhì)雙鏈DNA結(jié)合后能夠促進(jìn)含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1(caspase-1)、IL-1β和IL-18的釋放。Zhen等[22]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AIM2在HBV-GN患者腎組織中的表達(dá)(81.4%)顯著高于慢性腎小球腎炎患者(4.0%),并與IL-1β、IL-18及caspase-1的

表達(dá)密切相關(guān)。推測(cè)AIM2能夠與HBV DNA結(jié)合并激活上述炎癥信號(hào)通路,通過(guò)免疫介質(zhì)的釋放增加引起腎損傷。

TLR4是參與機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答的重要蛋白分子,可調(diào)控炎癥細(xì)胞及T淋巴細(xì)胞活化,還可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子釋放并介導(dǎo)免疫炎癥反應(yīng)。Zhou等[16]研究結(jié)果顯示,在HBV-GN患者中,TLR4主要在腎小管和間質(zhì)間隙中表達(dá)并與腎臟病變嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步行體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR4上調(diào)可抑制HBV DNA復(fù)制,但過(guò)強(qiáng)的免疫應(yīng)答可引起腎臟免疫損傷并促進(jìn)HBV-GN進(jìn)展。

1.4 遺傳因素 HLA基因復(fù)合體是調(diào)節(jié)免疫應(yīng)答的重要基因群,在抗原識(shí)別、提呈等方面發(fā)揮重要作用,包括Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3類(lèi)。Bhimma等[23]在30例HBV-GN黑人兒童腎組織中進(jìn)行了HLA檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)DQB1*0603的表達(dá)頻率顯著高于健康對(duì)照組。Park等[24]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DRB1*1501與DRB1*1502在部分HBV-GN患者中表達(dá)頻率明顯增加,其中DRB1*1502 與 HBV-MPGN 呈強(qiáng)相關(guān)性,DRB1*1501 與 HBV-MN 呈弱相關(guān)性。此外,在部分HBV-GN患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)了單點(diǎn)HBx基因突變,提示HBx蛋白或可介導(dǎo)調(diào)控區(qū)氨基酸的替換,進(jìn)而影響HBV復(fù)制[25]。HBV-GN的發(fā)生需要病毒及宿主的遺傳因素共同作用,但相關(guān)研究較少,具體機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索。

2 HBV-GN的診斷

HBV-GN診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為腎病理學(xué)檢查,以腎組織中檢測(cè)到HBV-Ag陽(yáng)性為基本條件,血清HBV相關(guān)指標(biāo)陽(yáng)性及除外其他SGN可進(jìn)一步支持HBV-GN的診斷。腎穿刺活檢屬于有創(chuàng)性檢查,部分患者因禁忌證無(wú)法進(jìn)行,某些地區(qū)或基層醫(yī)院亦尚未開(kāi)展該項(xiàng)檢查,臨床上需要可行性較高的無(wú)創(chuàng)輔助診斷指標(biāo)。

M型磷脂酶A2受體(phospholipase A2 receptor,PLA2R)是特發(fā)性MN血清學(xué)診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[26],正常情況下可少量存在于足細(xì)胞表面,能夠與血液循環(huán)中的抗PLA2R抗體結(jié)合形成原位免疫復(fù)合物并沉積于腎小球基底膜,通過(guò)激活補(bǔ)體途徑損傷腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)屏障[27]。Xie等[28]應(yīng)用免疫熒光技術(shù)測(cè)定了39例HBV-GN患者腎組織中的PLA2R,結(jié)果顯示在25例(64%)HBV-GN患者中檢測(cè)到了PLA2R,提示PLA2R抗體在HBV-GN中同樣具有診斷價(jià)值。同樣地,Dong等[29]測(cè)定了103例HBV-GN患者腎組織中的PLA2R,其中有66例(64%)檢測(cè)到了PLA2R,并且這部分患者具有更高的尿蛋白水平及更為嚴(yán)重的腎臟病理?yè)p傷。涂天琪等[30]應(yīng)用ELISA法測(cè)定了229例HBV-GN患者血清抗PLA2R滴度,結(jié)果表明抗PLA2R滴度與24 h尿蛋白定量呈正相關(guān),與血白蛋白呈負(fù)相關(guān),抗體滴度下降早于24 h尿蛋白下降。血清PLA2R測(cè)定對(duì)HBV-GN的診斷價(jià)值仍需大規(guī)模研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

3 HBV-GN的治療

目前HBV-GN的治療主要為抗病毒及免疫抑制治療?,F(xiàn)有研究表明,隨著HBV復(fù)制減弱及HBV抗原清除,HBV-GN患者蛋白尿水平及腎功能均可得到顯著改善。2012年KDIGO指南[31]推薦將抗病毒治療作為主要治療手段,包括干擾素(IFN)和核苷酸類(lèi)似物(NUC)。

3.1 IFN IFN具有抗病毒、抗增殖及免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,其HBeAg及HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率較NUC更高,治療周期更短,適用于兒童及年輕患者。普通IFNα的推薦療程為24周,PEG-IFN的推薦療程為48周,血清轉(zhuǎn)換率可達(dá)15%~46%[32-33]。臨床上應(yīng)遵循個(gè)體化原則評(píng)估最佳治療方案。一項(xiàng)納入182例HBV-GN患者的Meta分析[34]結(jié)果顯示,IFN在兒童患者中治療效果更確切,與NUC相比,能夠更大程度上緩解蛋白尿水平并提高HBeAg清除率。IFN可擴(kuò)大HBV感染后免疫機(jī)制介導(dǎo)的肝損傷作用,還可引起流感樣綜合征、胃腸道反應(yīng)、骨髓抑制等不良反應(yīng),因此應(yīng)用受限。

3.2 NUC NUC具有給藥方便、耐受性好等優(yōu)勢(shì),現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于HBV感染的治療,但部分NUC本身即具有腎毒性,主要包括阿德福韋酯(ADV)及富馬酸替諾福韋酯(TDF)。Udompap等[35]的研究表明ADV及TDF與臨床估算的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(eGFR)降低相關(guān),不建議應(yīng)用于HBV-GN患者的治療。

恩替卡韋(ETV)及富馬酸丙酚替諾福韋酯(TAF)作為指南推薦的慢性腎臟病、腎功能不全或接受腎臟替代治療的一線(xiàn)抗HBV藥物,具有較高的腎臟安全性。其中ETV用于肌酐清除率<50 mL/min患者時(shí)需調(diào)整劑量,而TAF在eGFR≥15 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2的患者中均不需要調(diào)整劑量[36]。Notsumata等[37]的研究納入了38例由ETV轉(zhuǎn)換為T(mén)AF治療的HBV患者,治療后腎功能相關(guān)標(biāo)志物如eGFR、尿肝臟型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白及血清成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子23均較轉(zhuǎn)換前明顯改善。同樣地,Ogawa等[38]的研究共納入313例應(yīng)用ETV或NUC治療2年以上后轉(zhuǎn)換為T(mén)AF的HBV患者,腎功能相關(guān)標(biāo)志物也均較轉(zhuǎn)換前顯著改善。由此可見(jiàn),HBV-GN患者應(yīng)用TAF治療具有更為顯著的獲益。

3.3 NUC聯(lián)合免疫抑制劑 免疫抑制劑在抑制免疫應(yīng)答、減緩腎病進(jìn)展方面具有不可替代的重要作用,目前臨床上多與抗病毒藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,不建議單用于HBV-GN的治療。一項(xiàng)納入317例HBV-GN患者的Meta分析[39]結(jié)果顯示,抗病毒藥物聯(lián)合激素治療與單用抗病毒藥物相比可顯著降低患者的尿蛋白水平,用藥過(guò)程中未觀察到肝腎功能的惡化。多項(xiàng)研究[40-41]比較了他克莫司聯(lián)合ETV與ETV單藥治療的效果,同樣觀察到了聯(lián)合治療組尿蛋白水平的顯著降低,并且聯(lián)合免疫治療未使HBV復(fù)制較前活躍。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

HBV-GN作為乙型肝炎常見(jiàn)合并癥之一,對(duì)乙型肝炎患者的預(yù)后具有重要影響。目前,HBV-GN的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不明確,尚缺乏簡(jiǎn)便特異的診斷方法及規(guī)范的治療方案,仍需更大規(guī)模、更高質(zhì)量的研究進(jìn)一步探尋,為臨床治療提供新的靶點(diǎn)及思路,做到早期診斷及治療,改善乙型肝炎患者的預(yù)后。

利益沖突聲明:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。

作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:李朝霞負(fù)責(zé)文獻(xiàn)檢索和撰寫(xiě);李楠負(fù)責(zé)文獻(xiàn)審核,修改文章;辛桂杰負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫(xiě)作思路,終審定稿。

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收稿日期:

2022-06-23;錄用日期:2022-08-08

本文編輯:王瑩

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