弓培慧 賈曉云 康婭楠 張岳琴 李秀輝 周浩 白麗霞
Abstract? Objective:To analyze the correlation between vaginal microecology disorder in the third trimester and neonatal septicemia,so as to provide a reference for better prevention and treatment of neonatal septicemia.Methods:A total of 128 mothers of neonates with neonatal septicemia admitted to a tertiary grade A hospital from September 2019 to September 2021 were selected as the case group,and 128 mothers of healthy neonates hospitalized in the same period were randomly selected as the control group.The vaginal microecology of the two groups in the third trimester was detected,the correlation between vaginal microecology disorder in the third trimester and neonatal septicemia was analyzed,and the evaluation value of vaginal microecology index on the risk of neonatal sepsis was tested.Results:The rate of vaginal microecological disorder in the case group(89.1%) was higher than that in the control group(79.7%),the positive rate of candida in case group(7.8%) was higher than that in control group(2.3%),the positive rate of G?bacilli(95.3%) was lower than that of the control group(100.0%),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis results showed that candida positivity in the third trimester was associated with neonatal sepsis(OR=3.721,P=0.045).Kendall correlation analysis showed that they were positively correlated(r=0.125,P=0.047).The ROC showed that the AUC of Candida positivity in the third trimester was 0.527 for the assessment of neonatal sepsis.Conclusion:Clinical attention should be paid to vaginal microecological disorder in the third trimester to prevent and reduce the occurrence of neonatal sepsis.
Keywords? third trimester; vaginal microecology; neonates; septicemia; ROC; influencing factors; nursing
摘要? 目的:分析孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥的相關(guān)性,為更好地防治新生兒敗血癥提供參考依據(jù)。方法:選取2019年9月—2021年9月某三級甲等醫(yī)院收治的128例新生兒敗血癥患兒的母親為病例組,隨機(jī)選取同期住院的128例健康新生兒的母親為對照組。檢測兩組孕晚期陰道微生態(tài),分析孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥的相關(guān)性,并檢驗陰道微生態(tài)指標(biāo)對新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險的評估價值。結(jié)果:病例組陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)率(89.1%)高于對照組(79.7%);念珠菌陽性率(7.8%)高于對照組(2.3%);革蘭陰性桿菌陽性率(95.3%)低于對照組(100.0%),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,孕晚期孕婦念珠菌陽性與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生相關(guān)(OR=3.721,P=0.045)。Kendall相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,孕晚期孕婦念珠菌陽性與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)(r=0.125,P=0.047)。受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)顯示,孕晚期孕婦念珠菌陽性可用于評估新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.527。結(jié)論:臨床應(yīng)重視孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào),預(yù)防和降低新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞? 孕晚期;陰道微生態(tài);新生兒;敗血癥;受試者工作特征曲線;影響因素;護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.08.012
新生兒敗血癥是一種全身性細(xì)菌感染引起的疾病,是威脅新生兒生命的主要原因,其發(fā)病率高、病情進(jìn)展快、臨床表現(xiàn)早期無特異性,容易誤診或漏診[1?2]。2015年全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究證實,新生兒敗血癥是新生兒死亡的第三大病因[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),孕晚期孕婦體內(nèi)雌激素與孕激素水平過高,會導(dǎo)致孕婦體內(nèi)糖原積聚及自身免疫功能下降,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生[4]。陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)和新生兒敗血癥關(guān)系密切,但二者的相關(guān)性并不明確。本研究通過分析孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)各指標(biāo)與新生兒敗血癥的相關(guān)性,旨在為新生兒敗血癥的防治提供參考依據(jù)。
1? 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 選取2019年9月—2021年9月某三級甲等醫(yī)院收治的128例新生兒敗血癥患兒的母親為病例組,隨機(jī)選取同期住院的128名健康新生兒的母親為對照組。檢測兩組孕晚期陰道微生態(tài),分析孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥的相關(guān)性。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①孕周≥28周;②妊娠前無B族鏈球菌(GBS)定植;③健康單胎妊娠;④規(guī)律產(chǎn)檢(可追蹤其新生兒是否患敗血癥);⑤孕晚期均行陰道分泌物及GBS檢查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并心、肝、腎等內(nèi)科疾病或具有自覺陰道炎癥者;②檢查前3 d有性生活史;③近2周有激素、抗生素(包括外陰及陰道用藥)或免疫抑制劑使用史。
1.3 研究方法
1.3.1 陰道微生態(tài) 根據(jù)《陰道微生態(tài)評價的臨床應(yīng)用專家共識》[5],滿足以下全部條件為陰道微生態(tài)正常,任何1項出現(xiàn)異常即可診斷為陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)。①陰道菌群密集度為Ⅱ級或Ⅲ級;②多樣性為Ⅱ級或Ⅲ級;③優(yōu)勢菌為乳酸桿菌;④陰道pH值為3.8~4.5。
1.3.2 新生兒敗血癥 新生兒敗血癥診斷參照《新生兒敗血癥診斷及治療專家共識(2019年版)》[6]。128例新生兒敗血癥患兒中,有124例為早發(fā)敗血癥,4例為晚發(fā)敗血癥;10例血培養(yǎng)陽性。
1.3.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析,定性資料采用頻數(shù)、百分比(%)描述,符合正態(tài)分布的定量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)描述,單因素采用t檢驗、χ2檢驗和Kendall相關(guān)性分析;多因素采用Logistic回歸分析;繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料(見表1)
2.2 兩組孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)情況(見表2)
2.3 孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥相關(guān)性分析 將是否患新生兒敗血癥作為因變量(新生兒敗血癥=1,健康新生兒=0),單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的念珠菌、革蘭陰性桿菌作為自變量。采用Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,孕晚期孕婦念珠菌陽性與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生相關(guān)(OR=3.721,P=0.045)。Kendall相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,孕晚期孕婦念珠菌陽性與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)(r=0.125,P=0.047)。
2.4 念珠菌預(yù)測新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險的ROC曲線 將新生兒是否患新生兒敗血癥作為狀態(tài)變量,陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)指標(biāo)作為檢驗變量,繪制ROC曲線。結(jié)果顯示,念珠菌陽性用于評估新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.527。
3? 討論
3.1 陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥 新生兒敗血癥是危及新生兒生命健康的重要疾病。早期診斷和及時應(yīng)用抗生素對新生兒敗血癥的防治至關(guān)重要[7]。孕晚期孕婦處于特殊的生理階段,陰道微生態(tài)平衡容易受到破壞,孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào),病原體可自陰道或?qū)m頸部上行,在胎膜或子宮等處繁殖[8?10];此外,孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)可通過胎盤將病原體傳至胎兒或胎兒出生后因窒息吸入污染羊水,從而導(dǎo)致新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生[11]。本研究中,病例組的陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)率高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),證實了孕晚期孕婦陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。
3.2 念珠菌與新生兒敗血癥 念珠菌是女性陰道一種常見的真菌性機(jī)會致病菌,當(dāng)人體微生態(tài)環(huán)境紊亂或抵抗力降低時,可能會發(fā)生念珠菌感染[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,孕晚期陰道念珠菌陽性與新生兒敗血癥呈正相關(guān)(r=0.125),與以往研究結(jié)果[13]一致。可能是由于念珠菌與GBS陰道定植有關(guān),念珠菌是GBS陰道定植的獨立危險因素[14?16]。GBS是新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生的主要原因,其檢出率在新生兒敗血癥中有升高趨勢[17?19]。本研究中孕晚期孕婦GBS陰道定植與新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),分析原因可能是在妊娠35~37周對所有孕婦進(jìn)行規(guī)范的GBS篩查,預(yù)防性使用抗生素,降低了新生兒GBS感染的機(jī)會。
3.3 念珠菌預(yù)測新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險的價值 繪制ROC曲線發(fā)現(xiàn),念珠菌陽性對新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險有評估價值,但預(yù)測價值較低(AUC=0.527)。新生兒一旦發(fā)生敗血癥其死亡率很高,盡管念珠菌陽性對新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險的評估價值較低,但是提前知曉與新生兒敗血癥發(fā)生的相關(guān)指標(biāo)可以降低新生兒敗血癥的發(fā)生。因此,積極篩查孕晚期陰道微生態(tài)失調(diào)指標(biāo),及時采取針對性的治療措施,可恢復(fù)孕婦陰道微生態(tài)平衡。此外,孕晚期孕婦應(yīng)注意個人衛(wèi)生,增強(qiáng)個人體質(zhì),提高機(jī)體免疫力,減少感染機(jī)會。
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(收稿日期:2022-11-17;修回日期:2023-03-22)
(本文編輯 曹妍)