[摘要]RNA結(jié)合基序蛋白15(RBM15)是一類有N端RNA識(shí)別基序(RRM)和C端Spen旁系/直系同源物(SPOC)結(jié)構(gòu)的蛋白質(zhì)。RBM15以N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)修飾依賴性方式或獨(dú)立于m6A修飾的方式調(diào)節(jié)mRNA表達(dá)、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞分化、營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝和遺傳穩(wěn)態(tài)等過程。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RBM15與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。本文詳細(xì)闡述了RBM15的功能,及其與多種腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系,為臨床上探討靶向RBM15作為腫瘤治療的新策略提供可靠依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]RNA結(jié)合基序蛋白15;腫瘤;mRNA;N6-甲基腺苷
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2023.06.022
RecentAdvancesinUnravelingtheFunctionsofRBM15andItsSignificanceinTumorigenesis
TanYuanjun1,WangXia1,ZhangBaihong2**,YueHongyun3
1theFirstClinicalMedicineCollegeofGansuUniversityofChineseMedicine,Lanzhou730000;2DepartmentofOncology,the940thHospitalofJointLogisticsSupportForceofPeople′sLiberationArmy,Lanzhou730050;3DepartmentofOphthalmology,the940thHospitalofJointLogisticsSupportForceofPeople′sLiberationArmy,Lanzhou730050
**Correspondingauthor:ZhangBaihong,email:bhzhang1999@163.com
[Abstract]RNAbindingmotifprotein15(RBM15)belongstoaclassofproteinscharacterizedbyanN-terminalRNArecognitionmotif(RRM)andaC-terminalSpenparalogandorthologC-terminal(SPOC)structure.RBM15playspivotalrolesinmodulatingmRNAexpression,guidingneuralstemcelldifferentiation,regulatingnutrientmetabolism,andmaintaininggenetichomeostasis.ItsinfluenceonthesecellularprocessescaneitherbedependentonN6-methyladenosine(m6A)modificationsoroccurindependentlyofm6A.Inrecentyears,RBM15hasemergedasakeyplayercloselyassociatedwithtumorigenesisanddevelopmentalprocesses.ThispaperdelvesintointricatedetailsregardingthemultifacetedfunctionsofRBM15anditsintricateinterplaywiththedevelopmentofvarioustumors.ThesefindingsofferarobustfoundationforthepotentialclinicalexploitationofRBM15asanoveltherapeutictargetinthefightagainstcancer.
[Keywords]RNAbindingmotifprotein15;Tumor;mRNA;N6-methyladenosine
RNA結(jié)合基序蛋白15(RNAbindingmotifprotein15,RBM15)的編碼基因位于人類染色體1p13.3區(qū)域,最早在t(1;22)(p13;q13)易位的急性巨核細(xì)胞白血病嬰兒體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)[1]。RBM15蛋白定位于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),其保守結(jié)構(gòu)域包括N端的RNA識(shí)別基序(RNArecognitionmotif,RRM)和C端Spen旁系/直系同源物(SpenparalogandorthologC-terminal,SPOC)。RRM可識(shí)別、結(jié)合并靶向調(diào)控mRNA。SPOC結(jié)構(gòu)域作為磷酸絲氨酸的結(jié)合區(qū)域,與RNA聚合酶Ⅱ、輔阻遏物以及N6-甲基腺苷(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)寫入和閱讀蛋白結(jié)合,通過在不同結(jié)合蛋白之間進(jìn)行磷酸絲氨酸依賴性轉(zhuǎn)換參與基因表達(dá)調(diào)控[2]。RBM15參與機(jī)體許多生理及病理過程,本文從RBM15的生理作用,在多種腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用作一綜述,為臨床上腫瘤的靶向治療提供新的科學(xué)證據(jù)。
1RBM15生理作用
1.1RBM15調(diào)節(jié)mRNA表達(dá)
m6A修飾是真核生物體內(nèi)最豐富的轉(zhuǎn)錄修飾,是指mRNA中腺苷酸的腺嘌呤堿基的第6位N原子的甲基化。RBM15直接結(jié)合靶mRNA富含尿嘧啶U的序列,將m6A甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶復(fù)合物(稱為“寫入器”)募集到該靶mRNA中,催化m6A修飾發(fā)生[3]。由m6A結(jié)合蛋白(稱為“讀取器”)識(shí)別m6A修飾,從而調(diào)節(jié)該mRNA的可變性剪接、穩(wěn)定性、衰變和翻譯等過程[4]。此外,RBM15參與mRNA出核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。核輸出受體NXF1與細(xì)胞核中的信使核糖核蛋白(Messengerribonucleoproteins,mRNP)結(jié)合,引導(dǎo)mRNA通過核孔復(fù)合物進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì),RNA解旋酶Dbp5在mRNA易位時(shí)將NXF1與mRNP解離,產(chǎn)生定向通道。RBM15的SPOC在核孔復(fù)合物中與Dbp5特異性結(jié)合,使Dbp5識(shí)別NXF1-mRNP復(fù)合物,促進(jìn)mRNA核輸出[5]。
1.2RBM15調(diào)節(jié)放射狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分化
染色質(zhì)重塑因子BAF155通過細(xì)胞間相互作用和細(xì)胞黏附重塑等細(xì)胞非自主機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)放射狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的一種)的分化。BAF155的缺失可導(dǎo)致大腦皮層中間區(qū),包括放射狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的祖細(xì)胞的異位分布,在早期大腦發(fā)育過程中,BAF155的缺失或突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)管缺陷[6]。哺乳動(dòng)物BAF155的表達(dá)水平受RBM15介導(dǎo)的mRNA的m6A修飾調(diào)控,RBM15過表達(dá)可上調(diào)BAF155mRNA的m6A修飾水平,降低BAF155的表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制基底放射狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分化。在培養(yǎng)的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞和發(fā)育中的皮層中敲低RBM15,則可以增加BAF155的表達(dá)水平[7]。RBM15的穩(wěn)定表達(dá)對(duì)放射狀膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞生成具有重要意義。
1.3RBM15調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體造血功能
血小板生成素(Thrombopoietin,Thpo)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通過其受體以濃度依賴性方式促進(jìn)造血干細(xì)胞(Hematopoieticstemcells,HSCs)增殖[8]。RBM15控制Thpo受體mRNA的交替剪接,衰減Thpo信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),通過操控RBM15依賴性的剪接可調(diào)節(jié)HSCs的增殖。RBM15缺失的HSCs中與衰老相關(guān)的生理變化明顯增加,包括核因子-κB活化、活性氧增加和DNA損傷[9]。
骨髓中的巨核細(xì)胞(Megakaryocytes,Mks)不僅產(chǎn)生血小板,還支持造血干細(xì)胞的自我更新并調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng),RBM15調(diào)控mRNA剪接以產(chǎn)生GATA結(jié)合因子1(GATA-bindingfactor1,GATA1)、runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(Runt-relatedtranscriptionfactor1,RUNX1)和T細(xì)胞急性白血病1(T-cellacutelymphocyticleukemia1,TAL1)等基因的全長(zhǎng)mRNA,生成成熟的GATA1、RUNX1和TAL1蛋白,這些因子是MKs成熟和多倍體化所必需的[10]。RBM15的第578位的精氨酸殘基R578處可被蛋白精氨酸甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶1(Proteinargininemethyltransferase1,PRMT1)催化而發(fā)生甲基化,導(dǎo)致其泛素化后通過蛋白酶體降解,PRMT1過表達(dá),則可使RBM15水平下調(diào),從而阻斷MKs分化成熟,恢復(fù)RBM15水平,MKs分化重新啟動(dòng)[11]。
1.4RBM15調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)糖代謝
正常血糖水平的維持通過胰島β細(xì)胞分泌胰島素和胰島敏感組織(主要為肝臟、脂肪和肌肉)之間的反饋回路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在LO2細(xì)胞(人正常肝細(xì)胞)中,RBM15蛋白水平隨葡萄糖濃度增加而升高,沉默LO2細(xì)胞中RBM15表達(dá),可顯著增強(qiáng)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶、蛋白激酶B、胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶等胰島素信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)關(guān)鍵分子的磷酸化,增加胰島素敏感性,LO2細(xì)胞攝取葡萄糖量增加[12]。胰島素抵抗是代謝綜合征和2型糖尿病的病理特征,典型表現(xiàn)是對(duì)胰島素的不敏感,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體高血糖狀態(tài)[13]。RBM15介導(dǎo)機(jī)體對(duì)胰島素的敏感性,表明靶向RBM15可能是改善機(jī)體胰島素抵抗,改善代謝綜合征和2型糖尿病新的治療策略。
1.5RBM15調(diào)節(jié)遺傳穩(wěn)態(tài)
X染色體失活可平衡哺乳動(dòng)物進(jìn)化過程中雌性XX染色體相較于雄性XY染色體的X連鎖基因的表達(dá)水平,X染色體基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄沉默由長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNAX無活性特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄本(X-inactivespecifictranscript,XIST)介導(dǎo),RBM15在建立XIST介導(dǎo)的沉默中起重要作用[14]。敲低RBM15會(huì)損害XIST介導(dǎo)的基因沉默,但RBM15的作用機(jī)制仍有待充分闡明[15]。超分辨率結(jié)構(gòu)照明顯微鏡分析發(fā)現(xiàn),RBM15和Wilms瘤1-相關(guān)蛋白(Wilms′tumor1-associatingprotein,WTAP)在核基質(zhì)和核周染色質(zhì)中共定位,這些因子可能直接與XIST相互作用,促進(jìn)X染色體基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄沉默[16]。
2RBM15與腫瘤
人類蛋白質(zhì)圖譜(https://www.proteinatlas.org/)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表明,RBM15在多種腫瘤中呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài)。RBM15過表達(dá)可顯著增加小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞NIH3T3在體外的增殖和遷移能力,將RBM15過表達(dá)的NIH3T3細(xì)胞種植到NOD-CSID小鼠皮下,過表達(dá)的RBM15促進(jìn)機(jī)體絲氨酸/蘇氨酸/酪氨酸激酶1(Serine/threonine/tyrosinekinase1,STYK1)的mRNA的m6A修飾,從而增加mRNA穩(wěn)定性。上調(diào)STYK1表達(dá),可引起絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase,MAPK)過度激活,導(dǎo)致NIH3T3細(xì)胞的癌變[3]。說明RBM15與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。
2.1RBM15與頭頸部腫瘤
RBM15在喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中高表達(dá),是喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,RBM15介導(dǎo)的m6A修飾可提高抗凋亡蛋白跨膜BAX抑制劑模體6(TransmembraneBAXinhibitormotif-containing6,TMBIM6)mRNA穩(wěn)定性,上調(diào)TMBIM6表達(dá),促進(jìn)喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展,敲低RBM15表達(dá)則可抑制喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、遷移[17]。從TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中提取甲狀腺癌的臨床數(shù)據(jù)和RNA表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)RBM15在甲狀腺癌組織中也呈顯著高表達(dá),單因素Cox回歸分析證實(shí)RBM15為甲狀腺癌獨(dú)立的預(yù)后危險(xiǎn)因素[18]。
2.2RBM15與胸部腫瘤
葉狀體腫瘤是罕見的乳腺纖維上皮腫瘤,交界性葉狀體瘤最常見的驅(qū)動(dòng)突變是RBM15的無義突變,RBM15移碼突變也通過外顯子組測(cè)序在交界性葉狀體瘤中檢測(cè)到,但未被評(píng)定為可能的驅(qū)動(dòng)基因。靶向RBM15可能逆轉(zhuǎn)葉狀體瘤由交界性向惡性的轉(zhuǎn)化[19]。肺癌是最常見的胸部惡性腫瘤,在肺癌細(xì)胞中RBM15沉默可降低異種移植小鼠模型的癌細(xì)胞活力,抑制增殖和侵襲。機(jī)制上,RBM15沉默可能通過TGF-β/Smad2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞鐵死亡,從而抑制癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[20]。
2.3RBM15與消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤
RBM15在胰腺癌中高表達(dá),與胰腺癌預(yù)后不良呈正相關(guān),RBM15高表達(dá)患者生存時(shí)間明顯縮短。在胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990和PANC-1中沉默RBM15以降低RBM15表達(dá),抑制了癌細(xì)胞的增殖[21]。RBM15在結(jié)直腸癌組織中也呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài),并與總生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期呈負(fù)相關(guān),敲低RBM15顯著抑制結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞系(SW480細(xì)胞和HCT116細(xì)胞)的增殖和侵襲能力,并且抑制結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移[22]。在肝細(xì)胞癌中,RBM15介導(dǎo)的m6A修飾以胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子-2mRNA結(jié)合蛋白1(Insulin-likegrowthfactor-2mRNAbindingprotein1,IGF2BP1)依賴性方式激活原癌基因YES-1,通過IGF2BP1-YES1-MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展[23]。
2.4RBM15與泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤
RBM15在腎透明細(xì)胞癌中上調(diào),并促進(jìn)腎透明細(xì)胞癌的增殖、上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化、侵襲和遷移[24]。組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶E1A結(jié)合蛋白EP300(E1A-bindingproteinp300,EP300)和CREB結(jié)合蛋白(CREB-bindingprotein,CBP)可誘導(dǎo)RBM15啟動(dòng)子組蛋白H3的乙?;揎?,進(jìn)而增加RBM15轉(zhuǎn)錄,RBM15通過m6A依賴性方式增強(qiáng)CXC趨化因子配體11(CXCchemokineligand11,CXCL11)mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,CXCL11促進(jìn)腎透明細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞集落形成、遷移和侵襲能力,EP300/CBP-RBM15-CXCL11軸促進(jìn)了腎透明細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展。在卵巢癌中,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA泛素樣修飾劑激活酶6反義RNA1(Ubiquitinlikemodifieractivatingenzyme6antisenseRNA1,UBA6-AS1)通過募集RBM15增強(qiáng)甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣3(Methyltransferaselike3,METTL3)、WTAP與UBA6的mRNA的結(jié)合,增加了UBA6mRNA的m6A修飾水平,上調(diào)UBA6表達(dá),UBA6是一類泛素激活酶,UBA6特異性啟動(dòng)的泛素-蛋白酶體途徑可抑制上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[25-26],從而抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲。這表明RBM15可能作為腫瘤抑制因子在卵巢癌中發(fā)揮作用。
2.5RBM15與骨肉瘤
RBM15與環(huán)狀RNACTNNB1相互作用,通過m6A修飾促進(jìn)已糖激酶2、葡萄糖-6-磷酸異構(gòu)酶和磷酸甘油酸激酶1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)骨肉瘤有氧糖酵解過程,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤進(jìn)展[27]。Transwell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),RBM15過表達(dá)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞侵襲、遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng),細(xì)胞集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)RBM15過表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng)了非轉(zhuǎn)移性骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系的集落形成能力,此外,將RBM15敲低的人骨肉瘤細(xì)胞MNNG注射至裸鼠尾靜脈,4周后收集裸鼠肺臟,發(fā)現(xiàn)敲低RBM15可減少骨肉瘤肺轉(zhuǎn)移[28]。
3小結(jié)與展望
綜上所述,RBM15在調(diào)控機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,調(diào)節(jié)mRNA表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝,調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體造血功能,調(diào)控遺傳穩(wěn)態(tài)等過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。RBM15在多種腫瘤中呈高表達(dá)并與不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān),可能是腫瘤早期診斷及預(yù)后評(píng)估潛在的生物標(biāo)志物。此外,RBM15促進(jìn)多種腫瘤增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,靶向RBM15是腫瘤治療潛在新靶點(diǎn),目前仍需進(jìn)一步探究RBM15的作用機(jī)制,構(gòu)建RBM15調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),為腫瘤精準(zhǔn)治療提供新策略。
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(2023-04-21收稿)