吳海嘯 馬文娟 李之珺 張超
摘要:目的 利用放射組學(xué)精準(zhǔn)測量胸肌肌肉含量,分析胸肌指數(shù)(PMI)與乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移(BCBM)患者預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法 收集197例BCBM患者年齡、病理分型、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、放療和隨訪等數(shù)據(jù)?;谛夭緾T結(jié)果計(jì)算PMI,利用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線確定PMI的最佳臨界值,并分析不同PMI水平患者的臨床病理特征和預(yù)后差異。結(jié)果 197例BCBM患者根據(jù)PMI最佳臨界值分為低PMI組(≤6.295,104例)和高PMI組(>6.295,93例)。與高PMI組相比,低PMI組患者的Ki-67≥14%比例、腦轉(zhuǎn)移率、血清Ca2+濃度和死亡比例增加,病理分型和骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位分布差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。低PMI組和高PMI組患者的1、3、5年總生存率分別為67.3%、17.3%、5.8%和96.8%、84.9%、36.6%,累積總生存率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank χ2=82.329,P<0.01)。多因素Cox回歸分析顯示,在校正了病理分型、骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位、腦轉(zhuǎn)移和Ca2+等因素后,低PMI組患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高PMI組患者的3.954倍。結(jié)論 PMI下降可增加BCBM患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),BCBM治療過程中應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)對患者進(jìn)行個(gè)性化康復(fù)訓(xùn)練和營養(yǎng)支持干預(yù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:乳腺腫瘤;預(yù)后;骨轉(zhuǎn)移;胸肌指數(shù)
中圖分類號:R737.9文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20230241
Relationship between pectoralis muscle index and prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone metastases based on radiomics
WU Haixiao MA Wenjuan LI ZhijunZHANG Chao
1 Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, 2 Department of Breast Imaging, 3 Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer
Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
Abstract: Objective To accurately calculate the pectoralis muscle mass and clarify the influence of pectoralis muscle index (PMI) on the survival and prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis (BCBM) using radiomics. Methods Clinical data of 197 BCBM patients were collected, including age, pathological classification, distant metastasis, radiotherapy and 5-year follow-up data. The PMI was calculated based on chest CT results. The optimal cutoff value for PMI was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and patients were divided into the low-PMI and the high-PMI groups. Then the clinical and pathological characteristics and prognostic differences of patients with different levels of PMI were analyzed. Results According to the optimal cutoff value for PMI, 197 BCBM patients were divided into the low PMI group (≤6.295, 104 cases) and the high PMI group (>6.295, 93 cases). Compared with the high PMI group, there were significant differences in the proportion of Ki-67≥14%, distribution of bone metastasis sites, and serum Ca2+ concentration in the low PMI group (P<0.05). The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates of patients were 67.3%, 17.3%, 5.8% and 96.8%, 84.9% and 36.6% in the low PMI group and the high PMI group, respectively, and the cumulative overall survival rate difference was statistically significant (Log-rank χ2=82.329, P<0.001). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that after adjusting pathological classification, site of bone metastasis, brain metastasis and Ca2+, the risk of death in the low PMI group was 3.954 times higher than that in the high PMI group. Conclusion The decrease in PMI can increase the risk of death in BCBM patients. Personalized rehabilitation training and nutritional support intervention should be encouraged for patients during the BCBM treatment process.
Key words: breast neoplasms; prognosis; bone metastasis; pectoralis muscle index
骨是乳腺癌最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移部位,60%~80%的乳腺癌患者可發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移(breast cancer bone metastasis,BCBM),5年生存率僅為22.8%[1-3]。骨相關(guān)事件是骨轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生后最常見的臨床表現(xiàn),可顯著降低患者的生活質(zhì)量[4-5]。晚期腫瘤患者由于能量攝入減少、負(fù)氮平衡和靜止能量消耗的增加,肌肉系統(tǒng)逐漸發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)和功能性的改變,從而對患者的治療耐受性和生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[6]。前期有研究表明,胸肌指數(shù)(pectoralis muscle index,PMI)與淋巴瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌和宮頸癌患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),同時(shí)與患者手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、治療費(fèi)用和住院時(shí)間有關(guān)[7-9]。目前,CT是分析骨骼肌肉系統(tǒng)疾病的首選方法,較傳統(tǒng)的檢測方式更為簡便、準(zhǔn)確,而放射組學(xué)技術(shù)可通過圖像識別技術(shù)提取CT影像中肌肉特征,準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算肌肉面積。因此,本研究利用放射組學(xué)技術(shù)提取BCBM患者胸部CT圖像中胸肌形態(tài)特征,旨在探討PMI與患者死亡的關(guān)系。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象 納入2010年1月—2017年12月就診于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院的197例BCBM患者,年齡47~61歲,中位年齡54歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):原發(fā)性乳腺癌,影像學(xué)檢查確診為骨轉(zhuǎn)移,確診骨轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)有清晰的胸部CT圖像,病例資料詳盡。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):病理診斷難以明確和(或)多重惡性腫瘤患者,雙乳癌,男性乳腺癌,隨訪信息不完整,拒絕參加本研究者。本研究經(jīng)天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤研究所和天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(審批號:bc2021245),所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 資料收集 根據(jù)患者臨床和病理特征,收集年齡、原發(fā)性乳腺癌病理、雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)狀態(tài)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)狀態(tài)、人類表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor2,HER2)狀態(tài)、Ki-67狀態(tài)、骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位、骨轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目、骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶放療史、應(yīng)用骨保護(hù)劑、內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移和Ca2+濃度等指標(biāo)??偵嫫跒槿橄侔┗颊叽_診骨轉(zhuǎn)移至死亡或隨訪結(jié)束,隨訪結(jié)束日期為死亡或2022年1月。
1.3 PMI測量 所有患者均進(jìn)行胸部常規(guī)CT平掃。患者取仰臥位,掃描范圍從胸廓入口至肋膈角。數(shù)據(jù)均以DCM形式導(dǎo)出,用于后續(xù)的放射組學(xué)特征提取。胸部CT圖像均通過開源軟件ITK-SNAP 3.6.0版本手動分割第2胸椎胸肋水平健側(cè)胸肌的感興趣區(qū)域(regions of interest,ROI),提取過程見圖1。ROI分割由2名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的影像醫(yī)師完成,影像醫(yī)師均不了解分割對象的具體情況。利用PyRadiomics軟件自動計(jì)算放射組學(xué)特征,精確提取CT圖像中胸大肌的圖形特征,計(jì)算胸大肌面積(cm2)。PMI=胸大肌面積/身高2(cm2/m2)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.2.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)和四分位數(shù)[M(P25,P75)]表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn),通過繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線確定PMI預(yù)測患者死亡的最佳臨界值,并計(jì)算對應(yīng)的曲線下面積(AUC)、敏感度和特異度。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線,單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析PMI對患者預(yù)后的影響。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 隨訪結(jié)果及患者分組 截至末次隨訪結(jié)束時(shí),197例BCBM患者中157例死亡,40例患者存活。根據(jù)ROC曲線,確定PMI預(yù)測患者死亡的最佳臨界值為6.295,測量曲線下面積(AUC)為0.767,敏感度為62.4%,特異度為85.0%,見圖2。依據(jù)PMI最佳臨界值,將患者分為低PMI組(≤6.295,104例)和高PMI組(>6.295,93例)。
2.2 低PMI組和高PMI組患者的臨床病理特征比較 與高PMI組相比,低PMI組患者的Ki-67≥14%比例、腦轉(zhuǎn)移率、血清Ca2+濃度和死亡比例增加(P<0.05),2組病理分型和骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位分布差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 PMI對患者死亡的Cox回歸分析結(jié)果 在未校正其他影響因素時(shí),低PMI組BCBM患者發(fā)生死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高PMI患者的4.318倍;在校正了病理分型、骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位、腦轉(zhuǎn)移和Ca2+等因素后,低PMI組BCBM患者發(fā)生死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高PMI組患者的3.954倍,見表2。
2.4 生存分析結(jié)果 197例患者1、3、5年總生存率分別為81.2%、48.7%、20.3%,中位生存期為34.8個(gè)月(95%CI:29.5~40.2)。低PMI組和高PMI組患者1、3、5年總生存率分別為67.3%、17.3%、5.8%和96.8%、84.9%、36.6%,累積總生存率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank χ2=82.329,P<0.01),見圖3。
3 討論
隨著靶向治療、免疫治療以及內(nèi)分泌治療的飛速發(fā)展,晚期乳腺癌患者的生存期顯著延長,骨相關(guān)事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也相應(yīng)提高。然而,骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者的總生存率仍較低。本研究結(jié)果顯示,至末次隨訪結(jié)束時(shí),所納入BCBM患者的1年生存率為81.2%,5年生存率為20.3%,這與既往研究[10]報(bào)道一致。
本研究中,低PMI是BCBM患者死亡的獨(dú)立影響因素。前期研究報(bào)道,肌肉指數(shù)與淋巴瘤、肺癌、卵巢癌等疾病的預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)[7-8,11],同時(shí)還是患者發(fā)生摔倒、骨折、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和早死的獨(dú)立影響因素[12-13]。此外,骨骼肌含量下降在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中較常見,即使在正常BMI患者中,隨著骨骼肌含量的下降,患者的死亡率也隨之上升[14]。另有研究指出,肌肉含量下降不僅與年齡相關(guān),且與慢性消耗性疾病密切相關(guān),此類疾病可導(dǎo)致肌肉含量的變化,而肌肉含量的變化同樣可促進(jìn)疾病的進(jìn)展[15]。因此,基于本研究和前期研究成果,筆者認(rèn)為骨骼肌含量對于惡性腫瘤患者的預(yù)后預(yù)測具有重要意義。骨骼肌含量的測定與評價(jià)通常取患者常用的較大肌群肌肉,例如胸大肌、臀大肌、下肢肌群等,以便更好地反映全身骨骼肌含量。由于胸部CT是惡性腫瘤患者復(fù)查時(shí)常進(jìn)行的檢查,相較肉眼評價(jià),通過影像組學(xué)技術(shù)提取CT圖像中胸大肌的肌肉特征更加精確,并且可實(shí)現(xiàn)高通量檢測。
目前,晚期惡性腫瘤患者肌肉含量改變發(fā)生的具體機(jī)制尚未被揭示。但多種證據(jù)表明,肌肉含量的改變與患者機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)失衡(激素分泌失調(diào)、慢性炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激),新陳代謝紊亂(蛋白質(zhì)分解增加、脂肪堆積、骨質(zhì)流失等),以及日常體力活動減少和營養(yǎng)狀況不良等息息相關(guān)[16-17]。因此,早期識別肌肉含量下降的高?;颊?,并制定早期干預(yù)措施,通過合理的康復(fù)鍛煉和運(yùn)動訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行及時(shí)干預(yù),有助于降低晚期惡性腫瘤患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究多因素分析結(jié)果提示,病理分型、腦轉(zhuǎn)移、四肢和中軸骨轉(zhuǎn)移均與BCBM的預(yù)后有關(guān)。而前期有研究表明,年齡、單發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移、腦和內(nèi)臟轉(zhuǎn)移、HR、HER2和堿性磷酸酶等多種因素可影響B(tài)CBM患者的預(yù)后[18]。與既往研究相比,本研究結(jié)果支持四肢和中軸骨轉(zhuǎn)移是BCBM患者的重要預(yù)后因素。分析其原因可能是四肢骨和中軸骨轉(zhuǎn)移均可引起患者病理性骨折、脊髓壓迫、截癱等嚴(yán)重骨相關(guān)事件,以及繼發(fā)的下肢深靜脈血栓、褥瘡和墜積性肺炎等并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生存時(shí)間和生活質(zhì)量。
綜上,本研究闡述了不同PMI水平BCBM患者的預(yù)后特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)低PMI水平會顯著增加BCBM患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對于BCBM患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行必要的康復(fù)鍛煉和運(yùn)動指導(dǎo),以維持患者的肌肉水平,進(jìn)而降低患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并提高生活質(zhì)量。
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(2023-02-24收稿 2023-05-15修回)
(本文編輯 胡小寧)