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摻釹釔鋁石榴石激光聯(lián)合脫敏牙膏封閉牙本質(zhì)小管后抗酸蝕的效果評(píng)價(jià)

2023-11-13 14:13李珍趙繼志李倩李春蘭蔡文常金蘭楊文東
關(guān)鍵詞:酸蝕牙膏

李珍 趙繼志 李倩 李春蘭 蔡文 常金蘭 楊文東

摘要:目的? 評(píng)估摻釹釔鋁石榴石(Nd∶YAG)激光和含有氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)的脫敏牙膏不同應(yīng)用順序?qū)ρ辣举|(zhì)小管封閉效果的影響。方法? 選擇12顆完整的新鮮拔除的人第三磨牙制備成0.8 mm厚牙本質(zhì)片,將每個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片再分為4小片,取其中3小片,用6%的檸檬酸進(jìn)行腐蝕,隨機(jī)分配至以下3組(n=12):(1)對(duì)照組:無(wú)處理;(2)Nd∶YAG激光+牙膏(TB)組:先用Nd∶YAG激光照射,后用脫敏牙膏刷牙;(3)TB+Nd∶YAG組:先用脫敏牙膏刷牙,后用Nd∶YAG激光照射。Nd∶YAG激光照射參數(shù)均為:1 W,15脈沖/s,脈沖寬度150 μs,照射10 s,6個(gè)循環(huán)。經(jīng)上述處理后,將Nd∶YAG+TB組和TB+Nd∶YAG組的12個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片隨機(jī)分配到4個(gè)亞組(n=3),分別在可口可樂(lè)液中接受酸蝕0、5、10、15 min。采用掃描電子顯微鏡觀察各組牙本質(zhì)片并拍片,由8名單盲檢查員根據(jù)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出評(píng)分,采用方差分析對(duì)各組評(píng)分進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果? 酸蝕前,Nd∶YAG+TB組和TB+Nd∶YAG組的牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分分別為(4.83±0.09)分和(3.85±0.66)分,均明顯高于對(duì)照組的(0.10±0.07)分(P均<0.0001),Nd∶YAG+TB組與TB+Nd∶YAG組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.0590)。Nd∶YAG+TB組酸蝕5、10、15 min牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分分別為(4.33±0.60)、(4.27±0.24)、(3.63±0.07)分,與TB+Nd∶YAG組的(4.04±0.10)、(3.76±0.59)、(3.17±0.29)分差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。在Nd∶YAG+TB亞組中,酸蝕15 min牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分明顯低于酸蝕前(P=0.0011)。在TB+Nd∶YAG組中,酸蝕前后牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論? 適當(dāng)參數(shù)的Nd∶YAG激光照射結(jié)合使用脫敏牙膏,不論先后順序,均可以產(chǎn)生良好的牙本質(zhì)小管封閉效果,但是先用脫敏牙膏刷牙后用Nd∶YAG 激光照射組在酸蝕后的牙本質(zhì)封閉效果更穩(wěn)定。

關(guān)鍵詞:摻釹釔鋁石榴石激光;牙本質(zhì)敏感癥;酸蝕;牙膏

中圖分類號(hào): R78? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A? 文章編號(hào):1000-503X(2023)05-0809-05

DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15697

Effect of Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Combined With Desensitizing Toothpaste on Dentinal Tubule Occlusion Against Acid Challenge

LI Zhen1,ZHAO Jizhi1,LI Qian1,LI Chunlan1,CAI Wen1,CHANG Jinlan2,YANG Wendong1

1Department of Stomatology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China

2Beijing Innovation Center,Procter & Gamble,Beijing 101312,China

Corresponding author:YANG Wendong? Tel:010-69151740,E-mail:yangwendong@pumch.cn

ABSTRACT:Objective? To assess the effects of different application sequences of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet(Nd∶YAG)laser and the desensitizing toothpaste containing stannous fluoride on dentinal tubule occlusion.Methods? Twelve intact third molars freshly extracted from human were selected and prepared into dentin slices with a thickness of 0.8 mm.Each dentin slice was subdivided into four small slices,three of which were etched with 6% citric acid and randomly assigned to the following three groups(n=12):(1)control group:no treatment;(2)Nd∶YAG+toothbrushing(TB)group:first irradiated with Nd∶YAG laser and then brushed with desensitizing toothpaste;(3)TB+Nd∶YAG group:first brushed with desensitizing toothpaste and then irradiated with Nd∶YAG laser.The Nd∶YAG laser irradiation were carried out at 1 W,15 pulses/s,and the pulse width of 150 μs for 10 s(for a total of 6 cycles).After the above treatment,the 12 dentin slices from the Nd∶YAG+TB and TB+Nd∶YAG groups were randomly assigned to four subgroups(n=3)and subjected to acid etching in the Coca-Cola solution for 0,5,10,and 15 min.A scanning electron microscope was used to observe and photograph the dentin slices in each group,and eight single-blinded examiners scored the slices according to uniform criteria.The analysis of variance was carried out to compared the scores between groups.Results? Before acid etching,the dentin tubule occlusion scores of the Nd∶YAG+TB and TB+Nd∶YAG groups were(4.83±0.09) scores and(3.85±0.66) scores,respectively,which had no significant difference between each other(P=0.0590)and were higher than that[(0.10±0.07)scores]of the control group(both P<0.0001).The dentin tubule occlusion scores of the Nd∶YAG+TB group after acid etching for 5,10,and 15 min were(4.33±0.60)scores,(4.27±0.24)scores,and(3.63±0.07)scores,respectively,which were not significantly different from those[(4.04±0.10)scores,(3.76±0.59)scores,and(3.17±0.29)scores,respectively]of the TB+Nd∶YAG group(all P>0.05).In the Nd∶YAG+TB subgroup,the dentin tubule occlusion score after acid etching for 15 min was significantly lower than that before acid etching(P=0.0011).In the TB+Nd∶YAG group,there was no statistically significant difference in the score between before and after acid etching(P>0.05).Conclusions? Nd∶YAG laser irradiation with appropriate parameters combined with the use of desensitizing toothpaste could produce an excellent occluding effect on dentinal tubules regardless of the sequence.However,brushing with desensitizing toothpaste followed by Nd∶YAG laser irradiation produced more consistent dentin sealing after acid etching.

Key words:neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet;dentin hypersensitivity;acid etching;toothpaste

Acta Acad Med Sin,2023,45(5):809-813

牙本質(zhì)敏感是指暴露的牙本質(zhì)對(duì)外界刺激產(chǎn)生的短而尖銳的疼痛,這種疼痛不能歸因?yàn)槠渌魏涡问降难例X缺陷或疾病,典型的刺激包括溫度刺激、吹氣刺激、機(jī)械性刺激、滲透壓刺激和化學(xué)刺激[1]。2008年我國(guó)開(kāi)展的橫斷面調(diào)查顯示,40.7%的20~69歲受檢者自述都有牙本質(zhì)敏感癥狀[2]。被學(xué)者廣泛接受的流體動(dòng)力學(xué)說(shuō)認(rèn)為,開(kāi)放的牙本質(zhì)小管中液體流動(dòng)的速度或方向發(fā)生改變是造成牙本質(zhì)敏感的主要原因。機(jī)械地堵塞或改變牙本質(zhì)小管的直徑,從而改變小管內(nèi)的液體流動(dòng),被認(rèn)為是治療牙本質(zhì)敏感的最有效方法[3]。使用抗敏感牙膏刷牙是治療牙本質(zhì)敏感最常用的方法,其主要機(jī)制是其形成不溶性氟化鈣晶體機(jī)械性沉淀于牙本質(zhì)小管內(nèi),然而在酸性環(huán)境下這些晶體會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而逐漸降解[4],因此尋求長(zhǎng)期有效的牙本質(zhì)小管封閉效果,是一直以來(lái)的研究熱點(diǎn)。

激光脫敏治療憑借其安全、起效迅速、療效相對(duì)持久等優(yōu)點(diǎn),近年越來(lái)越受到學(xué)者們的關(guān)注[5-7]。Nd∶YAG激光是應(yīng)用最早且療效最為穩(wěn)定的一種治療牙本質(zhì)敏感的激光,激光束照射在暴露的牙本質(zhì)表面,局部產(chǎn)生高溫使牙本質(zhì)小管表面熔化并重新結(jié)晶形成混合層覆在牙本質(zhì)表面,進(jìn)而封閉或者縮小牙本質(zhì)小管口[6]。當(dāng)Nd∶YAG激光與含氟物質(zhì)結(jié)合時(shí),脫敏效果更加持久[7-8]。Hsu等[9]將Nd∶YAG激光與含氟牙本質(zhì)脫敏劑結(jié)合使用,發(fā)現(xiàn)閉塞劑被融化在牙本質(zhì)小管中,并且對(duì)維生素C的酸蝕具有抵抗力。Nd∶YAG激光與諾華敏、精氨酸牙膏類的脫敏牙膏相結(jié)合使用時(shí),比單獨(dú)使用激光或牙膏能封閉更多的牙本質(zhì)小管[7,10]。有研究顯示,一種含有穩(wěn)定氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)的新型多功效牙膏不僅在刷牙時(shí)提供有效的活性氟離子,還能產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的含錫化合物,有效抵抗牙本質(zhì)敏感[5]。本研究評(píng)估了Nd∶YAG激光聯(lián)合含有亞錫-氟系統(tǒng)多效牙膏使用的不同應(yīng)用順序?qū)ρ辣举|(zhì)小管封閉效果的影響,進(jìn)一步測(cè)試了各種組合的抗酸能力強(qiáng)弱,以期為牙本質(zhì)敏感的治療提供新的思路。

材料和方法

牙齒來(lái)源? 2022年1月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院頜面外科門診因阻生或異位生長(zhǎng)等原因完整拔除的人類第三磨牙共12 顆。要求牙冠完整無(wú)齲洞,無(wú)充填體,牙齒無(wú)牙髓及根尖病變。拔出后的牙齒用刮匙去除根面軟組織,置于4 ℃生理鹽水中。用金剛砂盤從釉牙骨質(zhì)界處截去牙根,再?gòu)难拦诓坑匝辣举|(zhì)界以下少許平行切除冠部牙釉質(zhì),完全暴露牙本質(zhì)。制備成0.8 mm厚度的牙本質(zhì)片[5]。磨拋牙本質(zhì)片表面變光滑平整,牙科金剛砂盤在每個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片上刻1個(gè)十字型印跡,將其分為4 個(gè)大致相等的牙本質(zhì)片,每顆牙隨機(jī)選取3個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片,完全隨機(jī)分到3組中,并對(duì)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行編號(hào),總共36個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片。所有的牙本質(zhì)片投入6%檸檬酸中酸蝕1 min,然后置于去離子水中超聲清洗3 min,去除沾污層暴露牙本質(zhì)小管后備用。

實(shí)驗(yàn)分組和處理? 采用隨機(jī)、對(duì)照、單盲的體外研究方法,將36個(gè)暴露牙本質(zhì)小管的牙本質(zhì)片隨機(jī)分為以下3組(n=12):(1)對(duì)照組:不進(jìn)行激光照射或刷牙處理。(2)Nd∶YAG+TB組:牙本質(zhì)片先接受Nd∶YAG激光(Fotona,斯洛文尼亞;波長(zhǎng)1064 nm,輸出功率0~11 w,脈沖輸出[5])照射,然后用含有穩(wěn)定氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)的多功效牙膏(佳潔士,中國(guó);含有6100 ppm Sn,1450 ppm F[5])。具體為:由1名醫(yī)生對(duì)12個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片進(jìn)行Nd∶YAG激光照射;激光參數(shù):功率1 W,頻率15 Hz,脈沖寬度150 μs,10 s,6個(gè)循環(huán),非聚焦模式,距離牙片5 mm,320 μm光纖頭,照射角度為45°~60°。激光處理后將牙本質(zhì)片浸泡在人工唾液中1 h,用電動(dòng)牙刷蘸少許多功效牙膏刷牙片1 min,5個(gè)循環(huán)。最后將各組12個(gè)牙本質(zhì)片再隨機(jī)分為4個(gè)亞組(n=3),分別在可口可樂(lè)液(中國(guó)可口可樂(lè)公司,pH2.44)中進(jìn)行酸蝕挑戰(zhàn)0、5、10、15 min。(3)TB+Nd∶YAG組:牙本質(zhì)片先接受牙膏刷牙,然后進(jìn)行Nd∶YAG激光照射,除Nd∶YAG激光和牙膏的應(yīng)用順序不同外,其余處理程序和亞組分配與Nd∶YAG+TB組相同。

掃描電子顯微鏡檢查和照片分析? 所有牙片的處理面都用掃描電子顯微鏡(S-4800,日本日立,×1000)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,每個(gè)牙片均隨機(jī)拍攝3張顯微照片。牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉程度由8名單盲檢查員根據(jù)以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給出評(píng)分[5]:0分:牙本質(zhì)小管完全開(kāi)放;1分:超過(guò)90%的牙本質(zhì)小管開(kāi)放;2分:牙本質(zhì)表面部分覆蓋有熔融的再結(jié)晶保護(hù)層,71%~90%的牙本質(zhì)小管開(kāi)放;3分:牙本質(zhì)表面覆蓋著不連續(xù)的保護(hù)層,保護(hù)層存在裂縫,51%~70%的牙本質(zhì)小管開(kāi)放;4分:牙本質(zhì)表面覆蓋著不連續(xù)的保護(hù)層,保護(hù)層存在孔隙,只有20%~50%的牙本質(zhì)小管開(kāi)放;5分:牙本質(zhì)表面覆蓋著連續(xù)的保護(hù)層,保護(hù)層沒(méi)有明顯的孔隙,牙本質(zhì)小管完全封閉。8名單盲檢查員均經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)并通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致性測(cè)試(Kappa>0.6)。

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理? 采用SAS 9.4統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,Shapiro-Wilk方法進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示本研究中數(shù)據(jù)均服從正態(tài)分布,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用方差分析進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn),Tukey法進(jìn)行多組比較,雙側(cè)P<0.05提示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

掃描電子顯微鏡檢查結(jié)果? 對(duì)照組中牙本質(zhì)小管全部開(kāi)放,管徑均勻,表面清潔無(wú)沾污層。Nd∶YAG+TB組經(jīng)過(guò)激光和牙膏刷牙處理后,牙本質(zhì)表面被覆均勻連續(xù)的保護(hù)層,幾乎封閉住所有的牙本質(zhì)小管口;隨著酸蝕時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),牙本質(zhì)小管口逐漸被打開(kāi);酸蝕15 min后大多數(shù)牙本質(zhì)小管口部分開(kāi)放。TB+Nd∶YAG組牙本質(zhì)表面被覆熔融樣再結(jié)晶保護(hù)層,幾乎所有的牙本質(zhì)小管口都被封閉或者縮?。凰嵛g5~10 min后,牙本質(zhì)表面沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯變化;酸蝕15 min后,沒(méi)有被保護(hù)層覆蓋的牙本質(zhì)小管口的直徑略有擴(kuò)大(圖1)。

各組牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分的比較? 酸蝕前,Nd∶YAG+TB組和TB+Nd∶YAG組的牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分分別為(4.83±0.09)分和(3.85±0.66)分,均明顯高于對(duì)照組的(0.10±0.07)分(P均<0.0001),Nd∶YAG+TB組與TB+ Nd∶YAG組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.0590)。

Nd∶YAG+TB組酸蝕5、10、15 min牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分分別為(4.33±0.60)、(4.27±0.24)、(3.63±0.07)分,與TB+Nd∶YAG組的(4.04±0.10)、(3.76±0.59)、(3.17±0.29)分差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。 在Nd∶YAG+TB亞組中,酸蝕15 min牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分明顯低于酸蝕前(P=0.0011)。在TB+Nd∶YAG組中,酸蝕前后牙本質(zhì)小管封閉評(píng)分間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

討論

本研究選擇了一種含氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)為脫敏劑的多效脫敏牙膏,含有氟化鈉作為活性成分(1450 ppm F)和氯化亞錫(6100 ppm Sn)作為關(guān)鍵賦形劑[5],這兩種元素在刷牙行為中協(xié)同結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生亞錫-氟絡(luò)合物。氟化亞錫可以與牙本質(zhì)上的各種可溶性礦物離子形成沉淀,迅速沉積,封閉牙本質(zhì)小管[11-12],體外研究顯示這種牙膏可以單獨(dú)在牙本質(zhì)上形成一個(gè)表面涂層,滲透到牙本質(zhì)小管中[13]。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激光器單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合脫敏劑使用可以在封閉牙本質(zhì)小管的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[14],Nd∶YAG激光與脫敏劑相結(jié)合則是一種更有效的治療策略,并具有即時(shí)和持久的效果[15-16]。

既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Nd∶YAG激光和含有氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)牙膏的聯(lián)合運(yùn)用可以更有效地封閉牙本質(zhì)小管[5]。使用半導(dǎo)體激光與諾華敏牙膏[17]、精氨酸牙膏[18]聯(lián)合治療時(shí)較單獨(dú)使用牙膏或者激光時(shí),牙本質(zhì)小管封閉得更好。本研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論Nd∶YAG激光和含有氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)牙膏應(yīng)用的先后順序如何,兩者聯(lián)合使用都能使大部分牙本質(zhì)小管表面封閉,雖然Nd∶YAG+TB組對(duì)牙本質(zhì)小管的封閉效果比TB+Nd∶YAG組好,但無(wú)明顯差異。推測(cè)原因可能是當(dāng)牙本質(zhì)片被Nd∶YAG激光照射處理后,在牙本質(zhì)小管表面形成了一個(gè)不連續(xù)的不均勻的融化狀保護(hù)層,再用牙膏刷牙后,整個(gè)牙本質(zhì)表面又被一層脫敏牙膏均勻覆蓋,彌補(bǔ)了表面的不平整,因此所有牙本質(zhì)小管都處于或接近封閉狀態(tài)。但是在Nd∶YAG+TB亞組中,酸蝕15 min時(shí)封閉的牙本質(zhì)小管逐漸被打開(kāi),說(shuō)明牙膏與牙本質(zhì)表面的結(jié)合主要還是機(jī)械嵌入(沒(méi)有黏連),因此該覆蓋物的穩(wěn)定性在經(jīng)受一段時(shí)間酸蝕后會(huì)被破壞。而TB+Nd∶YAG各亞組在面對(duì)酸蝕挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)表現(xiàn)出更大的穩(wěn)定性,本研究結(jié)果與Xiao等[19]研究一致,即Nd∶YAG激光誘導(dǎo)的牙本質(zhì)小管閉塞顯示出良好的耐酸性。Hsu等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Nd∶YAG激光照射可以將封閉劑融入牙本質(zhì)小管,從而增強(qiáng)抵抗酸蝕和刷牙的影響,進(jìn)一步證明激光聯(lián)合脫敏材料治療牙本質(zhì)敏感的效果能更持久。

綜上,本研究結(jié)果顯示,使用適當(dāng)參數(shù)的激光照射和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刷牙治療,Nd∶YAG激光聯(lián)合含有氟化亞錫系統(tǒng)的脫敏牙膏處理牙面,不論哪種應(yīng)用順序,均可獲得極高的牙本質(zhì)小管封閉率。其中TB+Nd∶YAG組較Nd∶YAG+TB組在應(yīng)對(duì)酸蝕挑戰(zhàn)時(shí),表現(xiàn)出更好的封閉穩(wěn)定性。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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(收稿日期:2023-05-26)

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