林麗嫦
讀后續(xù)寫要求考生根據(jù)原文提供的故事內(nèi)容,續(xù)寫出與原材料情節(jié)邏輯合理,語言風(fēng)格一致的故事結(jié)尾。因此,考生在進(jìn)行續(xù)寫時(shí)除了要考慮情節(jié)是否合理以外,還要模仿原文語言風(fēng)格,盡量與原文一致。
一、讀后續(xù)寫文本材料的語言特點(diǎn)
從表1可看出近三年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷的讀后續(xù)寫所提供原材料皆屬于人與自我語境下的記敘文,具有敘述性語言和描寫性語言相結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)。在句式方面以簡(jiǎn)單句為主,復(fù)合句為輔,其中復(fù)合句又以狀語從句居多,定語從句及賓語從句也涉及。原材料所使用語言雖簡(jiǎn)樸但生動(dòng)細(xì)膩、富有情感,具有極強(qiáng)的畫面感。因此,考生在續(xù)寫過程中,應(yīng)該結(jié)合記敘文的語言風(fēng)格特點(diǎn),分析原材料的措辭、句式和修辭手法,從而續(xù)寫出與原材料語言風(fēng)格契合度高的短文。
二、存在問題
下面我們以2023年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫為例分析考生在續(xù)寫時(shí)語言上存在的主要問題:
1.用詞過于生僻。如[例1]中的exhilarated和triumph。有些考生,尤其是程度比較好的考生想多使用所謂的“高級(jí)詞匯”,在續(xù)寫時(shí)選用一些超綱的詞匯,以此來體現(xiàn)自己的高超水平,卻弄巧成拙讓續(xù)寫內(nèi)容與原材料在措辭上風(fēng)格不一致??v觀近三年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫原材料中的約300詞并沒有出現(xiàn)超綱詞匯。敘事類文章,要保持語言的生動(dòng)性與故事性,要表意、傳情并且流暢,這些都遠(yuǎn)重要于個(gè)別詞匯是否高級(jí)。
2.刻意追求句式多樣化及“高級(jí)句式”。如[例1]中使用了兩個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) “an award ceremony would be held in three days”及 “When my name was announced, …”,但原材料的語言風(fēng)格都是偏口語化,所使用的句子均為主動(dòng)語態(tài)。此外,[例1]中“With prize cup in one hand and award certificate in the other hand, I threw my eyes at my teacher, who gave me a thumbs up, with his eyes twinkling with pleasure and pride.”考生使用了一個(gè)累贅的結(jié)構(gòu)“with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語+主句+who引導(dǎo)的定語從句+with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”,全句共33詞。簡(jiǎn)單的句意如果刻意用過于復(fù)雜的句式來表達(dá)的話反而會(huì)顯得成分結(jié)構(gòu)贅余,造成閱卷老師理解困難。
3.濫用修辭手法。原材料的句子是比較平實(shí)和口語化句子,而[例2]中 “I was seemly on the nine cloud”就使用了夸張的修辭,[例3]中使用了比喻。與作者“My family came from Brazil, so English was only my second language.”的非英語為母語的人物形象不吻合。
4.續(xù)寫內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)過多的直接引語。如[例4]中都是通過作者與老師之間直接的對(duì)話來進(jìn)行續(xù)寫,過多的對(duì)話會(huì)讓文章顯得啰嗦,缺乏緊湊感,并限制心理、動(dòng)作等細(xì)節(jié)描寫的空間,而且文章中加入過多的冒號(hào)和引號(hào)也會(huì)讓閱卷老師看著亂。
三、下水作文賞析
A few weeks later, when I almost forgot the contest, there came the news. My essay ranked first!I could hardly believe it as I read the announcement on the school bulletin board. But after rechecking the announcement, I burst into tears. I was exactly the first-award winner! My hard work, persistence, and the support of my teacher had paid off. I was invited to deliver a speech on the award presentation. I explained why I chose this special subject and even acted out one-role play as Reveres horse on the stage, which made the audience laugh out. (87words)
I went to my teachers office after the award presentation. At the sight of him, I threw myself into his arms, showing him my trophy and certificate of honor proudly. He laughed happily and said, “Congratulations! If youre willing to apply yourself, youll have a good shot at everything.” At that moment, I realized that the true gift he gave me wasnt just the encouragement to enter the contest, but the belief in my own potential. With that belief, I would keep going on my path, like Reveres horse. (89words)
上文共11句,其中簡(jiǎn)單句8句,復(fù)合句3句,符合原材料的句式特征。語言平實(shí),既符合一個(gè)母語為非英語的中學(xué)生的語言特點(diǎn),簡(jiǎn)潔不繁復(fù),但形象生動(dòng),富有朝氣活力。作者的情感與心理描寫也合邏輯,續(xù)寫內(nèi)容與原材料故事發(fā)展走勢(shì)相符,并與原材料環(huán)環(huán)相扣。
考生在平時(shí)進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫練習(xí)過程中要養(yǎng)成揣摩原材料語言風(fēng)格的習(xí)慣,根據(jù)原材料在詞匯選擇、句式、語法結(jié)構(gòu)和修辭手法上進(jìn)行遣詞造句,如果原材料利用的簡(jiǎn)單句較多,而復(fù)合句較少,那么續(xù)寫部分就應(yīng)多利用簡(jiǎn)單句進(jìn)行描寫和敘事,而不要過多使用復(fù)合句??忌陂喿x原材料時(shí)要留意簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句以及特殊句型,如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句等的使用情況,不能為追求詞句的高級(jí)和復(fù)雜,刻意將不符合原材料語言風(fēng)格的詞句生搬硬套到續(xù)寫內(nèi)容中。在保證語篇連貫和語言風(fēng)格一致的前提下,創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá)新的內(nèi)容,這樣才能讓續(xù)寫部分與原材料保持高度融合。
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷