涂兵 陳鈞麟 練沛榮 夏虹 易紅蕾
【摘要】目的明確胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤定義,建立其臨床分型,并根據(jù)術(shù)前臨床分型選擇胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤手術(shù)治療策略。方法回顧性分析2018年1月—2023年1月南部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院收治的11例胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤患者。根據(jù)腫瘤與胸腰椎相對解剖位置的關(guān)系,將橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離≥6 cm的腫瘤定義為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤,并制定新的臨床分型,即椎旁型(腫瘤未超過椎體前緣)和椎前型(腫瘤超過椎體前緣)。對椎旁型采用后路腫瘤切除術(shù),對椎前型行后路聯(lián)合前路腫瘤切除術(shù)。術(shù)后1周、3個月、6個月、12個月及每年行X線、CT及MRI檢查,評價腫瘤切除情況、是否復發(fā)及脊柱穩(wěn)定性、內(nèi)固定情況;定期隨訪并評估術(shù)后疼痛改善情況。結(jié)果椎旁型8例,5例行后路腫瘤切除術(shù)+內(nèi)固定術(shù),3例行后路腫瘤切除術(shù)。椎前型3例,2例行后路+前路腫瘤切除術(shù),1例行后路+前路腫瘤切除術(shù)+內(nèi)固定術(shù)。術(shù)前與術(shù)后JOA及VAS評分差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(分別為P=0.03;P<0.001)。術(shù)后組織病理學確診為神經(jīng)鞘瘤9例,神經(jīng)纖維瘤2例。11例均獲隨訪。隨訪時間 6個月~2年。所有患者術(shù)后復查均未見腫瘤復發(fā),神經(jīng)癥狀均明顯改善,胸腰背部無酸痛感,內(nèi)固定無松動、斷裂。結(jié)論腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離≥6 cm為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤,可分為椎旁型和椎前型。椎旁型采用單純后路腫瘤切除術(shù)即可實現(xiàn)滿意切除;椎前型宜采用后路聯(lián)合前路腫瘤切除術(shù)方能實現(xiàn)滿意切除。
【關(guān)鍵詞】胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤;臨床分型;手術(shù)策略
【中圖分類號】R739.41;R651【文獻標志碼】A【文章編號】16727770(2024)02015105
Surgical treatment strategy of giant dumbbell paraspinal tumors at thoracolumbar junction TU Bing, CHEN Junlin, LIAN Peirong, et al. Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the Southern Theater Command of the PLA of China, Guangzhou 510010, China
Corresponding author: YI Honglei
Abstract: ObjectiveTo clarify the definition of giant paraspinal dumbbell tumor at thoracolumbar junction and establish the clinical classification. The surgical treatment strategy of giant paraspinal dumbbell tumor at thoracolumbar junction was selected according to the preoperative clinical classification. Methods11 patients with giant paraspinal dumbbell tumors at the thoracolumbar junction admitted to General Hospital of the Southern Theater Command of China from January 2018 to January 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the relationship between the tumor and the relative anatomical position of the thoracolumbar vertebrae, the distance between the transverse farthest end of the tumor and the posterior midline of the spine ≥6 cm was defined as a huge dumbbell tumor at the thoracolumbar junction, and a new clinical classification was established, paraspinal type (tumor not exceeding the anterior edge of vertebral body) and prevertebral type (tumor exceeding anterior edge of vertebral body). Posterior tumor resection was performed for paraspinal type and posterior combined with anterior tumor resection for prevertebral type. Xray, CT and MRI examinations were performed at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and every year to evaluate tumor resection, recurrence, spinal stability and internal fixation, spinal cord nerve function was evaluated, and postoperative pain improvement was evaluated. ResultsIn8 cases of paraspinal type, posterior tumor resection with fixation was performed in 5, and simple posterior tumor resection was performed in 3. In 3 cases of prevertebral type, posterior combined with anterior resection was performed in 2, and posterior combined with anterior resection with fixation was performed in 1. There was a statistically significant difference in JOA and VAS scores between preoperative and postoperative(P=0.03,P<0.001). Postoperative histopathology confirmed neurilemmoma in 9 and neurofibroma in 2. All 11 cases were followed up, and the followup period ranged from 6 months to 5 years. No tumor recurrence was found in all patients, the neurological symptoms were significantly improved, there was no pain in the chest, waist and back, and there was no loosening or fracture of the internal fixation. ConclusionsThe distance between the furthest transverse end of the tumor and the posterior midline of the spine ≥ 6cm is a huge dumbbell tumor at the thoracolumbar junction, which can be divided into paraspinal type and prevertebral type. Satisfactory resection can be achieved by simple posterior tumor resection in paraspinal type, and satisfactory resection can be achieved by posterior combined with anterior tumor resection in prevertebral type.
Key words: giant paraspinal dumbbell tumor at thoracolumbar junction; clinical classification; surgical treatment strategy
椎管內(nèi)外啞鈴形神經(jīng)鞘瘤多位于硬膜外,起源于脊神經(jīng)根,多見于后根。腫瘤生長緩慢,可由硬膜外順神經(jīng)根長至椎管外或硬膜內(nèi),也可由椎管外長至椎管內(nèi)[1]。椎管內(nèi)外溝通性腫瘤通過椎間孔累及椎管內(nèi)外,由于腫瘤形態(tài)多呈啞鈴形,故又稱為“啞鈴形”腫瘤。病理類型主要為神經(jīng)鞘瘤、神經(jīng)纖維瘤和惡性神經(jīng)鞘瘤[2]。胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤因在病程初期無明顯的臨床癥狀患者不易察覺,胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤盡管生長緩慢,但仍容易生長成巨大的胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤。胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤生長位置特殊,毗鄰肋骨及腎臟等腹部臟器,并且涉及巨大的椎管外腫瘤成分,手術(shù)暴露與手術(shù)切除均存在較大的困難[36]。本研究回顧性分析南部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院2018年1月—2023年1月收治的11例胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤患者,結(jié)合手術(shù)實踐經(jīng)驗,明確胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤定義,將腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離≥6 cm定義為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤,提出了新的胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤臨床分型及其對應(yīng)的手術(shù)方案,在一期腫瘤全切與減少患者創(chuàng)傷的原則上,根據(jù)術(shù)前臨床分型選擇胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤最佳手術(shù)治療策略。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料共納入胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤患者11例,其男7 例,女4例,年齡 21~61歲,平均年齡(41±13.68)歲;臨床表現(xiàn)為胸背部疼痛11例,下肢麻木8例,下肢乏力4例,步態(tài)不穩(wěn)5例,11例患者均未出現(xiàn)大小便障礙。排除其他腫瘤、脊柱畸形、脊柱骨折、脊柱感染以及結(jié)核、類風濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等病理性病變。所有患者術(shù)前均進行全脊柱正側(cè)位、胸腰椎正側(cè)位X線、胸腰椎計算機斷層掃描(computer tomography,CT)三維重建以及胸腰椎核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)平掃+增強檢查,影像學見硬膜囊及神經(jīng)根受壓,腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離6.5~8.3 cm,腫瘤椎管內(nèi)部分橫向大小0.56~1.36 cm、腫瘤椎管內(nèi)橫向占比7.3%~16.8%。術(shù)前MRI示,全部病例均存在胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤。本研究通過南部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準(審批號:NBZQZYY2024037),所有患者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2定義、臨床分型及其手術(shù)策略根據(jù)術(shù)前胸椎MRI檢查,在PACS影像系統(tǒng)上對腫瘤進行測量。將腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離≥6 cm定義為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤,并將腫瘤腹側(cè)是否超過椎體前緣作為臨界點,胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤未超過椎體前緣為椎旁型,采用后路正中入路腫瘤切除術(shù);胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤超過椎體前緣為椎前型,采用后路旁正中入路聯(lián)合前路肋緣入路腫瘤切除術(shù)。
1.3手術(shù)方法
1.3.1椎旁型術(shù)前檢查見圖1。采用后路正中入路腫瘤切除術(shù)?;颊呷「┡P位,常規(guī)消毒、鋪無菌巾;C臂機定位腫瘤節(jié)段,沿棘突后正中切口依次切開皮膚、皮下、筋膜,于棘突左右兩側(cè)行骨膜下鈍性分離推籌肌內(nèi)至橫突根部;超聲骨刀沿椎體關(guān)節(jié)突內(nèi)側(cè)緣切除相應(yīng)椎板,分離黃韌帶,顯露硬膜囊,探查腫物。絲線縫扎懸吊椎管內(nèi)腫物后神經(jīng)剝離子分離,分離腫物表面肌肉,取出椎管內(nèi)外全部腫物。
1.3.2椎前型術(shù)前檢查見圖2。采用后路旁正中入路聯(lián)合前路肋緣入路腫瘤切除術(shù)?;颊呷「┡P位,常規(guī)消毒、鋪無菌巾。C臂機定位腫瘤節(jié)段手術(shù)切口,沿棘突后正中切椎旁2 cm縱行切口依次切開皮膚、皮下、筋膜,行肌間隙入路鈍性分離椎旁肌橫突,超聲骨刀沿椎體關(guān)節(jié)突內(nèi)側(cè)緣切除相應(yīng)椎板,分離黃韌帶,顯露硬膜囊,探查腫物,神經(jīng)剝離子游離腫物。改變患者體位,取仰臥位,常規(guī)消毒、鋪無菌巾。行肋緣下切口逐層進腹,探查腹膜后巨大腫物,沿腫物包膜與側(cè)腹膜、腰大肌肉、腎周脂肪囊間隙,使用電刀及超聲刀逐步游離,取出腹膜后全部腫物。
1.4療效評估指標記錄手術(shù)時間及術(shù)中出血量,術(shù)后3 d行胸腰椎正側(cè)位X線檢查,評估內(nèi)固定及脊柱情況;行胸腰椎CT檢查評估內(nèi)固定及脊柱情況;行胸腰椎MRI平掃+增強評估腫瘤切除情況及脊髓壓迫解除情況。術(shù)后1周、3個月、6個月、12個月及每年進行隨訪,行體格檢查、臨床評價及X線、CT及MRI檢查,評價腫瘤切除情況、是否復發(fā)及脊柱穩(wěn)定性、內(nèi)固定情況。采用日本骨科協(xié)會(Japanese orthopedic association,JOA)評分評估脊髓神經(jīng)功能,并計算JOA評分改善率,JOA評分值越高脊髓神經(jīng)功能越好,反之脊髓神經(jīng)功能越差;采用疼痛視覺模擬評分(visual analogu scale,VAS)評估患者手術(shù)前后胸背部疼痛程度及改善情況。VAS評分范圍為0~10分。
1.5統(tǒng)計學分析所得數(shù)據(jù)均導入SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析,統(tǒng)計分析所得數(shù)據(jù)的均值與標準差,手術(shù)前后JOA評分、VAS評分比較采用秩和檢驗,以P<0.05認為兩變量相關(guān)性顯著。
2結(jié)果
納入的11例患者,胸腰椎交界腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離均≥6 cm,均為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤,8例胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤未超過椎體前緣,為椎旁型;3例胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤超過椎體前緣,為椎前型。11例患者手術(shù)均成功施行,術(shù)中見腫瘤與脊髓神經(jīng)根粘連,硬膜囊受壓,椎管外腫瘤較大,有完整包膜,質(zhì)地較硬,跟周圍組織分界清楚。腫瘤完全切除,手術(shù)時間(220.9±34.3)min,術(shù)中出血量(491.4±101.6)mL,術(shù)中無脊髓及動脈損傷,術(shù)后無相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。見表1。
術(shù)后X線片及CT示內(nèi)固定位置良好,MRI示腫瘤切除理想,脊髓壓迫解除。術(shù)后所有患者神經(jīng)功能障礙癥狀均有顯著改善。術(shù)后病理檢查見腫瘤的最長徑6.3~11.2cm,平均(9.5±4.4)cm,術(shù)后組織病理學確診為神經(jīng)鞘瘤9例,神經(jīng)纖維瘤2例。末次隨訪JOA評分為(14.7±2.0)分,與術(shù)前相比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.005);末次隨訪VAS為(0.27±0.5)分,與術(shù)前相比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)。所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時間為3~24個月,平均(10.1±6.5)個月,隨訪期間X線、CT示內(nèi)固定無松動或斷裂,脊柱序列良好,無腫瘤復發(fā)。見表2。
3討論
胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤生長緩慢、腫瘤通過椎間孔累及椎管內(nèi)外,胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤因在病程初期無明顯的臨床癥狀患者不易察覺,盡管胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤生長緩慢,但仍容易生長成巨大的胸腰交界椎旁啞鈴形腫瘤。胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤生長位置特殊,毗鄰肋骨及腎臟等腹部臟器,復雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及巨大的椎管外腫瘤成分,給手術(shù)帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn),手術(shù)暴露與手術(shù)切除均存在較大的困難。腫瘤分型與手術(shù)方式的選擇密切相關(guān),手術(shù)入路的選擇是胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤手術(shù)治療的關(guān)鍵。
現(xiàn)有文獻報道中,先后提出了Eden分型(Ⅰ型:硬膜內(nèi)和硬膜外;Ⅱ型:硬膜內(nèi)、硬膜外和椎旁;Ⅲ型:硬膜內(nèi)和椎旁;Ⅳ型:椎板和椎旁)、Toyama/Asazuma分型(Ⅰ型,椎管內(nèi)硬膜內(nèi)外啞鈴形腫瘤;Ⅱ型,腫瘤位于硬膜外,并累及椎間孔;Ⅲ型,腫瘤累及硬膜內(nèi),沿椎間孔生長;Ⅳ型,腫瘤侵犯前方椎體;Ⅴ型,腫瘤侵犯椎板等后方結(jié)構(gòu);Ⅵ型,腫瘤對前后方結(jié)構(gòu)均有侵犯,并穿過神經(jīng)孔,至椎旁)等脊柱啞鈴型腫瘤的分型[78],以及頸椎啞鈴型腫瘤分型[914],上述啞鈴型腫瘤分型均是在影像學軸位方向上對腫瘤進行分型。而當胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤軸向生長受周圍組織限制時,便會以縱向生長為主,因此上述啞鈴型腫瘤分型對于胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤來說并不適用。
對于大多數(shù)體積較小的胸腰椎交界腫瘤來說,通過單純后路正中入路基本就可以實現(xiàn)腫瘤的全部切除,真正有挑戰(zhàn)性的是巨大的啞鈴形腫瘤,國內(nèi)外學者提出了多種解決這一具有挑戰(zhàn)性的方法,包括單純后路入路、后路+側(cè)路入路和后路+前路入路,但仍無研究對胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤做出定義,臨床上對手術(shù)入路的選擇也取決于手術(shù)醫(yī)生的主觀經(jīng)驗,術(shù)中如果改變術(shù)式,不僅增加了手術(shù)時間,還會給患者帶來不必要的創(chuàng)傷[1520]。術(shù)前識別胸腰椎巨大交界腫瘤及其分型對于手術(shù)計劃至關(guān)重要,為此本研究界定了胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤為腫瘤橫向最遠端距脊柱后正中線距離≥6 cm,并將腫瘤腹側(cè)是否超過椎體前緣作為臨界點,胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤未超過椎體前緣為椎旁型,采用后路正中入路腫瘤切除術(shù);胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤超過椎體前緣為椎前型,采用后路旁正中入路聯(lián)合前路肋緣入路腫瘤切除術(shù)。Eden及Toyama/Asazuma各類分型均可分為椎前型和椎旁型,此分型根據(jù)胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤的生長特點,以影像學矢狀位為分型基礎(chǔ),解決了現(xiàn)有啞鈴型腫瘤分型不適用于胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤的缺點,為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤分型提供了新的思路。
本研究中,根據(jù)分型標準及對應(yīng)的手術(shù)選擇,8例為椎旁型,3例為椎前型。采用后正中入路應(yīng)先用神經(jīng)剝離子探查腫瘤所涉及的神經(jīng),在椎間孔處離斷腫瘤,先處理腫瘤在椎管內(nèi)的部分。采用后路旁正中入路聯(lián)合前路肋緣入路時先游離腫瘤在椎管外的部分,減少巨大腫瘤在術(shù)中對神經(jīng)的牽扯,再沿著腫瘤邊緣逐漸剝離至椎管內(nèi),再切除椎管內(nèi)腫瘤。胸腔、腹腔內(nèi)腫瘤常與胸膜、腹膜粘連,應(yīng)避免術(shù)中胸膜、腹膜損傷引起氣胸、氣腹。
所有患者術(shù)后均得到了滿意的臨床療效,一期手術(shù)均實現(xiàn)腫瘤完全切除,后期隨訪均未見腫瘤復發(fā)。以上臨床結(jié)果提示,此分型及手術(shù)選擇的可靠性,在保證腫瘤完全切除的同時,避免術(shù)中不必要的手術(shù)操作,解決了手術(shù)入路選擇的難題,為胸腰交界椎旁巨大啞鈴形腫瘤手術(shù)策略的選擇提供了指導。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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