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單髁置換術(shù)與全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的早期療效評(píng)價(jià)

2024-05-14 20:10吳常杰,閆幫楷,李英祥,趙新動(dòng),夏歡,馮小兵
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2024年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)膝骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎

吳常杰,閆幫楷,李英祥,趙新動(dòng),夏歡,馮小兵

摘要:目的? 評(píng)價(jià)單髁置換術(shù)(UKA)與全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(TKA)治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的早期療效差異。方法? 納入2020年6月-2022年2月于新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)第六師奇臺(tái)醫(yī)院就診的符合手術(shù)治療的膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者77例,按照治療方式不同分為UKA組(n=35)和TKA組(n=42)。UKA組予以UKA,TKA組予以TKA,比較兩組臨床指標(biāo)(手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量、住院時(shí)間)、膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛及活動(dòng)度[疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)、膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(ROM)]、預(yù)后(WOMAC評(píng)分)、經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。結(jié)果? UKA組手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間短于TKA組,術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量少于TKA組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,ROM高于術(shù)前,且UKA組VAS評(píng)分、ROM低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后1周及1、3、6、12個(gè)月WOMAC評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,且UKA組術(shù)后3個(gè)月WOMAC評(píng)分低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);UKA組術(shù)后總費(fèi)用評(píng)分低于TKA組,其中材料費(fèi)UKA組低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? UKA術(shù)式在早期緩解膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者疼痛、降低WOMAC評(píng)分、減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)方面具有更好的優(yōu)勢(shì),而TKA術(shù)式能更好地恢復(fù)患者膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,因此臨床上應(yīng)綜合評(píng)價(jià)患者預(yù)后的差異及經(jīng)濟(jì)條件后再選擇適宜的手術(shù)方式。

關(guān)鍵詞:膝骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎;單髁置換術(shù);全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度

中圖分類號(hào):R687.4? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.08.021

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)08-0109-05

Early Efficacy Evaluation of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty

in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

WU Chang-jie1,YAN Bang-kai1,LI Ying-xiang1,ZHAO Xin-dong1,XIA Huan2,F(xiàn)ENG Xiao-bing1

(1.Department of Orthopaedics,Qitai Hospital of the Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,

Changji 831800,Xinjiang,China;

2.Department of Nuclear Medicine,Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830011,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract:Objective? To evaluate the early efficacy of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.Methods? From June 2020 to February 2022, 77 patients with knee osteoarthritis who met the surgical treatment in Qitai Hospital of the Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were included. According to different treatment methods, they were divided into UKA group (n=35) and TKA group (n=42). UKA group was treated with UKA, and TKA group was treated with TKA. The clinical indexes (operation time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative drainage volume, hospitalization time), knee joint pain and activity [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), range of motion (ROM)], prognosis (WOMAC score) and economic burden were compared between the two groups.Results? The operation time and hospitalization time of UKA group were shorter than those of TKA group, and the intraoperative bleeding and postoperative drainage volume were less than those of TKA group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The VAS score of the two groups after operation was lower than that before operation, and the ROM was higher than that before operation, while the VAS score and ROM of the UKA group were lower than those of the TKA group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The WOMAC score of the two groups at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after operation was lower than that before operation, and the WOMAC score of the UKA group at 3 months after operation was lower than that of the TKA group, the differences was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total cost score of the UKA group was lower than that of the TKA group, and the material cost of the UKA group was lower than that of the TKA group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion? UKA has better advantages in relieving pain, reducing WOMAC score and reducing economic burden in patients with knee osteoarthritis in the early stage, while TKA can better restore the knee joint activity of patients. Therefore, the difference of prognosis and economic conditions of patients should be comprehensively evaluated before selecting the appropriate surgical method.

Key words:Knee osteoarthritis;Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty;Total knee arthroplasty;Range of motion

膝骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)是一種常見的退化性關(guān)節(jié)疾病[1]。全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)是目前全球公認(rèn)的治療KOA方法,該術(shù)式主要通過側(cè)向機(jī)械軸重定位來矯正內(nèi)翻畸形。TKA不僅可有效修復(fù)關(guān)節(jié),而且患者身體重力負(fù)荷幾乎不受影響[2]。而隨著醫(yī)療科技的進(jìn)步,單髁置換術(shù)(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, UKA)逐漸受到臨床關(guān)注,其主要通過植入假體來治療受影響的膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)變性隔室,同時(shí)保留不受影響的隔室。UKA術(shù)式對(duì)膝骨切除范圍小,并為患者提供了一種創(chuàng)傷較小、恢復(fù)時(shí)間更快的方法[3]。由于目前對(duì)兩種術(shù)式優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)仍有一定爭(zhēng)議,因此本研究旨在分析UKA與TKA治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的早期療效差異,以期為指導(dǎo)臨床治療提供相關(guān)理論依據(jù)。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料? 納入2020年6月-2022年2月新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)第六師奇臺(tái)醫(yī)院需要行膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)治療的患者77例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎手術(shù)適應(yīng)證[4],局部疼痛明顯,需關(guān)節(jié)置換,且膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲攣縮畸形<15°,外翻及內(nèi)翻畸形<15°;術(shù)中探查所見膝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)室及前后交叉韌帶形態(tài)及功能未見明顯受損;患者依從性較好,能夠配合后續(xù)隨訪滿1年者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):雙側(cè)前后交叉韌帶不完整;心肺功能不全不能耐受手術(shù)者。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字發(fā)分為UKA組和TKA組。UKA組35例,其中男21例,女14例;年齡52~81歲,平均年齡(67.13±11.42)歲;BMI 7.59~28.12 kg/m2,平均BMI(23.83±4.29)kg/m2。TKA組42例,其中男26例,女16例;年齡53~78歲,平均年齡(65.74±10.83)歲;平均BMI 18.14~29.49 kg/m2,平均BMI(25.12±5.36)kg/m2。兩組性別、年齡、BMI比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),可對(duì)比。本研究通過我院倫理審核,且所有患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。

1.2方法? 兩組均采用仰臥位,硬膜外麻醉后,充分暴露術(shù)區(qū)膝關(guān)節(jié)。UKA組常規(guī)消毒鋪單后在髕骨內(nèi)側(cè)上緣至髕韌帶內(nèi)側(cè)下發(fā)做弧形切口,切口充分暴露脛骨結(jié)節(jié)、脛骨平臺(tái)內(nèi)側(cè)緣,清除部分內(nèi)側(cè)半月板、局部骨贅,避免損傷鄰近相關(guān)韌帶,使用股骨間隙測(cè)量器及脛骨鋸導(dǎo)引器確定脛骨平臺(tái)內(nèi)側(cè)截骨平面,標(biāo)記后使用擺鋸鋸片進(jìn)行脛骨平臺(tái)內(nèi)側(cè)截骨,打磨后試模,置入大小相匹配的假體。TKA組取患膝正中切口,切除全半月板、骨贅及前后交叉韌帶,定位后行脛骨及股骨平臺(tái)截骨,安裝股骨及脛骨假體。兩種術(shù)式假體安裝后使用生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗關(guān)節(jié)腔,安放引流管后加壓包扎。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)? 比較兩組臨床指標(biāo)(手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量、住院時(shí)間)、膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛[于術(shù)后12個(gè)月,采用疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue score, VAS)評(píng)估膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,總分0~10分,其中0分為無痛;3分以下為輕微疼痛且患者自訴能忍受;4~6分為患者疼痛且影響睡眠,尚能忍受;7~10分為強(qiáng)烈疼痛,患者難以忍受]、膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(range of motion,ROM)(于術(shù)前及術(shù)后12個(gè)月進(jìn)行評(píng)估,測(cè)量關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)可達(dá)到的最大弧度)、預(yù)后(于術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1、3、6、12個(gè)月,采用WOMAC評(píng)分[5]進(jìn)行評(píng)估,其中評(píng)分>48分為重度;21~48分為中度;<21分為輕度)、經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[手術(shù)費(fèi)、檢查費(fèi)、材料費(fèi)、交通與住宿費(fèi)及藥費(fèi)(外用藥及口服藥等),其中材料費(fèi)包含部分患者二次住院時(shí)翻修的費(fèi)用合計(jì)]。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用?字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組臨床指標(biāo)比較? UKA組手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間短于TKA組,術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量少于TKA組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2兩組VAS評(píng)分和ROM比較? 兩組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,ROM高于術(shù)前,且UKA組VAS評(píng)分、ROM低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3兩組WOMAC評(píng)分比較? 兩組術(shù)后1周及1、3、6、12個(gè)月WOMAC評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,且UKA組術(shù)后3個(gè)月WOMAC評(píng)分低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。

2.4兩組經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)比較? UKA組術(shù)后總費(fèi)用評(píng)分低于TKA組,其中材料費(fèi)UKA組低于TKA組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。

3討論

KOA的發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,首先表現(xiàn)為膝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)分子的代謝異常,然后是解剖和生理紊亂,特征是軟骨退化、骨重塑、骨贅形成、關(guān)節(jié)炎癥和正常關(guān)節(jié)功能喪失,最終導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生[6-8]。KOA的典型影像學(xué)特征為關(guān)節(jié)軟骨和半月板的磨損引起的關(guān)節(jié)間隙變窄,以及軟骨硬化和骨贅形成[9,10]。雖然UKA和TKA均作為治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的有效方法,但兩者在手術(shù)方式上存在一定差異,如TKA術(shù)需要全膝關(guān)節(jié)的修復(fù),創(chuàng)面較大,過程也相對(duì)較為復(fù)雜,而UKA僅需要進(jìn)行局部的關(guān)節(jié)置換。然而,本研究結(jié)果顯示,UKA組手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間短于TKA組,術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量少于TKA組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這提示對(duì)于符合手術(shù)要求的患者,UKA及TKA兩種手術(shù)方式均可以在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用[11]。

部分KOA患者病程早期即可出現(xiàn)疼痛,且隨著時(shí)間推移,疼痛嚴(yán)重程度則越嚴(yán)重[12]。既往研究表明[13],大多數(shù)患者在長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年甚至更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)疼痛癥狀幾乎沒有明顯改善。本研究結(jié)果顯示,無論UKA組還是TKA組患者,術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分均較術(shù)前明顯降低,這與既往大部分研究結(jié)果相仿[14-16]。而進(jìn)一步比較發(fā)現(xiàn),UKA組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分低于TKA組,提示UKA術(shù)式在改善患者疼痛方面優(yōu)于TKA。在治療膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度方面,UKA和TKA均能明顯改善ROM的度數(shù),但TKA組術(shù)后ROM高于UKA組,說明TKA較UKA術(shù)式能更好地改善患者術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)范圍。

TKA的目的是將機(jī)械軸從病理區(qū)域轉(zhuǎn)移到正常區(qū)室,這可能伴隨疼痛緩解和功能改善,從而延遲KOA的進(jìn)展[17]。但TKA組創(chuàng)面較大,且退化的隔室依然存在,手術(shù)后腿部對(duì)齊方式存在較大變化,這對(duì)于TKA患者可能需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來適應(yīng)。相比之下,UKA是一種膝關(guān)節(jié)的局部手術(shù),術(shù)中植入的假體對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)的影響較小,并保留未受影響的小室[18],因此UKA術(shù)后的患者恢復(fù)更快。Jeon YS等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受UKA的患者在6個(gè)月時(shí)的術(shù)后活動(dòng)水平較TKA患者要快,而兩組在12個(gè)月和2年的隨訪中無顯著差異。本研究也得出類似的結(jié)果,UKA組和TKA組雖然在術(shù)后1年的隨訪中WOMAC評(píng)分均能得到改善,但UKA組需要約3個(gè)月達(dá)到輕度水平,而TKA組患者恢復(fù)至相似水平要耗時(shí)6個(gè)月。Tu Y等[20]研究顯示,與TKA相比,UKA組患者早期預(yù)后的綜合評(píng)價(jià)優(yōu)勢(shì)更突出。而Stukenborg-Colsman C等[21]則進(jìn)行了更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪,結(jié)果表明兩種術(shù)式均具有整體優(yōu)勢(shì)。基于上述原因,UKA可能較TKA在術(shù)后早期提供更好的功能預(yù)后,而長(zhǎng)期療效可能無明顯差異,故臨床上有必要對(duì)兩組患者的預(yù)后進(jìn)行更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪。

雖然上述兩組術(shù)式均能得到令人滿意的功能療效,但由于植入假體材料的特殊性,仍然給患者及其家屬帶來了較大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,UKA組術(shù)后總費(fèi)用低于TKA組,其中材料費(fèi)UKA組低于TKA組(P<0.05),與既往研究結(jié)果類似[22]。研究顯示[23],與TKA相比,UKA的手術(shù)部位感染比例較低。TKA組由于手術(shù)創(chuàng)面較大,發(fā)生緋總神經(jīng)損傷,腔內(nèi)感染等并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,繼而發(fā)生翻修的患者人數(shù)增加[24]。Smith WB 2nd等[25]采用統(tǒng)計(jì)模型來模擬40、50、60和70歲年齡段接受UKA和TKA手術(shù)患者預(yù)后的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于年齡超過50歲的患者,TKA組早期膝關(guān)節(jié)翻修率明顯高于UKA組。因此,TKA組承受更高的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)可能與并發(fā)癥及翻修比例更高有關(guān)。

綜上所述,UKA和TKA術(shù)后早期均能有效改善患者的膝關(guān)節(jié)的功能,UKA術(shù)式在緩解KOA患者疼痛,降低WOMAC評(píng)分、減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)方面具有更好的優(yōu)勢(shì),而TKA術(shù)式能更好地恢復(fù)患者膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,因此臨床上應(yīng)綜合評(píng)價(jià)患者早期預(yù)后的差異及經(jīng)濟(jì)條件后再選擇適宜的手術(shù)方式。

參考文獻(xiàn):

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收稿日期:2023-04-13;修回日期:2023-05-10

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