史桂源,朱寶菊
摘要:目的? 研究維生素D與復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)(RSA)的關(guān)系,并探討維生素D對(duì)RSA患者再次妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值。方法? 選取2020年6月-2021年6月于鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院定期圍保的120例RSA患者作為RSA組,選取50名正常孕婦作為對(duì)照組。比較兩組血清維生素D水平,以及RSA組不同妊娠結(jié)局、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)者維生素D水平,另采用Logistic回歸分析維生素D水平與RSA發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系,ROC曲線分析維生素D對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值。結(jié)果? RSA組和對(duì)照組25(OH)D水平分別為(14.92±7.01)ng/ml、(20.81±9.69)ng/ml,組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。RSA組維生素D充足及不足占比低于對(duì)照組,缺乏及嚴(yán)重缺乏占比高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。RSA組中繼續(xù)妊娠者和流產(chǎn)者25(OH)D水平分別(15.93±7.05)ng/ml、(12.48±6.38)ng/ml,組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。不同流產(chǎn)次數(shù)25(OH)D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);Logistic回歸分析顯示,維生素D缺乏是RSA發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;ROC曲線分析顯示,維生素D預(yù)測RSA患者再次發(fā)生流產(chǎn)具有一定的價(jià)值,曲線下面積為0.678,截?cái)嘀怠㈧`敏度和特異度分別為11.86 ng/ml、70.60%、60.00%。結(jié)論? 妊娠期女性的維生素D水平普遍缺乏,與正常孕婦比較,RSA患者孕早期血清維生素D水平較低;孕早期維生素D<11.86 ng/ml時(shí),RSA患者再次發(fā)生流產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn);維生素D;妊娠結(jié)局
中圖分類號(hào):R714.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.08.023
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)08-0118-04
Correlation Between Vitamin D and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion and its Predictive Value for Pregnancy Outcome
SHI Gui-yuan,ZHU Bao-ju
(Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450014,Henan,China)
Abstract:Objective? To study the relationship between vitamin D and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), and to explore the predictive value of vitamin D on the pregnancy outcome of RSA patients.Methods? From June 2020 to June 2021, 120 patients with RSA who were regularly surrounded in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were selected as the RSA group, and 50 normal pregnant women were selected as the control group. Serum vitamin D levels were compared between the two groups, as well as vitamin D levels in RSA group with different pregnancy outcomes and abortion times. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk relationship between vitamin D level and RSA. ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of vitamin D on pregnancy outcome of recurrent spontaneous abortion.Results? The levels of 25 (OH) D in the RSA group and the control group were (14.92±7.01)ng/ml and (20.81±9.69)ng/ml, respectively, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of vitamin D sufficiency and insufficiency in the RSA group was lower than that in the control group, and the proportion of deficiency and severe deficiency was higher than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The levels of 25 (OH) D in continuing pregnancy and abortion in RSA group were (15.93±7.05) ng/ml and (12.48±6.38)ng/ml, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was significant difference in 25 (OH) D level among different abortion times (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was an independent risk factor for RSA. ROC curve analysis showed that vitamin D had a certain value in predicting recurrent abortion in RSA patients, the area under the curve was 0.678, and the cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were 11.86 ng/ml, 70.60% and 60.00%, respectively.Conclusion? The vitamin D level of pregnant women is generally deficient. Compared with normal pregnant women, the serum vitamin D level of RSA patients in early pregnancy is lower. When vitamin D<11.86 ng/ml in early pregnancy, RSA patients have a higher risk of recurrent abortion.
Key words:Recurrent spontaneous abortio;Vitamin D;Pregnancy outcome
復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)(recurrent spontaneous abortion, RSA)是現(xiàn)代婦產(chǎn)科研究的熱點(diǎn)問題之一,是指與同一個(gè)性伴侶的連續(xù)發(fā)生至少2次及以上自然流產(chǎn)(包括生化妊娠),多為孕早期流產(chǎn),病因復(fù)雜[1,2]。多次的流產(chǎn)史給再次妊娠的婦女造成了極大的心理負(fù)擔(dān),因此應(yīng)該引起足夠的重視。研究表明[3-5],維生素D(vitamin D)在人體免疫、胚胎著床、胎盤的血管形成中具有一定的影響,因此維生素D缺乏(vitamin D deficiency, VDD)對(duì)胎盤的發(fā)育、胚胎著床有著不利的影響[6]。據(jù)報(bào)道[7,8],近一半的復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)女性合并VDD。在人體內(nèi),維生素D發(fā)揮主要作用的成分是25-羥維生素D[25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D],故25(OH)D是用來評(píng)估血清維生素D含量的最好檢測指標(biāo)。本研究主要目的在于研究孕早期維生素D水平和RSA的相關(guān)性,以及孕早期維生素D水平對(duì)RSA妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值,以期為RSA早期診斷及治療提供臨床依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 選取2020年6月-2021年6月于鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院定期圍保的120例RSA患者作為RSA組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②本次妊娠孕齡為5~13+6周;③宮內(nèi)單胎妊娠;④孕期規(guī)律產(chǎn)檢并于本院分娩;⑤依從性好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往合并內(nèi)分泌疾病者;②合并生殖道感染者;③近3個(gè)月使用維生素D、免疫相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)劑和干擾內(nèi)分泌的藥物者;④男方精液檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示異常者;⑤夫妻雙方染色體核型檢查結(jié)果異常者;⑥彩超檢查結(jié)果提示合并生殖道相關(guān)器質(zhì)性病變者;⑦妊娠合并腫瘤、肝炎等疾病者;⑧接受輔助生殖技術(shù)者。同期另選取50名女性作為對(duì)照組,均未合并任何不良孕產(chǎn)史。兩組年齡、BMI、孕周比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1,具有可比性。本研究由鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院的臨床倫理委員會(huì)知曉并批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):2022327),患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法? 兩組受試者均在空腹時(shí)抽取靜脈血3 ml,避光保存,離心分離血清,保存于-20 ℃下待檢。應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附(ELISA)法檢測血清25(OH)D。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]如下:充足為25(OH)D>30 ng/ml(75 nmol/L),不足為20~30 ng/ml(50~75 nmol/L),缺乏為<20 ng/ml(50 nmol/L),嚴(yán)重缺乏為<10 ng/ml(25 nmol/L)。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)? ①比較RSA組與對(duì)照組血清維生素D水平;②根據(jù)流產(chǎn)次數(shù)分組,比較不同分組間維生素D水平及差異;③妊娠結(jié)局:隨訪所有研究對(duì)象至孕28周,記錄妊娠結(jié)局,包括繼續(xù)妊娠和流產(chǎn)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 本研究數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)或Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用?字2檢驗(yàn)。維生素D水平與RSA發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系采用Logistic回歸分析。維生素D對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值使用ROC曲線分析,以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組維生素D水平比較? RSA組和對(duì)照組25(OH)D水平分別為(14.92±7.01)ng/ml、(20.81±9.69)ng/ml,組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。RSA組維生素D充足及不足占比低于對(duì)照組,缺乏及嚴(yán)重缺乏占比高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(?字2=13.583,P=0.004),見表2。
2.2 RSA組不同妊娠結(jié)局維生素D水平比較? RSA組中繼續(xù)妊娠患者85例,流產(chǎn)患者35例,其25(OH)D水平分別(15.93±7.05)ng/ml、(12.48±6.38)ng/ml,組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.3 RSA組不同流產(chǎn)次數(shù)維生素D比較? 流產(chǎn)次數(shù)為2、3、4次者25(OH)D水平分別為(17.20±7.95)ng/ml、(13.80±5.65)ng/ml、(11.59±4.34)ng/ml,組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(H=12.964,P=0.002),即隨著流產(chǎn)次數(shù)增加,維生素D水平越低。
2.4維生素D與RSA發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系分析? 維生素D水平降低是RSA發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[β=-0.086,SE=0.022,Wald值=14.678,OR(95%CI)=0.918(0.878,0.959),P<0.05]。
2.5孕早期維生素D對(duì)RSA妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測價(jià)值? ROC曲線分析顯示,孕早期維生素D水平對(duì)預(yù)測RSA妊娠結(jié)局具有一定價(jià)值,其曲線下面積為0.678。當(dāng)截?cái)嘀禐?1.86 ng/ml時(shí),其靈敏度為70.60%,特異度為60.00%,陽性預(yù)測值為45.65%,陰性預(yù)測值為81.08%,見圖1。
3討論
維生素D作為一種脂溶性類固醇激素,在陽光照射的作用下,可由皮膚內(nèi)的7-脫氫膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化生成,少量也可由食物攝取的方式獲得[10]。維生素D在肝臟內(nèi)通過羥基化作用轉(zhuǎn)化為25(OH)D。25(OH)D在血液中濃度最高、水平最穩(wěn)定,是反映體內(nèi)維生素D營養(yǎng)狀況的最佳指標(biāo)。目前維生素D缺乏在世界范圍內(nèi)極為普遍,占總?cè)丝诘?0%~80%,成為威脅全球人類健康的公共衛(wèi)生問題[11]。不同國家及地區(qū)的孕婦維生素D缺乏率差異較大。研究表明[12],美洲有42%~72%的孕婦存在維生素D缺乏,而歐洲有18%~90%。本研究納入了170名孕婦,其中有129名孕婦存在維生素D缺乏(包括嚴(yán)重缺乏),缺乏率約為75.88%。而孕期缺乏維生素D的主要原因可能是妊娠期婦女戶外活動(dòng)及接觸陽光的時(shí)間減少[13]。孕婦體內(nèi)維生素D缺乏,將嚴(yán)重威脅母胎健康。
維生素D缺乏可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致妊娠胚胎丟失、胚胎反復(fù)移植失敗、妊娠期高血壓等疾病。Li N等[14]研究了RSA女性的維生素D水平和蛻膜組織中維生素D受體的表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D缺乏與妊娠失敗有關(guān)。Andersen LB等[15]研究結(jié)果表明,低水平的25(OH)D與孕早期流產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān)。齊雅杰[16]研究也充分說明,RSA與維生素D缺乏有關(guān),并表明RSA患者在妊娠期補(bǔ)充維生素D是有意義的。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,RSA組血清25(OH)D水平降低,并且RSA組25(OH)D缺乏率及嚴(yán)重缺乏率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);且流產(chǎn)次數(shù)越多,25(OH)D水平越低。經(jīng)過多因素Logistic分析得出,25(OH)D水平降低是RSA發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。維生素D缺乏使RSA發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高的機(jī)制可能有:①體內(nèi)免疫調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞、免疫細(xì)胞因子和自身免疫抗體水平發(fā)生異常,進(jìn)而對(duì)胚胎或胎兒產(chǎn)生潛在毒性,影響妊娠的維持,最終導(dǎo)致流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生[17,18];②胎盤催乳素、人絨毛膜促性腺激素等女性激素的生成異常,從而導(dǎo)致黃體功能不足和子宮內(nèi)膜容受性降低[19];③誘發(fā)病理性高凝狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈或絨毛血管血栓形成、胎盤微循環(huán)發(fā)生障礙,影響母體與胎兒的物質(zhì)交換[20]。
另外本研究通過ROC曲線分析維生素D水平與RSA患者妊娠結(jié)局的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)孕早期25(OH)D<11.86 ng/ml時(shí),預(yù)測RSA患者再次發(fā)生流產(chǎn)的靈敏度為70.60%,特異度為60.00%,說明維生素D<11.86 ng/ml時(shí),再次發(fā)生流產(chǎn)的幾率較高,提示RSA患者孕早期應(yīng)進(jìn)行維生素D檢查,及時(shí)補(bǔ)充維生素D,避免因營養(yǎng)元素缺乏導(dǎo)致再次流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生,減少再次流產(chǎn)給患者及家庭帶來的傷害。
綜上所述,妊娠期婦女維生素D普遍缺乏,維生素D缺乏可增加RSA發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),孕早期維生素D水平可作為RSA妊娠結(jié)局的預(yù)測指標(biāo)之一。建議在臨床工作中,強(qiáng)調(diào)RSA患者常規(guī)篩查維生素D的重要性,對(duì)于維生素D缺乏的患者及時(shí)給予治療,降低再次流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生率。
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收稿日期:2023-03-24;修回日期:2023-04-06
編輯/杜帆