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免疫耐受期HBV感染者抗病毒治療的臨床爭議

2024-06-06 14:07:41胡林慧王艷
臨床肝膽病雜志 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:乙型肝炎病毒免疫耐受治療學(xué)

胡林慧 王艷

摘要: 為實(shí)現(xiàn) “2030年消除病毒性肝炎作為公共衛(wèi)生危害” 的目標(biāo), 目前針對慢性HBV感染提倡更廣泛篩查、 更積極預(yù)防和抗病毒治療。但 “慢性HBV感染免疫耐受期患者是否啟動抗病毒治療” 尚無統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn)。部分專家認(rèn)為免疫耐受期患者肝臟免疫微環(huán)境穩(wěn)定, 疾病進(jìn)展可能小, 且治療效果不佳, 不建議啟動抗病毒治療; 而另有多項(xiàng)研究提示免疫耐受期患者肝臟仍存在炎癥損傷, 有疾病進(jìn)展風(fēng)險, 接受抗病毒治療后成本效益高, 因此部分專家建議對免疫耐受期患者應(yīng)積極啟動抗病毒治療。本文對慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期的定義、 抗病毒治療的利弊進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述, 并基于既往文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行初步的系統(tǒng)分析, 以增加對慢性HBV感染免疫耐受期是否抗病毒治療的證據(jù)積累, 為未來免疫耐受期患者的規(guī)范臨床診療奠定基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞: ?乙型肝炎病毒; ?免疫耐受; ?治療學(xué)

Clinical controversies over antiviral therapy for patients in the immune-tolerant phase of hepatitis B virus infection

HU Linhui, ?WANG Yan. ? (Department of Infectious Diseases, ?Peking University First Hospital, ?Beijing 100034, ?China)

Corresponding author: ?WANG Yan, ?wangyanwang@bjmu.edu.cn ?(ORCID: ?0000-0002-8577-0527)

Abstract:

To achieve the goal of “eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health hazard by 2030”, extensive screening, active prevention, and antiviral therapy are currently recommended for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; however, no consensus has been reached on whether to initiate antiviral therapy for patients in the immune-tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection. Some experts believe that patients in the immune-tolerant phase tend to have a stable liver immune microenvironment, with a low risk of disease progression and poor response to treatment, and thus it is not recommended to initiate antiviral therapy. However, various other studies have shown that patients in the immune-tolerant phase still have inflammatory damage in the liver, with a risk of disease progression and a high level of cost effectiveness, and therefore, some experts suggest that antiviral therapy should be actively initiated for patients in the immune-tolerant phase. This article performs a literature review of the definition of patients in the immune-tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection and the advantages and disadvantages of antiviral therapy and conducts a preliminary analysis based on previous studies, in order to accumulate the evidence for whether to initiate antiviral therapy in the immune-tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection and lay a foundation for standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients in the immune-tolerant phase.

Key words: Hepatitis B virus; Immune Tolerance; Therapeutics

我國免疫耐受 (immune tolerance, IT) 期患者基數(shù)較大, 約1 584萬例[1] ?!奥訦BV感染免疫耐受期患者是否啟動抗病毒治療” 尚無統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)于IT期的定義、診斷和治療尚有很多亟待解決的問題。部分專家認(rèn)為免疫耐受期患者肝臟免疫微環(huán)境穩(wěn)定, 疾病進(jìn)展可能小, 且治療效果不佳, 對延長生存期未見明顯獲益, 不建議啟動抗病毒治療; 而另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為IT期患者肝臟仍存在炎癥損傷, 有疾病進(jìn)展風(fēng)險, 接受抗病毒治療后對于減緩疾病進(jìn)展、 減少感染患者數(shù)量、 抑制HBV的全球傳播有很大獲益。鑒于目前仍存爭議, 本文就現(xiàn)有研究對CHB患者IT期的定義、 IT期治療的不同觀點(diǎn)作匯總對比, 并基于既往文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行初步系統(tǒng)分析。

1 IT期定義

鑒于對IT期免疫應(yīng)答狀態(tài)的解讀不同, 各地區(qū)關(guān)于IT期的定義尚不統(tǒng)一 (表1)。

我國 《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南 (2022年版)》6將慢性HBV感染自然史分期分為: IT期、 免疫活動期、 免疫控制期、 再活動期。但仍有部分CHB患者并不符合通常定義的任何一種免疫狀態(tài)分期, 處于 “灰區(qū)”(grey zone,GZ)。2018年版AASLD慢性乙型肝炎指南[2] 將CHB “灰區(qū)” 分為以下4組: GZ-A: HBeAg陽性, ALT水平正常, 血清HBV DNA≤106 IU/mL; GZ-B: HBeAg陽性, ALT水平升高, 血清HBV DNA≤2×104 IU/mL; GZ-C: HBeAg陰性, ALT水平正常, 血清HBV DNA≥2×103 IU/mL; GZ-D: HBeAg陰性, ALT水平升高, 血清HBV DNA≤2×103 IU/mL。

2 IT期免疫應(yīng)答狀態(tài)

HBV導(dǎo)致的肝細(xì)胞損傷通過免疫介導(dǎo), 其嚴(yán)重程度取決于HBV與宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的相互抗衡[7] 。HBV感染慢性化的原因之一是不能有效激活過繼免疫、 病毒特異性CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞功能耗竭以及特異性B淋巴細(xì)胞功能障礙、 數(shù)量減少[8-10] 。參與抗HBV免疫反應(yīng)的大多數(shù)細(xì)胞因子及細(xì)胞毒性顆粒 (如穿孔素、 顆粒酶B等) 進(jìn)而在HBV感染慢性化過程中發(fā)揮作用[11]。同時, HBsAg、HBeAg、 HBcAg可進(jìn)一步抑制免疫細(xì)胞功能, 誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受, 臨床表現(xiàn)為ALT水平正常, HBeAg陽性, HBV DNA水平顯著升高[12] 。根據(jù)2018年版AASLD慢性乙型肝炎指南[2] , 免疫耐受是指免疫系統(tǒng)在接受特定抗原刺激后無特異性免疫應(yīng)答產(chǎn)生。然而, 有學(xué)者[13] 認(rèn)為HBV慢性感染的自然病程中不存在絕對免疫耐受狀態(tài) (即使在IT期)。Bertoletti等[14]研究證實(shí)CHB患者IT期可以產(chǎn)生完全正常的T淋巴細(xì)胞應(yīng)答; Traum等[9] 和Liang等[15] 發(fā)現(xiàn)T淋巴細(xì)胞程序性死亡受體1表達(dá)在IT期并沒有顯著增加; Kennedy等[16] 研究結(jié)果提示在IT期存在HBV特異性T淋巴細(xì)胞應(yīng)答; 甚至有研究[17-19] 發(fā)現(xiàn)IT期患者外周血輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞9、 CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T淋巴細(xì)胞以及調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞的頻率升高。但I(xiàn)T期免疫應(yīng)答相關(guān)研究結(jié)果并不統(tǒng)一。徐清浪等[20] 通過對55例IT期慢性HBV感染者的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn), IT組CD3+T淋巴細(xì)胞、CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞絕對值及比例、 CD4+/CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞比值均低于非IT組, 差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。另有研究[21] 發(fā)現(xiàn)對于病毒載量>107IU /mL的患者, 幾乎檢測不到CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞, 其缺失機(jī)制尚不清楚, 有報道稱可能部分與CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡增加有關(guān)。

3 IT期抗病毒治療的利弊

3. 1 IT期患者抗病毒可減輕肝損傷, 降低疾病進(jìn)展風(fēng)險, 成本效益高 有研究[22] 報道, ALT水平正常且HBV DNA高水平的慢性HBV感染者中有很大一部分存在肝臟炎癥。隨訪12個月, 有60%高病毒載量且血清ALT水平正?;蜉p微升高的患者出現(xiàn)明顯纖維化[23] 。一個隊(duì)列研究[24] 對IT期患者進(jìn)行肝組織活檢, 結(jié)果顯示32. 7%的IT期患者肝臟存在F≥2肝纖維化; 按AASLD定義的乙型肝炎IT期 (ALT界值: 男性<35 U/L, 女性<25 U/L) 再次界定患者, 仍有22. 7% IT期患者的肝臟存在F≥2肝纖維化, 隊(duì)列中年輕的IT期患者肝纖維化的比例甚至更高, 結(jié)果顯示<30歲的IT期患者有36. 0%存在F≥2肝纖維化。Li等[25] 發(fā)現(xiàn)IT期患者接受抗病毒治療后, 產(chǎn)生IFN-γ的恒定自然殺傷T淋巴細(xì)胞的百分比增加, 而產(chǎn)生IL-4的恒定自然殺傷T淋巴細(xì)胞的百分比減少, 提示抗病毒治療可促進(jìn)HBV清除, 緩解肝細(xì)胞免疫介導(dǎo)的損傷。

盡管HBeAg陽性的慢性HBV感染者發(fā)展為肝細(xì)胞癌 (HCC) 的概率很低, 但隨著感染持續(xù)、 年齡增長、 并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn), HCC累積發(fā)生風(fēng)險會逐年增高??共《局委熆梢詫CC 10年累積發(fā)病率降低至1. 7%以下[26] 。IT期患者進(jìn)行早期抗病毒干預(yù), 可通過抑制HBV DNA復(fù)制,從而減輕免疫介導(dǎo)的肝臟炎癥程度、 縮短炎癥持續(xù)時間, 進(jìn)而減少肝細(xì)胞再生、 降低肝細(xì)胞克隆擴(kuò)增的選擇壓力。Lai等[27] 隨訪26例IT期并接受抗病毒治療的患者, 結(jié)果顯示抗病毒治療可阻止疾病進(jìn)展、 降低HBV相關(guān)病死率。

國內(nèi)外均有研究[28-29] 通過建模比較IT期患者即刻啟動抗病毒治療與延遲至活動期再開啟抗病毒治療的成本效益, 比較預(yù)期成本和調(diào)整壽命年, 結(jié)果顯示在IT期即刻開始抗病毒治療可改善生活質(zhì)量, 減少過早死亡, 防止并發(fā)癥帶來的昂貴費(fèi)用, 更具有成本效益。

3. 2 IT期肝損傷輕微, 疾病進(jìn)展可能性小, 抗病毒療效不佳, 停藥容易復(fù)發(fā) IT期的臨床特征是高病毒復(fù)制、HBeAg陽性以及血清ALT水平正常、 無明顯肝損傷。部分學(xué)者[17]認(rèn)為IT期肝臟炎癥壞死或纖維化很少或沒有, 因此疾病進(jìn)展的總體風(fēng)險極低。Hui等[30] 對57例IT期成年患者隨訪5年, 發(fā)現(xiàn)84%患者仍處于IT期且肝纖維化程度無進(jìn)展。Chen等[31] 研究結(jié)果顯示HBV DNA水平持續(xù)高于2×106 IU/mL且ALT水平正常的患者中, 高病毒載量與預(yù)期的高肝癌風(fēng)險并不相關(guān)。全敏團(tuán)隊(duì)[32] 前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同水平的HBV DNA與HCC發(fā)生的關(guān)系并不呈線性相關(guān)。

在IT期進(jìn)行抗病毒治療, HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率低。Feld等[33] 研究結(jié)果顯示28例IT期患者抗病毒治療48周后, 只有1例 (3. 6%) 達(dá)到HBeAg陰轉(zhuǎn)。Wu等[34] 觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡<20歲、 HBV DNA>108 IU/mL、 ALT水平正常的患者抗病毒治療后病毒下降不理想, 部分患者抗病毒治療2年后HBV DNA仍>104 IU/mL。HBsAg清除或血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化被視為 “功能性治愈” 和治療終點(diǎn)。然而, IT期患者進(jìn)行抗病毒治療時 HBsAg的陰轉(zhuǎn)率很低。Kim 等[35]對5 409例接受核苷 (酸) 類似物治療的CHB患者隨訪6年后發(fā)現(xiàn)僅有110例患者實(shí)現(xiàn)了HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn) (年血清清除率為0. 33%)。

李彥霖等[36]通過檢索PubMed、 EMBASE、 Cochrane library、 中國知網(wǎng)、 萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫自數(shù)據(jù)庫建立至2020年9月CHB患者IT期抗病毒藥物治療的臨床試驗(yàn), 共納入821例患者, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)抗病毒治療結(jié)束后病毒學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)常見。Feld等[33] 亦發(fā)現(xiàn), IT期患者在停止治療后HBV DNA可反彈至基線水平。既往研究[2-4] 結(jié)果提示IT期患者抗病毒治療后不僅HBV DNA得不到有效抑制, 還可能誘發(fā)HBV耐藥突變。

4 IT期是否啟動抗病毒治療

針對CHB患者IT期的監(jiān)測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及何時是啟動抗病毒治療的最佳時機(jī), 各地區(qū)診療指南均根據(jù)年齡、 是否有HCC或肝硬化的家族史以及是否發(fā)生肝纖維化給予臨床推薦意見 (表2)。

基于既往數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)論和觀點(diǎn)尚不統(tǒng)一, 筆者檢索了PubMed、 Web of Science、 EMBASE、 Cochrane library、 中國知網(wǎng)自數(shù)據(jù)庫建立至2024年2月慢性HBV感染者IT期抗病毒治療的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn), 以HCC發(fā)生率與病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答指標(biāo)為結(jié)局指標(biāo)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)匯總及分析。嘗試系統(tǒng)評價IT期患者啟動抗病毒治療的療效和價值。以HCC發(fā)生率為結(jié)局指標(biāo), 共檢索445篇文獻(xiàn), 最終納入4項(xiàng)研究[37-40] 1 660例IT期患者, 分析結(jié)果顯示未抗病毒治療患者HCC發(fā)生率為5% (95%CI: 0. 00~0. 10), 10年發(fā)病率為6% (95%CI:?0. 01~0. 12)。以HBV DNA陰轉(zhuǎn)率、 HBeAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率、HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率為結(jié)局指標(biāo), 共檢索535篇文獻(xiàn), 最終納入4項(xiàng)研究[41-44] 230例患者, 發(fā)現(xiàn)HBV DNA陰轉(zhuǎn)率可達(dá)40% (95%CI: 0. 08~0. 72); 其中3項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HBeAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率為15% (95%CI: ?0. 01~0. 31); 其中2項(xiàng)研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn)HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率8% (95%CI: ?0. 03~0. 20)。從最大化抑制病毒的角度, IT期患者接受抗病毒治療可部分獲益。由于納入分析的研究較少, Galbraith圖提示存在發(fā)表偏倚, 漏斗圖明顯不對稱。且由于各個研究間的差異, 無法進(jìn)一步定量分析, 亟待開展更多具有肝組織學(xué)隨訪的高質(zhì)量臨床研究以進(jìn)一步明確CHB患者IT期抗病毒治療是否可以獲益。

5 討論

關(guān)于CHB患者IT期定義、 診治觀點(diǎn)不一。目前臨床亟待解決的問題是:(1) 如何從ALT水平正常人群中準(zhǔn)確識別真正的IT期患者, 對此尚缺乏確鑿的診斷依據(jù)和指標(biāo)。(2) 現(xiàn)有的抗病毒藥物治療IT期患者很難實(shí)現(xiàn)病毒清除, cccDNA的清除及HBV DNA的整合問題仍是難題。(3) 參與抗HBV免疫反應(yīng)的大多數(shù)細(xì)胞因子及細(xì)胞毒性顆粒 (如穿孔素、 顆粒酶B等) 在HBV感染慢性化過程中發(fā)揮作用, 以穿孔素、 顆粒酶為治療靶點(diǎn)延緩病情進(jìn)展的應(yīng)用前景如何?對于CHB患者IT期是否即刻啟動抗病毒治療仍需要更多高質(zhì)量大樣本的前瞻性研究來明確, 為臨床診療指明方向。

利益沖突聲明: ?本文不存在任何利益沖突。

作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明: ?胡慧林負(fù)責(zé)文章撰寫; 王艷負(fù)責(zé)結(jié)構(gòu)框

架設(shè)計并最后定稿。

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收稿日期:2024-03-03; 錄用日期:2024-04-10

本文編輯:王瑩

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