梁雷鋒 宋自曉 王仁生
摘要:放射性口腔黏膜炎(RIOM)是頭頸部腫瘤患者放療過程中最常見的并發(fā)癥之一,為早期劑量限制性毒性反應,對患者生活質(zhì)量甚至腫瘤治療效果產(chǎn)生不利影響。RIOM目前尚無預防和治療的理想方案。本文就RIOM的流行病學、癥狀和分級標準、發(fā)病機制以及預防措施的進展做一綜述,希望能為臨床實踐中處理RIOM提供參考。
關鍵詞:放射性口腔黏膜炎;放療;頭頸部腫瘤
中圖分類號:R781.5? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.11.035
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)11-0165-05
Evaluation, Pathogenesis and Prevention of Radiation-induced Oral Mucositis
Abstract:Radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is one of the most common complications in patients with head and neck cancer during radiotherapy. It is an early dose-limiting toxic reaction that adversely affects the quality of life of patients and the effect of tumor treatment. At present, there is no ideal scheme for the prevention and treatment of RIOM. This article reviews the epidemiology, symptoms and grading standards, pathogenesis and preventive measures of RIOM, hoping to provide reference for the treatment of RIOM in clinical practice.
Key words:Radiation-induced oral mucositis;Radiotherapy;Head and neck cancer
放射性口腔粘膜炎(radiation-induced oral mucositis, RIOM)是頭頸部腫瘤(head and neck cancer, HNC)放射治療中最常見的劑量限制性早期副反應,發(fā)病率幾乎為100%,在臨床上常表現(xiàn)為口腔黏膜紅斑、潰瘍、疼痛、吞咽困難、味覺障礙,以及由此導致的脫水、營養(yǎng)不良、體重下降等,嚴重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[1]。RIOM的不良后果包括完全腸外營養(yǎng)、延長住院時間、甚至放療中斷[2]。70%的3~4級RIOM患者需要插入喂養(yǎng)管,35%的患者減少治療強度或停止抗腫瘤治療[3]。然而,到目前為止,預防和干預策略僅限于如加強口腔衛(wèi)生、控制疼痛和抗感染治療的對癥措施,尚缺少統(tǒng)一的標準防治措施。本文就RIOM的發(fā)病率、癥狀分級標準、發(fā)病機制及預防措施做一綜述。
1 RIOM流行病學
歐洲臨床腫瘤學會(European Society for MediCal Oncology, ESMO)報道,接受頭頸部放療(60~70 Gy)的患者均有不同程度的口腔粘膜炎,重度RIOM(分級為3級或4級)的發(fā)生率約85%[4]。有研究納入1373例HNC患者,比較了高劑量(100 mg/m2,3~4周1次,共2次)和低劑量順鉑(≤50 mg/m2,每周1次,≥4次)同期放化療的療效和毒性,重度口腔黏膜炎(severe oral mucositis, SOM)的發(fā)生率分別為75%和40%[5]。RIOM的發(fā)病率除了與腫瘤部位、照射的區(qū)域、照射的劑量以及放療的技術有關外,還受同步治療情況的影響。
2 RIOM癥狀和分級標準
2.1 RIOM癥狀? RIOM發(fā)展的典型過程是在常規(guī)放療開始后的第2周(同期化療可能在第1周)出現(xiàn)黏膜紅斑,可伴隨疼痛或功能障礙,如吞咽困難[6]。在接下來的2~3周,被覆黏膜逐漸受到侵蝕,發(fā)展為局灶性上皮病變,緊隨其后的是融合性黏膜炎或者潰瘍,潰瘍性糜爛處一般會覆蓋著一層主要由細胞碎片、角蛋白和纖維蛋白組成的假膜。黏膜壞死和出血,在單純放療中較少見到,但在接受同期化療的患者中可能會出現(xiàn)[6]。
2.2 RIOM分級標準? 目前有不同的分級標準和量表被用來評估RIOM的嚴重程,較常見的[7-9]有世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization, WHO)標準、美國國家癌癥研究所通用不良事件術語標準(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version, CTCAE)、美國美國腫瘤放射治療協(xié)作組(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, RTOG)標準、OM評估量表(OM Assessment Scale, OMAS)、歐洲癌癥研究和治療組織生活質(zhì)量問卷(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, EORTCQLQ)、OM每日問卷(OM Daily Questionnaire, OMQD)和癌癥治療功能評估量表(Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, FACT)。Sonis ST等[10]對400項臨床試驗的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)研究者使用了CTCAE(43%)或WHO(38%)量表,10%的研究者使用特定的研究量表,5%的研究使用合作組量表,如RTOG或東部合作腫瘤組(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG)量表,也有極少部分研究使用其他量表,如斯坦福和赫齊格量表。在臨床中常用的是WHO、RTOG、CTCAE和西方癌癥護理研究聯(lián)合會(Western Consortium for Cancer Nursing Research, WCCNR)量表,見表1。
3 RIOM發(fā)病機制
目前多基于以下假設解釋RIOM發(fā)生機制,即放療在殺死快速分裂的癌細胞的同時也會殺死快速分裂的口腔黏膜細胞。放療誘導的非特異性DNA損傷會導致口腔基底細胞克隆性細胞死亡,造成上皮丟失和補充的失衡,當萎縮性損傷使上皮變薄到破裂的時候發(fā)生潰瘍。細菌定植和潰瘍的繼發(fā)感染會加速潰瘍的發(fā)生、增加潰瘍持續(xù)時間、影響潰瘍的愈合[12]。既往有研究試圖通過使用感染性病因學的方法來治療OM,但這些方法收效甚微[13]。2004年,Sonis ST[11]提出了放療療引起的OM損傷的5個階段模型:起始階段、信號傳導階段、信號放大階段、潰瘍階段和愈合階段[11]。有研究指出[3],在放療損傷的起始階段,射線直接導致致命性的DNA雙鏈斷裂,間接地造成上皮細胞、血管內(nèi)皮細胞、成纖維細胞和巨噬細胞釋放活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。在信號傳導階段,DNA斷裂和ROS的釋放主要通過3條途徑起作用:①纖維連接蛋白降解途徑,刺激巨噬細胞激活基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶;②核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)激活途徑,刺激調(diào)控促炎細胞因子腫瘤壞死因子(tumornecrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白介素1β(Interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白介素6(Interleukin-6, IL-6)的表達和釋放;③神經(jīng)酰胺途徑,通過鞘磷脂酶和神經(jīng)酰胺合成酶,造成更多的細胞凋亡和組織損傷。在信號放大階段,主要的促炎細胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)、NF-κB激活介導的靶基因轉錄,以及神經(jīng)酰胺和半胱氨酸酶對組織損傷和凋亡,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6還能通過正反饋作用回路再次引起NF-κB的激活,放大由放療引發(fā)的初級損傷。在潰瘍階段,基底膜保護性屏障消失。這會導致革蘭氏陰性和酵母菌繼發(fā)感染,從而增加更多的促炎反應,并使已經(jīng)存在的炎癥復雜化。愈合階段是從基質(zhì)信號傳遞給基底上皮細胞遷移、增殖和分化開始。目前,RIOM的發(fā)病機制尚未完全闡明,但人們認為NF-κB可能是RIOM發(fā)生和發(fā)展的關鍵調(diào)控因子[11]。
4 RIOM預防措施
4.1口腔護理? 基本的口腔護理包括為減少口腔中的細菌負荷、預防感染和緩解不適感而采取的所有措施,包括刷牙和使用牙線來清潔口腔、用溫和的漱口水漱口等。此外,任何可能的刺激物,如假牙或正畸用具,都應該在放療前調(diào)整或移除[14]。2020年多國癌癥支持治療協(xié)會/國際口腔腫瘤學會(Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/ International Society of Oral Oncology, MASCC/ISOO)更新OM的指南時推薦使用生理鹽水或碳酸氫鈉進行漱口,而不推薦應用洗必泰漱口預防OM[15]。
4.2光生物調(diào)節(jié)? 光生物調(diào)節(jié)(photobiomodulation, PBM)治療又稱為低強度激光療法,其工作原理是將入射光子能量轉移到靶細胞,進而影響細胞內(nèi)細胞器的代謝[16]。有研究報道了PBM在預防RIOM方面的效果[17-19],尤其是在延遲RIOM發(fā)病、RIOM持續(xù)時間、降低重度RIOM的發(fā)生率以及相關口腔疼痛等方面。MASCC/ISOO指南推薦了具體的參數(shù),包括波長、功率、時間、能量、治療頻率等[15]。Sandoval RL等[20]的研究指出應用波長為 660 nm的PMB對RIOM相關疼痛療效顯著,但是一項研究報道[21]波長為660 nm的PMB治療臨床無效。另外,Sonis ST等[22]關注了PBM治療是否促進腫瘤進展或復發(fā)的潛在長期風險。因此,在獲得大量長期隨訪的安全性數(shù)據(jù)之前,應謹慎考慮在已知或可能存在腫瘤的區(qū)域使用PBM。
4.3藥物預防? 鹽酸芐達明是一種非甾體抗炎藥物,通過抑制促炎細胞因子如TNF-α和IL-1β的產(chǎn)生而顯示出抗炎特性[23]。Epstein JB等[24]評估了鹽酸芐達明預防RIOM的療效,在接收中等劑量放療(50 Gy)且未同期化療的HNC患者中使用芐達明漱口水,與安慰劑相比,RIOM的嚴重程度降低了30%。MASCC/ISOO和ESMO指南推薦使用芐達明漱口水來預防OM[15,25]。也有報道芐達明漱口水在接受大于50 Gy放療劑量的情況下也能顯著降低HNC患者的OM,但同時指出在同時接受化療的患者中的作用還需要進一步評估[26]。MASCC/ISOO顯示接受放化療的HNC患者使用芐達明漱口水預防OM的證據(jù)級別為Ⅱ級推薦[15]。
中醫(yī)藥在亞洲已有1000多年的歷史,在不少難治性疾病的臨床實踐中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。在中醫(yī)理論中,放射線屬火,導致人體熱毒過盛,熱毒傷津耗氣,故RIOM病癥為陰虛和熱毒,清熱解毒、滋陰生津是中醫(yī)藥治療RIOM的總體原則[27]。宋志強等[28]報道了復方黃柏液可防治鼻咽癌放射治療所致OM和口腔疼痛。Zheng B等[29]開展一項多中心隨機、雙盲、前瞻性臨床試驗,共納入240例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,放化療方案均使用IMRT+順鉑同期化療,按照1∶1分為雙花百合片組和安慰劑組。采用基本口腔護理+雙花百合片或基本口腔護理+安慰劑的治療方案,研究結果顯示雙花百合片能降低RIOM發(fā)生率,延遲RIOM出現(xiàn)時間,以及減少重度RIOM的發(fā)生率。Luo Y等[30]納入240例接受放/化療的鼻咽癌患者,隨機接受康復新溶液(試驗組)或復方硼砂漱口劑(對照組)預防RIOM,研究結果提示,試驗組RIOM的發(fā)生率、嚴重程度及口腔疼痛發(fā)生率低于對照組。中藥組方的重復性可能欠佳,但是中成藥又不能體現(xiàn)中醫(yī)藥辨證施治的理念。
口腔微生物多樣性與宿主之間的平衡比較復雜,共生體和病理微生物之間的平衡改善可能會激活上皮細胞中的細胞保護途徑,下調(diào)局部炎癥,并改善粘膜屏障通透性[31]。在一項隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照的臨床研究中[32],共納入99例同期放化療的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,按照2∶1分為益生菌組和安慰劑組,益生菌或安慰劑的用法為:2片,3次/d口服,主要研究終點為OM的發(fā)生率,結果為安慰劑組和益生菌組的0、1、2和3級OM發(fā)生率分別為0、0、54.29%、45.71%和10.94%、51.56%、21.88%、15.63%。表明口服益生菌可改變菌群結構,增強免疫反應,降低OM的嚴重性。Xia C等[33]的研究也得出了相似的結論,并在動物模型中進一步證實益生菌可通過調(diào)節(jié)與炎癥反應相關的腸道生態(tài)失調(diào)來改善RIOM的嚴重程度。
沙利度胺是谷氨酸的衍生物。谷氨酸是一種口服非巴比妥類藥物,具有鎮(zhèn)靜和止吐活性,在20世紀50年代以其起效快和較好的安全性作為鎮(zhèn)靜劑被引入臨床[34]。然而,沙利度胺的胎兒致畸作用很快被臨床報道,并限制了其在臨床中的應用[35]。1965年有學者報道了沙利度胺對麻風病結節(jié)性紅斑的治療效果[36],隨后越來越多的研究證明沙利度胺在非病原性炎癥性疾病的抗炎作用[37]。Frings K等[38]的臨床前研究提示沙利度胺對RIOM有防護作用。另有一項多中心研究,入組160例同步放化療的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,隨機分為對照組和沙利度胺組,分別采用生理鹽水+基本口腔護理和沙利度胺(75 mg/d)+生理鹽水+基本口腔護理的干預措施,結果提示沙利度胺組和對照組OM的中位潛伏期分別為30天和14天(HR=0.32,95%CI:0.23~0.35,P<0.0001)。沙利度胺組OM和SOM的發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組,分別為87.5% vs. 97.5%(P=0.0016)和27.5% vs. 46.3%(P=0.014)[39]。進一步的研究提示沙利度胺能夠抑制口腔上皮細胞中NF-κB信號通路可能是其緩解RIOM的機制[40]。
5總結
RIOM是放療引起的正常組織損傷,是一種劑量限制性毒性,發(fā)病率高,重度RIOM會導致放療的中斷,有時可能是致命的。RIOM重在預防,包括加強口腔護理、碳酸氫鈉漱口、使用PBM及藥物預防,出現(xiàn)重度RIOM時無特效的藥物或處理措施。對RIOM發(fā)病機制的深入研究表明,新的生物標記物可能篩選出容易發(fā)生重度RIOM的人群,重點關注預防。另外,新的治療靶點的研究有助于研發(fā)更加有效的藥物。故開發(fā)更加安全有效的、個性化的RIOM干預措施仍是今后努力的方向。
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