范慧敏 張澤宇 畢穎斐
摘要 目的: 應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)和分子對(duì)接技術(shù)探討健心合劑治療慢性心力衰竭的作用機(jī)制。 方法: 通過TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索中藥復(fù)方健心合劑的中藥組分并確定其有效成分,獲取有效成分對(duì)應(yīng)的靶蛋白。運(yùn)用GeneCards、OMIM、PharmGkb、TTD、DrugBank數(shù)據(jù)庫獲取慢性心力衰竭相關(guān)蛋白;利用STRING數(shù)據(jù)庫探究藥物與疾病交集靶點(diǎn)的互作關(guān)系,通過Cytoscape.v3.8.2軟件篩選核心靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行成分.靶點(diǎn)拓?fù)浞治?;通過Rx64 4.0.2軟件對(duì)交集蛋白進(jìn)行基因本體(GO)功能富集分析、京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)通路富集分析;采用AutoDock Vina軟件對(duì)蛋白與成分進(jìn)行分子對(duì)接驗(yàn)證。 結(jié)果: 通過篩選共得到健心合劑166種活性成分、231種中藥潛在作用靶點(diǎn)。藥物與疾病交集蛋白的核心為RAC.α絲氨酸/蘇氨酸.蛋白激酶B(AKT1)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)等?;蚋患治龅玫? 971條GO功能條目、150條KEGG通路。結(jié)果表明,磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K).蛋白激酶B(AKT)、TNF等通路與慢性心力衰竭關(guān)系密切。分子對(duì)接顯示,核心蛋白與相應(yīng)成分之間均具有良好的結(jié)合能力。 結(jié)論: 健心合劑中的主要活性成分槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚、丹參酮ⅡA、黃芩素、β.谷甾醇可能作用于AKT1、MAPK1、TNF等核心靶點(diǎn),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)PI3K.AKT、TNF等信號(hào)通路治療慢性心力衰竭。
關(guān)鍵詞 ?慢性心力衰竭;健心合劑;網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué);分子對(duì)接;中醫(yī)藥
doi: ?10.12102/j.issn.1672.1349.2024.10.003
The Mechanism of Jianxin Mixture for the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology
FAN Huimin, ZHANG Zeyu, BI Yingfei
First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Corresponding Author ?BI Yingfei, E.mail: yingfei1981@163.com
Abstract Objective: To explore the mechanism of Jianxin mixture for treating chronic heart failure based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. ?Methods: TCMSP database was used to search the traditional Chinese medicine components in Jianxin mixture and identify the active ingredient,and the corresponding target proteins were obtained.GeneCards,OMIM,PharmGkb,TTD and DrugBank databases were used to obtain chronic heart failure related proteins.The interaction between drug and disease intersection targets was investigated by STRING database,and core targets were screened by Cytoscape.v3.8.2 software for composition.target topology analysis.The gene ontology(GO) function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed by Rx64 4.0.2 software.AutoDock Vina software was used to verify the molecular docking between proteins and components. ?Results: A total of 166 kinds of active ingredients and 231 kinds of potential targets of Chinese medicine were obtained by screening.The core of drug and disease intersection proteins were RAC.α serine/threonine.protein kinase B(AKT1),mitogen.activated protein kinase 1(MAPK1),tumor necrosis factor(TNF).Gene enrichment analysis obtained 2 971 GO function terms and 150 KEGG pathways.The results showed that phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase.protein ?kinase B(PI3K.AKT) and TNF pathways were closely related to chronic heart failure.Molecular docking showed that the core proteins had good binding ability with the corresponding components. ?Conclusion: The main active ingredients in Jianxin mixture,such as quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,tanshinone ⅡA,baicalein and β.sitosterol,might act on core targets such as AKT1,MAPK1 and TNF,and then regulate PI3K.AKT,TNF and other signaling pathways for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
Keywords ?chronic heart failure; Jianxin mixture; network pharmacology; molecular docking; traditional Chinese medicine
慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)是指心臟長期受到致病因素刺激后發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)或功能改變,臨床常見疲乏、呼吸窘迫、水腫等癥狀或體征 ?[1] 。中醫(yī)學(xué)將CHF歸屬于“心悸”“水腫”等范疇,認(rèn)為其是由于多種心臟疾病惡化或心臟本身氣血陰陽虧耗所致功能紊亂,產(chǎn)生瘀血、痰飲等病理產(chǎn)物,標(biāo)本互作致使病情進(jìn)一步惡化 ?[2] 。健心合劑源自《中國中醫(yī)秘方大全》,是 近現(xiàn)代龔傳鼎醫(yī)家針對(duì)CHF的經(jīng)驗(yàn)方,由葶藶子、桑 ?白皮、丹參、紅花、桃仁、赤芍組成,功在利水化飲、活血消瘀,有助于消除瘀血、痰濕等病理產(chǎn)物。方中葶藶子、桑白皮有利水化飲之效,有助于加快代謝病理性積液,配以丹參、紅花、桃仁、赤芍活血通脈,臨床應(yīng)用頗為靈驗(yàn)。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)依托于公共數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、生信分析,借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型進(jìn)行可視化分析,多維度揭示藥物對(duì)疾病的調(diào)控機(jī)制,在中藥復(fù)方領(lǐng)域,為解析藥物成分與生物效應(yīng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)提供了精準(zhǔn)的預(yù)測與解析,進(jìn)而開拓了現(xiàn)代藥物研究的新模式。分子對(duì)接技術(shù)可演算得到受體與配體之間的親和力及結(jié)合形式,為藥物的篩選與評(píng)價(jià)提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。鑒于健心合劑治療CHF的顯著療效,本研究采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)及分子對(duì)接技術(shù)探討該處方治療CHF的作用機(jī)制,旨在為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究與臨床實(shí)踐提供參考和方向。
1 健心合劑改善心力衰竭的現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究
1.1 葶藶子
葶藶子治療CHF表現(xiàn)為利尿、正性肌力、抑制心室重構(gòu)及保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞等多維度的藥理作用 ?[3] 。相關(guān)研究表明,葶藶子主要通過降低血清Na +、心鈉素、腦鈉素濃度,調(diào)節(jié)肺、腎水液代謝相關(guān)蛋白以發(fā)揮利尿作用 ?[4] ,減少CHF病人體內(nèi)液體潴留,減輕液體過載對(duì)心臟的負(fù)擔(dān)。葶藶子可減輕心肌細(xì)胞凋亡與氧化應(yīng)激損傷 ?[5] ,為抑制CHF進(jìn)展中的病理性心室重構(gòu)提供支持 ?[6] 。葶藶子及其提取物可顯著提高心肌收縮力,優(yōu)化心臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué),從而提高心功能 ?[7] 。
1.2 桑白皮
桑白皮可改善心力衰竭大鼠心功能,有效降低腦鈉肽(BNP)、肌鈣蛋白I(cTnI)及腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF.α)水平,增加大鼠尿量,表現(xiàn)出抗心力衰竭作用 ?[8] 。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),桑白皮通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)、內(nèi)皮依賴途徑、促進(jìn)一氧化氮合酶(NOS)合成和一氧化氮(NO)釋放等引起血管舒張 ?[9.11] ,減輕心臟后負(fù)荷。桑白皮對(duì)NO的調(diào)節(jié)可作用于支氣管,達(dá)到松弛目的,發(fā)揮平喘功能 ?[12] ,有助于一定程度緩解CHF的臨床癥狀。桑白皮中的總黃酮成分具有良好的鎮(zhèn)咳和祛痰作用 ?[13] 。
1.3 丹參
丹參及其組分可有效抑制血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)誘導(dǎo)的心房鈉尿肽、c.Fos、c.Jun、β.肌動(dòng)蛋白的過度表達(dá) ?[14.15] ,降低心肌細(xì)胞Ca ?2+ 水平,進(jìn)一步阻斷心肌肥厚信號(hào)向核內(nèi)的傳導(dǎo) ?[16.17] ,延緩CHF進(jìn)展。通過調(diào)控凋亡基因蛋白表達(dá),可發(fā)揮抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的效應(yīng),從而保護(hù)心肌 ?[18] 。丹參的有效組分丹參酮ⅡA可作用于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K).蛋白激酶B(AKT).哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞自噬,減輕心肌氧化應(yīng)激損傷 ?[19] 。丹參酮ⅡA還可抑制還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)/還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶的活性,并提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,從而有效清除氧自由基,抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng),保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的功能 ?[20] 。
1.4 紅花
相關(guān)研究表明,紅花.葶藶子藥對(duì)通過調(diào)控miRNA.22/轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β 1(TGF.β 1)信號(hào)通路,抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和膠原合成,減輕心肌梗死后心力衰竭小鼠的心肌重構(gòu) ?[21] 。已證實(shí)紅花中的關(guān)鍵活性成分紅花黃色素在臨床應(yīng)用中能顯著改善冠心病心力衰竭病人BNP水平及心功能 ?[22] ,降低肺源性心臟病心力衰竭病人心肌損傷標(biāo)志物及血清超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs.CRP)水平,抵抗炎癥反應(yīng)并減輕心肌損害 ?[23] 。另有研究表明,紅花黃色素A對(duì)離體心肌細(xì)胞線粒體有保護(hù)作用,可緩解其腫脹,增強(qiáng)膜的流動(dòng)性,顯著抑制由羥自由基觸發(fā)的線粒體脂質(zhì)過氧化,緩解大鼠心肌線粒體損傷 ?[24] 。
1.5 桃仁
目前桃仁單藥在改善CHF的臨床應(yīng)用研究相對(duì)有限,已有的部分研究對(duì)揭示其潛在的藥理作用提供了思路。桃仁可抑制去甲腎上腺素引起的縮血管作用,降低血管阻力 ?[25] ,能為減輕心臟后負(fù)荷提供理論支持。另有研究表明,桃仁可調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)代謝并抑制炎癥反應(yīng),一定程度發(fā)揮降脂穩(wěn)斑的作用 ?[26] ,減少心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。桃仁具有抗血小板聚集、抗血栓形成、改善急性心肌梗死大鼠心肌缺血損傷 ?[27] 的作用,可能為防治CHF并發(fā)癥及改善預(yù)后等提供新的治療方向。
1.6 赤芍
研究表明,赤芍中的重要活性成分赤芍總苷可改善心肌細(xì)胞電生理,縮小缺血區(qū)面積,減低心肌酶學(xué)指標(biāo)活性,這種作用呈劑量依賴性 ?[28.29] 。赤芍總苷可穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞膜,保護(hù)內(nèi)源性抗氧化酶活性,清除自由基,達(dá)到保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞的目的 ?[30] 。赤芍總苷通過減輕心肌缺血大鼠血清炎癥水平,保護(hù)缺血心肌細(xì)胞線粒體的相對(duì)完整性,從而縮小大鼠心肌梗死面積 ?[31] 。赤芍總苷對(duì)RAS同源基因家族成員A(RhoA)/Rho相關(guān)卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶(ROCK)通路可發(fā)揮抑制作用,以降低線粒體膜電位及提高游離Ca ?2+ 水平,減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡 ?[32.33] 。
1.7 健心合劑的現(xiàn)代藥理作用及臨床應(yīng)用概述
中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為CHF的發(fā)生是心氣虛弱無力鼓動(dòng)血脈,致使心血瘀阻,痰濕、水飲、瘀血等病理產(chǎn)物蓄積進(jìn)一步損及陰陽,以致惡性循環(huán)。CHF病機(jī)總屬本虛標(biāo)實(shí),多見虛實(shí)夾雜。健心合劑具有利水、消瘀之功,臨床療效頗佳。相關(guān)研究表明,健心合劑可顯著改善CHF病人心功能 、運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量和中醫(yī)證候療效,降低60 d 再住院率 ?[34] 。該方可有效調(diào)控過度激活的神經(jīng)和內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)心肌病理性重構(gòu)的逆轉(zhuǎn),延緩CHF的病程 ?[35] 。早期應(yīng)用健心合劑治療效果優(yōu)于晚期治療,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了其在預(yù)防CHF中的重要作用。在動(dòng)物模型研究中,健心合劑可顯著增加大鼠心臟冠狀動(dòng)脈血流量、心肌收縮幅度,減慢心率,改善微循環(huán) ?[36] 。還可通過調(diào)節(jié)線粒體內(nèi)鈣、鎂含量及相關(guān)酶活性,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗心肌缺血的作用 ?[37] 。
2 資料與方法
2.1 藥物活性成分的收集與篩選
運(yùn)用TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php), 以赤芍、丹參、紅花、桑白皮、桃仁、葶藶子為檢索詞,設(shè)定口服生物利用度(OB)≥30%、類藥性(DL)≥0.18為篩選條件獲取中藥的有效成分。通過TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫根據(jù)有效成分ID查詢靶蛋白,導(dǎo)入U(xiǎn)niProt 數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.uniprot.org/)進(jìn)行名稱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理。
2.2 疾病靶點(diǎn)預(yù)測
基于OMIM數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://omim.org/)、GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫 (http://www.genecards.org/)、PharmGkb數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.pharmgkb.org/)、TTD數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://db.idrblab.net/ttd)和DrugBank數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.drugbank.ca/),以“chronic heart failure”為關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行檢索,對(duì)CHF相關(guān)蛋白進(jìn)行收集、整理。
2.3 蛋白.蛋白互作(PPI)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建與分析
為獲取藥物與疾病的交集靶點(diǎn),保存為Drug.Disease,將所得結(jié)果輸入STRING數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://string.db.org)分析蛋白相互作用關(guān)系。利用Cytoscape.v3.8.2軟件以度值、介度、緊密度、網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心性和局部邊緣通性均大于中位值為限定條件進(jìn)行2次篩選,最終得到核心蛋白。
2.4 藥物成分.疾病靶點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建
將健心合劑活性成分和靶蛋白導(dǎo)入Cytoscape.v3.8.2 軟件,進(jìn)行可視化處理,構(gòu)建成分.靶點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖中,化合物和靶點(diǎn)用節(jié)點(diǎn)表示,節(jié)點(diǎn)之間相互作用的關(guān)系用邊表示。
2.5 基因本體(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因與基因組百科全書(KEGG)通路富集分析
將Drug.Disease通過Rx64 4.0.2軟件以 P <0.05為篩選條件進(jìn)行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析,GO功能富集分析主要包括生物過程(biological process,BP)、分子功能(molecular function,MF)和細(xì)胞組成(cellular component,CC)。將GO富集分析得到的3個(gè)部分取排名居前10位的功能繪制條形圖;將KEGG通路富集分析獲取的前30條通路繪制KEGG氣泡圖。
2.6 分子對(duì)接驗(yàn)證及篩選
將PPI排名居前3位的核心蛋白為受體,相應(yīng)的藥物成分為配體進(jìn)行分子對(duì)接分析。通過PubChem數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)獲取成分的2D結(jié)構(gòu)并借助Chem3D.exe軟件進(jìn)行3D轉(zhuǎn)化及結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,保存為lig.mol2。在PDB數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.rcsb.org/)中獲取蛋白的晶體結(jié)構(gòu),通過PyMOLWin.exe軟件去除H 2O和小分子配體,保存為 rep.pdb。將rep.pdb和lig.mol2導(dǎo)入AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 軟件轉(zhuǎn) 化為PDBQT文件和確定活性口袋文件grid.gpf, 最后,利用AutoDock Vina和PyMOLWin.exe進(jìn)行分子對(duì)接和可視化處理。
3 結(jié) 果
3.1 健心合劑活性成分的收集與篩選
基于TCMSP數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢健心合劑成分,經(jīng)篩選后得到活性成分166種,其中赤芍29種、丹參65種、紅花22種、桑白皮31種、桃仁23種、葶藶子12種。對(duì)這些有效成分進(jìn)行靶標(biāo)預(yù)測,通過UniProt進(jìn)行名稱標(biāo)化,獲得231種靶蛋白。詳見表1。
3.2 疾病靶標(biāo)的篩選及PPI網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建
通過OMIM、GeneCards、 PharmGkb、TTD、DrugBank 等數(shù)據(jù)庫共獲得3 125種CHF相關(guān)蛋白。將疾病蛋白與藥物靶點(diǎn)取交集,結(jié)果顯示,188種交集蛋白即為健心合劑作用于CHF的靶點(diǎn)。將交集蛋白輸入STRING數(shù)據(jù)庫獲得蛋白互作關(guān)系后通過Cytoscape 軟件篩選核心蛋白(見圖1),圖中紅色節(jié)點(diǎn)代表核心蛋白,綠色節(jié)點(diǎn)代表相關(guān)蛋白。其中,核心蛋白主要為RAC.α絲氨酸/蘇氨酸.蛋白激酶B(AKT1)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)等。
3.3 成分.靶點(diǎn)拓?fù)鋱D的構(gòu)建
利用Cytoscape.v3.8.2軟件對(duì)成分.靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行拓?fù)浞治觯?76個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)、952條邊,詳見圖2。內(nèi)部紅色三角形代表靶蛋白,外部環(huán)形代表藥物成分,黃色圓形為桑白皮,青色圓形為桃仁,墨綠色圓形為葶藶子,灰色圓形為赤芍,藍(lán)色圓形為丹參,粉紅色圓形為紅花,混合顏色為多種藥物共有的成分。結(jié)果顯示, 健心合劑主要成分為槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚、丹參酮ⅡA、 黃芩素、β.谷甾醇等;度值排名居前10位的靶蛋白分別為前列腺素G/H合酶1/2、雌激素受體、雄性激素受體、鈉通道蛋白5亞基α、碳酸酐酶2、二肽基肽酶4、胰蛋白酶1、乙酰膽堿酯酶、β 2腎上腺素能受體??梢?,健心合劑治療CHF具有多組分、多靶點(diǎn)的優(yōu)勢。
3.4 GO和KEGG富集分析
GO功能富集分析共獲得2 971個(gè)條目,其中BP為2 631條,主要包括氧代謝、含氧量反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激、藥物反應(yīng)、化學(xué)應(yīng)激等;CC為126條,主要與突觸前膜、突觸后膜、質(zhì)膜筏等有關(guān);MF為214條,主要涉及兒茶酚胺結(jié)合、G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體活性、藥物結(jié)合等。詳見圖3。
KEGG通路富集分析共獲得150條信號(hào)通路。詳見圖4。圖中縱坐標(biāo)代表通路名稱,橫坐標(biāo)代表基因的占比,圓圈面積代表富集在該通路上基因的數(shù)目,顏色代表富集程度,紅色越深提示富集顯著性越強(qiáng)。結(jié)果顯示,PI3K.AKT、TNF等信號(hào)通路與CHF關(guān)系密切。PI3K.AKT通路涉及心肌細(xì)胞肥大、凋亡和心肌纖維化等機(jī)制 ?[38.39] ;TNF.α等炎性細(xì)胞因子過高加劇CHF病人血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂及心肌重塑 ?[40] ??梢?,健心合劑通過多通路對(duì)CHF發(fā)揮治療作用。
3.5 分子對(duì)接驗(yàn)證及篩選
受體與配體間自由能<-7 kcal/mol(-29.29 kJ/mol) 表示結(jié)合等級(jí)強(qiáng)烈 ?[41] 。通過分子對(duì)接驗(yàn)證PPI核心靶點(diǎn)中排名居前3位的AKT1、MAPK1、TNF與相應(yīng)成分黃芩素、β.谷甾醇、山柰酚、木犀草素、槲皮素及丹參酮ⅡA之間的對(duì)接程度,結(jié)果表明,靶蛋白與對(duì)應(yīng)化合物分子之間結(jié)合能均<-29.29 kJ/mol(見表2),其中與AKT1結(jié)合能最低的化合物為β.谷甾醇(-40.17 kJ/mol),與MAPK1結(jié)合能最低的化合物為木犀草素(-38.07 kJ/mol),與TNF結(jié)合能最低的化合物為丹參酮ⅡA(-39.75 kJ/mol)。將靶蛋白與對(duì)應(yīng)化合物構(gòu)建分子對(duì)接模式圖,詳見圖5。說明藥物成分與作用靶點(diǎn)之間具有良好的結(jié)合能力。
4 討 論
本研究應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)與分子對(duì)接技術(shù)探討健心合劑與CHF的關(guān)系,治療CHF涉及的成分、靶點(diǎn)、通路等具體機(jī)制。成分.靶點(diǎn)拓?fù)浞治鲲@示,健心合劑主要通過槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚、丹參酮ⅡA、黃芩素、β.谷甾醇等活性成分協(xié)同調(diào)控CHF進(jìn)程。現(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,上述成分通過抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化、抗血栓、抗凋亡等途徑阻止或延緩心室重構(gòu)進(jìn)展 ?[42.46] 。其中,槲皮素在此基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)張血管并增強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答,在生化及組織學(xué)異常狀態(tài)的修復(fù)中具有積極的作用 ?[47] ;木犀草素可正向調(diào)節(jié)心肌細(xì)胞收縮功能,抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞過度增殖和遷移,有效清除自由基 ?[48.50] ;山柰酚通過阻斷AKT/糖原合成酶激酶.3β(GSK.3β)和p38絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)等通路,抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡 ?[51.52] ,并基于調(diào)節(jié)Ca ?2+ 攝取誘導(dǎo)改善線粒體能量代謝和心肌細(xì)胞功能 ?[53] ;丹參酮ⅡA主要通過調(diào)節(jié)AMPK/mTOR介導(dǎo)的自噬通路發(fā)揮心臟保護(hù)作用 ?[54.56] ,抑制鈣調(diào)磷酸酶/Nfatc3途徑,調(diào)控心臟電生理特性,改善心臟肥大 ?[57] ;β.谷甾醇和黃芩素兼有殺菌、降脂、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、抑制血管重構(gòu)、增強(qiáng)免疫及延緩心肌衰老等綜合效應(yīng) ?[58.60] 。
PPI網(wǎng)絡(luò)排名居前3位的核心蛋白為AKT1、MAPK1(ERK1)、TNF,可能是健心合劑改善CHF的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)。AKT1是絲裂原活化蛋白激酶家族中的成員,在調(diào)節(jié)心臟生長、衰老、糖和脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂等多種級(jí)聯(lián)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用 ?[61] 。AKT蛋白缺失可能導(dǎo)致早期收縮功能障礙,增加罹患心力衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ?[62] ,其可激活心臟中內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),增加心臟毛細(xì)血管密度,延緩心肌的病理性改變 ?[63.64] 。MAPK是多種生化信號(hào)的整合點(diǎn),參與細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控和發(fā)育等關(guān)鍵過程。激活MAPK1可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和分化,有效減少細(xì)胞凋亡 ?[65.67] 。木犀草素通過MAPK和PI3K.AKT途徑修復(fù)內(nèi)皮功能,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,優(yōu)化心肌收縮功能 ?[68.69] 。TNF是一種細(xì)胞因子,主要由巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,對(duì)免疫反應(yīng)、炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡、增殖和分化具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。TNF.α在心肌細(xì)胞中通過干擾Ca ?2+ 穩(wěn)態(tài)發(fā)揮負(fù)性肌力效應(yīng) ,可能觸發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡途徑 ?[70.71] 。TNF.α 可刺激其他促炎細(xì)胞因子合成 ?[72] ,破壞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶與其抑制劑的穩(wěn)定性,加速細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解 ?[73] 。丹參酮ⅡA可降低細(xì)胞TNF.α水平,緩解炎癥反應(yīng),減輕心肌損傷 ?[74] ,通過抑制核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子.κB/TNF.α途徑,進(jìn)一步減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡 ?[75] 。
KEGG通路富集分析結(jié)果中與心力衰竭關(guān)系密切的通路涉及PI3K.AKT、TNF等途徑。TNF信號(hào)通路旨在通過激活MAPK和NF.κB信號(hào)通路,共同導(dǎo)致編碼促炎基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄上調(diào) ?[76] 。在CHF發(fā)展過程中,多種有害因素引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)促進(jìn)TNF等炎性因子或細(xì)胞因子的自分泌和旁分泌,進(jìn)而通過調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分子激活PI3K.AKT和ERK通路 ?[40,77.79] 。PI3K.AKT通路的激活可刺激下游效應(yīng)分子,導(dǎo)致成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活性增強(qiáng)及心肌組織中促凋亡因子的釋放,加重心室重構(gòu),心肌順應(yīng)性、收縮力和同步性降低,心肌生理性電化學(xué)活動(dòng)障礙,折返環(huán)和單向阻滯,最終造成心肌生理電化學(xué)性和組織物理結(jié)構(gòu)特性的重大改變 ?[80.81] 。ERK信號(hào)通路是MAPK信號(hào)通路家族的一個(gè)重要分支,在關(guān)鍵的細(xì)胞過程(包括細(xì)胞存活和增殖)控制中發(fā)揮著重要作用,該通路被激活后以正反饋調(diào)節(jié)方式磷酸化ERK1/2的上游蛋白激酶,如Sos蛋白(SOS)、Raf.1蛋白激酶(Raf.1)和絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MEK),啟動(dòng)與成纖維細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá),導(dǎo)致膠原合成異常增多,促進(jìn)心肌纖維化改變,加劇病人血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂及心肌重塑 ?[82.83] 。
綜上所述,借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)和分子對(duì)接技術(shù)探索出健心合劑可能通過槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚、丹參酮ⅡA、黃芩素、β.谷甾醇等活性成分對(duì)TNF通路、PI3K.AKT通路和ERK通路的多個(gè)信號(hào)傳遞環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)施調(diào)控以抑制CHF的發(fā)展,顯示了該方通過多通路、多靶點(diǎn)、多組分調(diào)節(jié)疾病病理進(jìn)程的中醫(yī)優(yōu)勢,該結(jié)果與臨床實(shí)踐及療效預(yù)期吻合。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)和分子對(duì)接技術(shù)僅考慮藥物活性成分的吸收情況和結(jié)合能力,未衡量其在復(fù)方中的含量及相互反應(yīng)等問題,存在局限性,一定程度與中藥辨證論治的整體觀念相悖。今后需進(jìn)一步探索這些成分在體內(nèi)的真實(shí)濃度、藥物之間的協(xié)同效應(yīng)或潛在的拮抗作用,為精確的藥效預(yù)測和治療方案提供依據(jù)。隨著多組學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,今后可從代謝組學(xué)全方位、多角度地揭示健心合劑對(duì)CHF的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)和潛在治療機(jī)制。
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(收稿日期:2023.09.19)
(本文編輯 薛妮)