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避雨和補光對西番蓮產(chǎn)量、果實品質(zhì)及光合特性的影響

2024-06-30 12:38:12滕堯王葉李嘉昱張小英陳彩霞張孫健龍秀琴
果樹學報 2024年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:西番蓮光合特性果實品質(zhì)

滕堯 王葉 李嘉昱 張小英 陳彩霞 張孫健 龍秀琴

摘? ? 要:【目的】探討避雨和補光對西番蓮產(chǎn)量和果實品質(zhì)的影響,為西番蓮設(shè)施栽培提供參考?!痉椒ā抗┰嚥牧蠟樘鸸忘S果西番蓮(Passiflora edulis f. favicarpa),觀測避雨(RS)、補光(L)、避雨+補光(RSL)和露地栽培(CK)等不同栽培模式下西番蓮結(jié)果枝生長、果實發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量,可滴定酸、總糖、總游離氨基酸、維生素C、總酚、總黃酮、β-胡蘿卜素含量等果實品質(zhì)指標,葉綠素a和葉綠素b含量,凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、胞間二氧化碳濃度、氣孔導度等光合特性指標。【結(jié)果】與CK相比,L能使結(jié)果枝粗度顯著增加,果實轉(zhuǎn)色加快3 d,果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量平均增加13%,葉綠素含量略有增加,凈光合速率提高20%,對果實縱橫徑和產(chǎn)量無顯著影響;RS和RSL會使結(jié)果枝更細長,RS會延緩果實轉(zhuǎn)色8 d,產(chǎn)量提高20%,果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量平均減少26%,凈光合速率降低50%,RSL會延緩果實轉(zhuǎn)色4 d,產(chǎn)量提高23%,果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量平均減少20%,凈光合速率降低37%,RS和RSL葉綠素含量均顯著增加,對果實縱橫徑無顯著影響。【結(jié)論】避雨能增加產(chǎn)量,補光能提高果實品質(zhì),可根據(jù)實際需求使用。

關(guān)鍵詞:西番蓮;避雨;補光;產(chǎn)量;果實品質(zhì);光合特性

中圖分類號:S667.9 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)06-1170-11

Effect of rain shelter and light supplement on yield, fruit quality and photosynthetic characteristics in passion fruit

TENG Yao1, 2, WANG Ye2, LI Jiayu2, ZHANG Xiaoying2, CHEN Caixia2, ZHANG Sunjian1, LONG Xiuqin2*

(1Institute of Mountain Resources of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China; 2Guizhou Botanical Garden, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Passion fruit is native to South America, and because of its unique aroma and flavor, passion fruit is favored in the domestic fruit market in recent years. However, Guizhou and other provinces where the passion fruit is mainly cultivated generally use the open field cultivation, which is susceptible to environmental conditions, so the yield and quality performance of passion fruit is not stable, which affects the economic benefits of passion fruit seriously. As the auxiliary measures of cultivation, rain shelter and light supplement can effectively improve the yield or quality of many vegetables and fruit crops. In order to find the methods which can stabilize performance of passion fruit, in this study, we conducted the rain shelter cultivation and light supplement cultivation, to reveal the effect of the rain shelter and light supplement on the yield and fruit quality of passion fruit, and find the possible contributing causes, so as to provide reference for efficient cultivation of passion fruit. 【Methods】 The test material was sweet passion fruit, and four treatments were set, including Rain Shelter (RS), Light Supplement (L), Rain Shelter + Light Supplement (RSL) and open field cultivation as the control (CK). The surveyed indexes include: branch length, internode length and thickness, longitudinal fruit diameter and transverse fruit diameter, colour-changing period, average fruit number and weight of individual tree, yield, intrinsic quality of the fruit (titratable acid, total sugar, total free amino acids, vitamin C, total phenols, total flavonoids and β-carotene), content of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, photosynthetic properties (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductivity and intercellular CO2 concentration). 【Results】 In contrast to the control, Light Supplement (L) indicated: there was no significant effect on the branch length and internode length, while it could significantly increase the internode thickness by 4%; there was no significant effect on the longitudinal fruit diameter and transverse fruit diameter, but it could accelerate the fruit color change by 3 d (5%); there was no significant effect on the yield, but it could increase the titratable acid content by 3% and the total sugar content by 2%, and the total free amino acids content significantly increased by 12%, the vitamin C content significantly increased by 9%, the total phenols content significantly increased by 13%, the total flavonoids content significantly increased by 38%, the β-carotene content significantly increased by 19%, and the chlorophyll-a content significantly increased by 11%; there was no significant effect on the chlorophyll-b content, but the net photosynthetic rate significantly increased by 20%, the transpiration rate significantly increased by 8%, the stomatal conductance significantly increased by 19%, and there was no significant effect on the intercellular CO2 concentration. Rain Shelter (RS) indicated: the branch length significantly increased by 19%, the internode length significantly increased by 26%, the internode thickness significantly decreased by 20%, but ther was no significant effect on the longitudinal fruit diameter and transverse fruit diameter, and the fruit color change was delayed by 8 d (14%), yield significantly increased by 20%, the titratable acid content significantly decreased by 14%, the total sugar content significantly decreased by 11%, the total free amino acids content significantly decreased by 7%, the vitamin C content significantly decreased by 6%, the total phenols content significantly decreased by 64%, the total flavonoids content significantly decreased by 43%, the β-carotene content significantly decreased by 37%, the chlorophyll-a content significantly increased by 10%, the chlorophyll-b content significantly increased by 37%, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased by 50%, the transpiration rate significantly decreased by 62%, and the stomatal conductance significantly decreased by 55%, the intercellular CO2 concentration significantly decreased by 7%. Rain Shelter + Light Supplement (RSL) indicated: the branch length significantly increased by 19%, internode length significantly increased by 7%, the internode thickness significantly decreased by 6%, while there was no significant effect on the longitudinal fruit diameter and transverse fruit diameter, and the fruit color change was delayed by 4 d (7%), yield significantly increased by 23%, the titratable acid content significantly decreased by 8%, the total sugar content significantly decreased by 10%, the total free amino acids content significantly decreased by 6%, the vitamin C content significantly decreased by 4%, the total phenols content significantly decreased by 50%, the total flavonoid content significantly decreased by 37%, the β-carotene content significantly decreased by 25%, the chlorophyll-a content significantly increased by 19%, the chlorophyll-b content significantly increased by 40%, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased by 37%, the transpiration rate significantly decreased by 46%, and the stomatal conductance significantly decreased by 51%, but there was no significant effect on the intercellular CO2 concentration. 【Conclusion】 Light Supplement (L) can significantly improve the leaf photosynthetic characteristics, increase the nutrient contents in fruit, and accelerate the time of fruit color change, but cannot effectively increase the yield. Rain Shelter (RS) and Rain Shelter + Light Supplement (RSL) can significantly increase the yield, but it may lead to the decline of the plant photosynthesis characteristics and the intrinsic fruit quality, and delay the time of fruit color change. All indicators of RSL were better than RS, indicating that light supplement can compensate for the influence of insufficient light, but the effect of light source in this test is apparently less than that of natural light. Rain shelter and light supplement should be used according to the actual requirements.

Key words: Passion fruit; Rain shelter; Light supplement; Yield; Fruit quality; Photosynthetic characteristic

西番蓮是原產(chǎn)于熱帶地區(qū)的西番蓮科(Passifloraceae)西番蓮屬(Passiflora Linn.)草本或常綠攀緣木質(zhì)藤本多年生植物,國外一般稱“Passion fruit”[1],并根據(jù)口味的酸甜分為酸果型西番蓮(sour passion fruit)[2]和甜果型西番蓮(sweet passion fruit)[3]。國內(nèi)則習慣根據(jù)果皮顏色將可食用西番蓮分為“紫果”和“黃果”兩大類,也常將二者統(tǒng)稱為“百香果”,甜果型黃果西番蓮(P. edulis f . favicarpa)因甜度高、香氣多樣而成為當前主栽的鮮食品種[4]。

西番蓮在貴州和國內(nèi)其他主栽省份的種植模式主要是露地栽培,貴州西番蓮的花果期集中在6—9月,此時貴州正值多雨夏季[5],受雨水及高溫影響,存在傳粉昆蟲減少、病蟲害高發(fā)、花粉活力降低及落花落果等問題,制約了貴州西番蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。避雨設(shè)施栽培可避免雨水機械損傷、調(diào)節(jié)棚內(nèi)小氣候環(huán)境、降低病蟲害發(fā)生率并提高果樹開花坐果率[6-7],是減輕環(huán)境不利影響的有效措施,但對避雨栽培的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),避雨棚膜對光照的抑制率為25%~50%[6],植物長期處于弱光環(huán)境下會導致光合效率降低從而出現(xiàn)生長發(fā)育遲緩、枝條細長、開花延遲、果實小、果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累下降等現(xiàn)象[8-10]。補光作為提高植物光合效率的有效手段之一,在番茄和葡萄等果蔬栽培上已有廣泛應(yīng)用,例如補光能使番茄葉面積指數(shù)提高43.42%,產(chǎn)量提高24.14%[11],葉綠素(a+b)含量提高8.93%、凈光合速提升率93.69%[12],使葡萄葉片凈光合速率提高45.66%,顯著提高葡萄單粒質(zhì)量和縱橫徑、可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量等[13-14]。因此,通過避雨設(shè)施和補光來提高西番蓮的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),對貴州西番蓮提質(zhì)增效具有重要意義。

筆者在本試驗中以貴州當前主栽品種甜果型黃果西番蓮為研究對象,觀測西番蓮在避雨(Rain Shelter,RS)、補光(Light supplement,L)、避雨+補光(Rain Shelter+Light supplement,RSL)和露地栽培(CK)等不同栽培模式下結(jié)果枝生長、果實發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量,可滴定酸、總糖、總游離氨基酸、維生素C、總酚、總黃酮、β-胡蘿卜素含量等果實品質(zhì)指標,葉綠素a和葉綠素b含量,凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、胞間二氧化碳濃度、氣孔導度等光合特性指標,探討不同栽培模式對西番蓮的影響,以期為西番蓮設(shè)施栽培提供參考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗地與材料

試驗在貴州科學院植物種質(zhì)資源保育基地(26°55′22″ N,106°49′25″ E,海拔1 051.3 m)進行,棚內(nèi)設(shè)4個小區(qū),采用4 mm鋼絲搭建單層雙向垂簾架,架高1.8 m。基地年均溫15.3 ℃,極端高溫37.8 ℃,極端低溫-2.9 ℃,土壤pH 6.5,0~20 cm土層全氮含量(w,后同)2.42 g·kg-1,全磷含量1.25 g·kg-1,全鉀含量12.86 g·kg-1,有機質(zhì)含量6.01%。

供試材料為甜果型黃果西番蓮5月齡嫁接苗,苗高80~100 cm,每小區(qū)種植2行,行距4 m,每行15株,株距1.5 m,種植密度為110株·666.7 m-2(1650株·hm-2)。所有試驗材料于2023年3月定植,每株施農(nóng)家肥5 kg,栽培模式如圖1-A所示,所有小區(qū)均采用相同農(nóng)藝管理。

1.2 試驗設(shè)計

設(shè)置避雨和補光2個因素,共3個處理和1個對照,分別為避雨(Rain shelter,RS,圖1-B)、補光(Light supplement,L,圖1-C)、避雨+補光(Rain Shelter + Light Supplement,RSL,圖1-D)和露地栽培(open field cultivation,CK,圖1-E)。避雨棚膜為聚乙烯薄膜,厚15 S(0.15 mm),頂高5 m,大棚側(cè)面薄膜全部打開。補光燈為LED燈,功率30 W,設(shè)置在植株上方1 m,白光(410 nm)∶藍光(450 nm)∶紅光(660 nm)=1∶1∶1,光照度設(shè)置為西番蓮適宜光照度2800 lx[15],根據(jù)西番蓮適宜光周期16∶8[16]設(shè)置補光時間為5:00—21:00,其間當光照度低于2800 lx時補光燈自動開啟。

1.3 指標及測定方法

1.3.1 結(jié)果枝長度、節(jié)間長度及粗度 5月初,每個處理隨機選取10株,每株隨機選取1個二級蔓新萌發(fā)嫩梢,每隔5 d測量枝條長度,共測7次,并在35 d將結(jié)果枝打頂,同時測量第3~8節(jié)[17]節(jié)間平均長度和粗度。

1.3.2 果實縱徑、橫徑及轉(zhuǎn)色時間 6月底,每個處理隨機選取10朵花,在同一日進行人工授粉,每隔5 d用電子游標卡尺測量果實縱橫徑,共測7次,并觀察記錄果實成熟所需轉(zhuǎn)色時間。

1.3.3 單果質(zhì)量、單株結(jié)果數(shù)及產(chǎn)量 各處理于9月中旬(記為S1期,下同)采集主蔓和一級蔓成熟果實,10月中旬(記為S2期,下同)采集二級蔓成熟果實,在兩個時期分別隨機取10個果實測定單果質(zhì)量,并計算平均單果質(zhì)量。每個處理隨機選擇5株,收集首次采摘到11月底全部成熟果實,計算平均單株結(jié)果數(shù)。根據(jù)平均單果質(zhì)量、平均單株結(jié)果數(shù)和種植密度計算產(chǎn)量。

1.3.4 果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì) 于S1和S2時期,各處理隨機取10個成熟果實可食部分混樣,3次重復。用酸堿滴定法測定總有機酸含量,采用酸水解苯酚-硫酸比色法測定總糖含量,采用茚三酮顯色法測定總游離氨基酸含量,采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法測定維生素C含量,采用福林酚比色法測定總酚含量,采用硝酸鋁鹽比色法測定總黃酮含量,采用乙醇-石油醚提取直接比色法測定β-胡蘿卜素含量。

1.3.5 葉綠素含量 于7月中下旬和8月中下旬(S1和S2果實生長發(fā)育時期),各處理隨機取10枚完整、健康葉片剪碎混樣,5次重復。采用分光光度法[18]測定葉綠素a和葉綠素b含量。

1.3.6 光合參數(shù) 7月中下旬和8月中下旬選擇某一晴天,于當天的09:00—11:00,各處理隨機選擇健康西番蓮5株,在植株0.6、1.2、1.8 m處用LI-6800光合儀測定葉片凈光合速率、胞間二氧化碳濃度、蒸騰速率和氣孔導度。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

用WPS進行原始數(shù)據(jù)記錄和整理,栽培模式采用Adobe Illustrator作圖,用R語言進行數(shù)據(jù)分析統(tǒng)計,顯著性檢驗通過t檢驗進行。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 避雨補光對西番蓮結(jié)果枝生長的影響

西番蓮結(jié)果枝生長情況如圖2所示,前15 d各處理的差異在不斷變化,萌芽后20 d結(jié)果枝生長穩(wěn)定,避雨組結(jié)果枝長度顯著高于未避雨組(L和CK為未避雨組,RS和RSL為避雨組,下同),且補光對結(jié)果枝生長無顯著影響(圖2-A),節(jié)間平均長度在避雨組與未避雨組間有顯著差異,RS顯著高于RSL,節(jié)間平均長度表現(xiàn)為RS>RSL>CK>L(圖2-B);節(jié)間平均粗度在4個處理間均有顯著差異,最大為L,其后依次為CK、LRS、RS(圖2-C)。西番蓮結(jié)果枝生長情況說明,避雨能增加西番蓮結(jié)果枝長度和節(jié)間長度,同時降低枝條粗度,而補光有利于枝條增粗。

2.2 避雨補光對西番蓮果實生長發(fā)育的影響

西番蓮果實生長發(fā)育和轉(zhuǎn)色時間如圖3所示,果實在授粉后3周膨大基本結(jié)束,不同處理間果實縱徑和橫徑在7個觀測時間點均無顯著差異,在授粉35 d后縱徑呈現(xiàn)L>CK>LRS>RS(圖3-A)、橫徑呈現(xiàn)CK>L>LRS>RS的趨勢(圖3-B);果實轉(zhuǎn)色平均所需時間最短為L(52.8 d),較CK、RSL、RS分別顯著縮短2.6、6.4、10.7 d(圖3-C)。觀測結(jié)果表明,避雨和補光對果實縱橫徑無顯著影響,但會影響果實轉(zhuǎn)色時間。

2.3 避雨補光對西番蓮產(chǎn)量的影響

避雨組和未避雨組間的平均單果質(zhì)量、平均單株結(jié)果數(shù)和產(chǎn)量均存在顯著差異,組內(nèi)處理無顯著差異,RS和RSL平均單果質(zhì)量比CK分別降低23.2%和20.6%,單株平均結(jié)果數(shù)比CK分別高出56.7%和55.4%,產(chǎn)量比CK分別提高20.4%和23.4%(表1)。結(jié)果表明,補光對產(chǎn)量無顯著影響,避雨能顯著提高產(chǎn)量。

2.4 避雨補光對西番蓮果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的影響

不同處理的西番蓮果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量情況如圖4所示,兩個時期不同處理下可滴定酸、總糖、總游離氨基酸和總酚含量在避雨組和未避雨組間有顯著差異,維生素C及β-胡蘿卜素含量L高于CK且顯著高于避雨組,S1期RS總黃酮含量顯著低于其他處理,而S2期未避雨組總黃酮含量顯著高于避雨組,營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量差異主要體現(xiàn)在S2期總酚、總黃酮和β-胡蘿卜素含量上,RS、RSL總酚含量比CK分別減少64%和50%,總黃酮含量分別減少43%和37%,β-胡蘿卜素含量分別減少37%和25%,L總酚含量比CK高出13%,總黃酮含量高出38%,β-胡蘿卜素含量高出19%。S1期至S2期,未避雨組主要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量有不同程度提高,避雨組則下降,各處理的總游離氨基酸均呈下降趨勢。果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)測定結(jié)果說明,避雨和補光對果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)均有顯著影響,補光L能促進西番蓮果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累,避雨處理則會降低果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累。

2.5 避雨補光對西番蓮葉綠素含量及光合特性的影響

不同處理的西番蓮葉片葉綠素含量如圖5所示,7月,RSL、RS、L葉綠素a含量比CK分別提高23%、18%和5%,葉綠素b含量分別提高30%、24%和2%;8月,RSL、RS、L葉綠素a含量比CK分別提高19%、10%和11%,葉綠素b含量分別提高40%、37%和7%。7—8月,未避雨組葉綠素a含量升高,葉綠素b含量降低,葉綠素(a+b)含量基本無變化,葉綠素a/b值升高;避雨組葉綠素相關(guān)指標均有小幅下降,葉綠素a降幅大于葉綠素b。葉綠素含量測定結(jié)果說明,避雨和補光均能提高植株葉綠素含量。

不同處理下西番蓮光合特性如圖6所示,7月,未避雨組凈光合速率(Pn)、蒸騰速率(Tr)和氣孔導度(Gs)均顯著高于避雨組,RS胞間二氧化碳濃度(Ci)顯著低于其他處理;8月,未避雨組Pn、Tr和Gs仍顯著高于避雨組,各處理Ci也有差異,L的Pn較CK提高20%,RS和RSL則比CK分別減少50%和37%。7—8月,未避雨組Pn、Tr和Gs仍有不同程度提高,避雨組Pn、Tr和Gs則小幅下降,Ci在各處理間均下降。光合特性監(jiān)測結(jié)果說明,避雨和補光對西番蓮植株光合特性均有顯著影響,補光能提高植株光合效率,避雨則會降低植株光合效率。

3 討 論

3.1 避雨補光對西番蓮生長發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量的影響

結(jié)果枝的節(jié)間縮短和粗度增加有利于植物營養(yǎng)吸收和水分轉(zhuǎn)運從而提高果實品質(zhì)[19],本研究結(jié)果表明,補光L處理能使西番蓮結(jié)果枝節(jié)間粗度顯著增加,這與設(shè)施葡萄補光的結(jié)果一致[20],避雨模式RS和RSL則使結(jié)果枝更細長,這主要是因為避雨棚膜對光照的阻擋引起弱光脅迫[6],導致植物產(chǎn)生更長、更細的莖以適應(yīng)弱光環(huán)境[8],這與煙草的研究結(jié)果一致[9]??傊?,弱光脅迫并不利于西番蓮生長發(fā)育與營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累。

試驗中各處理間西番蓮果實縱橫徑?jīng)]有顯著性差異,說明光照條件對西番蓮果實縱橫徑生長影響不顯著,西番蓮果實生長發(fā)育主要與水肥供給差異有關(guān)[21-22];補光能夠加快西番蓮果實轉(zhuǎn)色,主要表現(xiàn)在光照能促進植物色素合成與積累[23-24]。綜合來看,西番蓮果實從生長到完成轉(zhuǎn)色的最快處理為L處理,需80 d左右,生長周期比相關(guān)文獻報道結(jié)果[15,22]慢10~30 d,主要原因是西番蓮在整個生長發(fā)育周期較依賴合適的溫度和相對濕度[17],筆者在本試驗中未監(jiān)測環(huán)境因子,且避雨棚內(nèi)小氣候變化在不同研究中結(jié)論不同[6,25],避雨栽培模式下西番蓮生長發(fā)育的適宜環(huán)境條件另需詳細研究。

避雨栽培的產(chǎn)量顯著高于CK和L的原因要結(jié)合西番蓮生長特性和氣候條件來分析:夏季高溫和強光會抑制西番蓮花芽形成[17],同時西番蓮花果期與雨季同期,雨水會沖刷花粉、誘發(fā)病蟲害等,避雨栽培則最大限度地避免了雨水與植株接觸從而保證開花坐果,所以未避雨組單株結(jié)果數(shù)顯著低于避雨組。西番蓮在生長發(fā)育過程中,莖、葉生長和花芽、幼果發(fā)育同時進行,必然存在養(yǎng)分競爭[17],更多的果實數(shù)量意味著植株養(yǎng)分供給分散,因此避雨組果實縱橫徑及單果質(zhì)量低于CK。避雨栽培產(chǎn)量較露地栽培可顯著提高20%以上,但在本試驗中,西番蓮的產(chǎn)量仍低于其他文獻報道[14,21-22],除前述環(huán)境因素外,與種植密度、水肥利用和修剪管護等都有關(guān)系[26-27],生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)兼顧各種因素。

3.2 避雨補光對西番蓮果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)、葉綠素含量及光合特性的影響

維生素C、酚、黃酮等西番蓮果實所含抗氧化活性物質(zhì)是當下研究的熱點[28],試驗結(jié)果顯示,補光能增加西番蓮主要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量,提高果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì),避雨則反之。研究表明,植物營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累主要受光合作用強弱影響,凈光合速率(Pn)可以反映植物對光能的利用效率,Pn提高能使植物產(chǎn)生更多光合產(chǎn)物參與代謝運輸,促進營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累[29-30],而Pn與葉綠素(a+b)含量和葉綠素a/b值有密切關(guān)系,葉綠素(a+b)含量或葉綠素a/b值提高表示植物Pn愈高,反之Pn則愈低[31]。7月至S1期,L處理相較于CK能給植株提供更多光照,刺激植物合成更多葉綠素來捕獲光能[32],使L處理的植株葉綠素含量和Pn升高,進而促進營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累,弱光脅迫也會刺激植物產(chǎn)生更多葉綠素來捕獲光能[8],但由于有效光合輻射減弱,RS缺少可利用的光能,導致Pn顯著低于CK,果實品質(zhì)也因此低于CK,RSL主要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量和Pn高于RS但仍顯著低于CK。8月至S2期,植物會根據(jù)不同生長時期來調(diào)節(jié)自身葉綠素含量和Pn[33-34],L葉綠素總量基本不變,但葉綠素a/b值升高,Pn高于前期L和同期CK,能積累更多營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),RS和RSL則可能受弱光環(huán)境下光合酶、葉綠體超微結(jié)構(gòu)和激素變化等因素綜合影響導致葉綠素含量較其下降[8,34-35],Pn也低于各自前期和同期CK,同時隨著果實數(shù)量不斷增加,養(yǎng)分競爭加劇,最終導致單個果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累減少,果實品質(zhì)下降。Tr和Gs與Pn的變化趨勢相同,這與煙草的研究結(jié)果一致[9],L的Ci下降是因為Pn上升使CO2利用率提高,RS和RSL的Ci下降則是因為植株總體光合特性減弱。

綜上,補光L處理可以促進西番蓮結(jié)果枝生長和果實轉(zhuǎn)色,能提高葉綠素含量和凈光合速率,促進果實營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累,提高品質(zhì),但無法有效增加產(chǎn)量;避雨RS通過避免雨水與植株接觸來提高花果數(shù)量,進而顯著提高產(chǎn)量,但同時避雨棚膜會降低有效光合輻射,使果實轉(zhuǎn)色時間延長及品質(zhì)下降;避雨補光RSL處理的各項觀測指標均略優(yōu)于RS,證明試驗光源能一定程度上彌補自然光照的不足。受限于試驗條件,如能采取適時揭膜、增加避雨棚膜透光率、設(shè)置紅藍光比例及補光時長、調(diào)整光照度等措施,應(yīng)能進一步提高西番蓮的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),為西番蓮設(shè)施栽培提供參考。

4 結(jié) 論

避雨能使西番蓮產(chǎn)量提高20%以上,補光能使西番蓮營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量平均提高13%以上,在實際生產(chǎn)中可根據(jù)氣候條件、建園成本和管護措施等因素選擇使用方式。

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收稿日期:2024-01-02 接受日期:2024-04-08

基金項目:黔科合基礎(chǔ)-ZK[2024]一般625項目;國家重點研發(fā)計劃課題(2021YFD1100303)后補助項目;貴州科學院青年基金(黔科院J字2023[16]號)

作者簡介:滕堯,男,助理研究員,碩士,研究方向為果樹育種和栽培。E-mail:574177089@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:longxiuqin@163.com

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