薛曉芳 焦文麗 蘇萬(wàn)龍 任海燕 王永康 石美娟 李登科 趙愛(ài)玲
doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.014
https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.014
收稿日期:2023-05-31? 修回日期:2023-08-30
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-30-5-02,CARS-30-ZZ-22);農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)專項(xiàng)(19210356)。
第一作者:薛曉芳,女,副研究員,研究方向?yàn)闂椃N質(zhì)資源和育種。E-mail: xxfgss2013@126.com
通信作者:趙愛(ài)玲,女,研究員,研究方向?yàn)闂椃N質(zhì)資源和育種。E-mail: zhyb186@126.com
摘? 要? 旨在建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、統(tǒng)一化的棗果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)方法,為棗種質(zhì)資源質(zhì)地品質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)提供理論參考依據(jù)。以50份棗種質(zhì)脆熟全紅期果實(shí)為試材,采用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法鑒定果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì),并對(duì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)進(jìn)行感官鑒定評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明,果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度、果皮破裂距離、果皮韌性、皮肉跌落脆性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和果肉纖維指數(shù)6項(xiàng)指標(biāo)在不同種質(zhì)間存在豐富的多樣性,變異系數(shù)為18.31%~40.40%??诟懈泄僭u(píng)價(jià)方法鑒定的果皮厚度、果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)在不同種質(zhì)間差異較大。質(zhì)構(gòu)儀分析得到的各項(xiàng)參數(shù)與感官評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)間具有不同程度的相關(guān)性,果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度、果皮破裂距離、果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和果肉纖維指數(shù)5項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均與感官評(píng)價(jià)的果肉質(zhì)地呈極顯著正相關(guān),果肉纖維指數(shù)與感官評(píng)價(jià)的果皮厚度、果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)間都呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.452、-0.364和-0.549。因子分析共提取兩個(gè)主因子,包括果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性3項(xiàng)指標(biāo),累積貢獻(xiàn)率為75.909%?;谝蜃臃治鼋Y(jié)果,采用系統(tǒng)聚類法將50份供試種質(zhì)分為3個(gè)類群,根據(jù)質(zhì)地參數(shù)特征,分別將其定義為皮厚質(zhì)密群、皮薄質(zhì)疏群和中間類群。本研究建立了質(zhì)構(gòu)儀檢測(cè)棗果質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系,可用于棗果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的精準(zhǔn)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)。
關(guān)鍵詞? 棗;種質(zhì)資源;穿刺;質(zhì)地品質(zhì);聚類分析
棗(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)是原產(chǎn)中國(guó)的第一大干果和重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)林樹(shù)種,栽培歷史悠久,種質(zhì)資源豐富[1-2]。紅棗作為傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)滋補(bǔ)保健品[3-4],倍受關(guān)注和青睞,隨著生活水平的不斷提高,人們對(duì)紅棗鮮果的消費(fèi)逐漸增加。質(zhì)地品質(zhì)是用來(lái)描述其組織結(jié)構(gòu)及口感等指標(biāo)的綜合性概念[5],質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣直接影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)及鮮棗商品價(jià)值。開(kāi)展質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法對(duì)不同種質(zhì)資源質(zhì)地品質(zhì)特性的評(píng)價(jià),建立統(tǒng)一的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系,對(duì)種質(zhì)資源質(zhì)地品質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)具有重要意義。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外常用感官評(píng)價(jià)與質(zhì)構(gòu)儀測(cè)定兩種方法對(duì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地進(jìn)行鑒定評(píng)價(jià)。感官評(píng)價(jià)主要是通過(guò)專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行口感品嘗和打分[6],從果皮厚薄、果肉粗細(xì)、質(zhì)地疏密等方面反映果實(shí)的質(zhì)地品質(zhì),具有主觀性強(qiáng)、人為誤差大、難以量化等劣勢(shì)。質(zhì)構(gòu)儀分析法通過(guò)質(zhì)構(gòu)指標(biāo)參數(shù)準(zhǔn)確地量化描述果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì),已應(yīng)用于蘋果[7-8]、梨[9-10]、桃[11-12]、葡萄[13]、三華李[14]等多種果樹(shù)的果實(shí)質(zhì)地分析中。質(zhì)構(gòu)剖面分析(Texture Profile Analysis, TPA)[15]和穿刺法[16]是兩種常用的分析水果質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的方法,這兩種方法在棗果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)分析中都有初步應(yīng)用。馬慶華等[17-18]采用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法建立了檢測(cè)冬棗質(zhì)地的方法,并檢測(cè)了不同地點(diǎn)、單株、發(fā)育階段及貯藏時(shí)間冬棗的質(zhì)地穿刺指標(biāo),準(zhǔn)確反映了冬棗質(zhì)地品質(zhì)。趙愛(ài)玲等[19]通過(guò)比較探頭、貫入速度、成熟期等試驗(yàn),建立了穿刺法鑒定鮮棗果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的方法。楊植等[20-21]基于TPA法評(píng)價(jià)了56個(gè)棗品種以及棗和酸棗雜交F1代果實(shí)質(zhì)地。TPA能測(cè)定黏著性、凝聚性、咀嚼性等指標(biāo),廣泛應(yīng)用于食品質(zhì)地分析[22-23],但對(duì)于脆性高、彈性小且?guī)な秤玫臈椆麑?shí),TPA方法有其局限性,該方法需要一定體積的果肉,棗果實(shí)由于果個(gè)較小導(dǎo)致取樣困難,且果皮性狀是質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的重要組成部分。相比之下,穿刺法能模擬人體口腔的咀嚼過(guò)程,較好地反映整個(gè)果實(shí)的流變學(xué)特征,同時(shí)獲得多項(xiàng)質(zhì)地指標(biāo),準(zhǔn)確反映果皮和果肉的質(zhì)地品質(zhì)[24]。筆者前期建立了穿刺法鑒定鮮棗質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的檢測(cè)方法,但關(guān)于棗種質(zhì)資源果實(shí)質(zhì)地的比較研究尚未開(kāi)展。開(kāi)展不同種質(zhì)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià),可豐富棗種質(zhì)資源品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容。
本研究以50份棗種質(zhì)脆熟全紅期果實(shí)為試材,采用整果穿刺法檢測(cè)并分析各種質(zhì)果實(shí)的質(zhì)地品質(zhì)特性,并結(jié)合口感感官評(píng)價(jià),采用相關(guān)性分析、因子分析和聚類分析,初步建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、統(tǒng)一化的棗果質(zhì)地品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)體系,為棗種質(zhì)資源品質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)提供重要的理論參考依據(jù)。
1? 材料與方法
1.1? 材? 料
試驗(yàn)于2021—2022年在山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)果樹(shù)研究所果樹(shù)種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制和利用山西省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行,試材取自國(guó)家棗種質(zhì)資源圃(山西太谷,北緯37°20′,東經(jīng)112°29′),選擇50份(表1)鮮食、制
干、兼用等不同用途的種質(zhì)資源,樹(shù)齡30? a,樹(shù)體健壯,常規(guī)土肥水管理。于果實(shí)脆熟全紅期,在樹(shù)體不同方位隨機(jī)選取60個(gè)果形端正、果實(shí)大小和成熟度一致、無(wú)病蟲害的果實(shí)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地品質(zhì)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)。
1.2? 測(cè)定指標(biāo)及方法
1.2.1? 棗種質(zhì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)的測(cè)定? 利用英國(guó)Stable Micro Systems公司生產(chǎn)的質(zhì)構(gòu)儀(TA.XT.plus)進(jìn)行質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)相關(guān)參數(shù)測(cè)定,測(cè)試條件參照趙愛(ài)玲等[19]的方法,略有改動(dòng),具體測(cè)試條件如下:選用P/2探頭(柱形,直徑2? mm),測(cè)前速度、貫入速度和測(cè)后速度分別設(shè)定為1?? mm·s-1、 2? mm·s-1和10 mm·s-1,位移模式,穿刺深度設(shè)為5 mm。樣品采集當(dāng)天,每種質(zhì)選取60個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地品質(zhì)測(cè)定試驗(yàn)。
質(zhì)地測(cè)定曲線見(jiàn)圖1,用果皮穿剌強(qiáng)度? (g·mm-2)、果皮破裂距離(mm)、果皮韌性? (g·s)、皮肉跌落脆性? (g·s-1)、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度(g)、果肉纖維指數(shù)等指標(biāo)描述不同種質(zhì)的質(zhì)地品質(zhì),各指標(biāo)在曲線上的含義參照趙愛(ài)玲等[19]的方法。
1.2.2? 口感感官評(píng)價(jià)方法? 參照李登科[25]的方法,邀請(qǐng)7個(gè)相關(guān)專業(yè)人員對(duì)果皮厚度、果肉質(zhì)地、果肉粗細(xì)3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行連續(xù)3 a的評(píng)價(jià)。其中,果皮厚度分為薄1、中2和厚3共3級(jí);果肉質(zhì)地分為疏松1、酥脆2、較致密3和致密4共4級(jí);果肉粗細(xì)分為細(xì)1、中2和粗3共3級(jí)。
1.3? 數(shù)據(jù)處理
使用Excel 2007對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理,利用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行描述統(tǒng)計(jì)、相關(guān)性、因子分析和聚類分析。
2? 結(jié)果與分析
2.1? 不同棗種質(zhì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)
由表2可知,50份棗種質(zhì)果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度、果皮破裂距離和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的變異系數(shù)較小,分別為18.31%、22.52%和23.75%,在不同種質(zhì)間的差異相對(duì)較??;果皮韌性、皮肉跌落脆性和果肉纖維指數(shù)的變異系數(shù)較大,分別為38.14%、40.40%和34.30%,這3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)在不同種質(zhì)間的差異相對(duì)較大。
供試種質(zhì)的果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度為171.38~? 386.05 g·mm-2,平均值為255.85 g·mm-2?!入u心蜜的果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度最小,‘溆浦大果算盤的最大。果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度小于200 g·mm-2的種質(zhì)有‘太谷雞心蜜‘蜂蜜罐‘大荔雞蛋棗‘山西葫蘆棗和‘溆浦雞蛋棗。果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度大于300 g·mm-2的有‘贊皇大棗‘運(yùn)城婆婆棗‘樂(lè)金3號(hào)‘樂(lè)陵磨盤棗‘晉贊大棗‘溆浦糖棗‘溆浦大果算盤和‘襄汾官灘棗等8份種質(zhì)。
供試種質(zhì)的果皮破裂距離為0.59~1.63 mm,平均值為0.96 mm。果皮破裂距離最小的種質(zhì)為‘蜂蜜罐,最大的為‘溆浦大果算盤。果皮破裂距離較小的種質(zhì)有:‘太谷雞心蜜‘六月鮮‘慶云小梨棗‘蘋果棗‘濮陽(yáng)核桃紋等,小于0.80 mm。果皮破裂距離較大的種質(zhì)有:‘義縣木棗‘延川條棗‘新樂(lè)大棗‘內(nèi)黃扁核酸‘滕州長(zhǎng)紅棗等,大于1.20 mm。
供試種質(zhì)的果皮韌性為102.43~588.23??? g·s,平均值為229.74 g·s?!涿酃迼椀墓ろg性最小,‘溆浦大果算盤果皮韌性最大。果皮韌性較小的種質(zhì)有:‘太谷雞心蜜‘慶云小梨棗‘山西葫蘆棗‘夏津大白鈴等,低于150g·s。
較大的種質(zhì)有:‘滕州長(zhǎng)紅棗‘義縣木棗‘晉贊大棗‘運(yùn)城婆婆棗‘新樂(lè)大棗‘延川條棗等,大于320 g·s。
供試種質(zhì)的皮肉跌落脆性為-5 849.41~? -767.05 g·s-1,平均值為-2 723.69 g·s-1。皮肉跌落脆性最大的種質(zhì)為‘安陽(yáng)團(tuán)棗,最小的為‘孔府酥脆棗。皮肉跌落脆性較大的種質(zhì)有:‘運(yùn)城婆婆棗‘延川條棗‘溆浦大果算盤‘襄汾官灘棗‘灌陽(yáng)長(zhǎng)棗等。較小的有:‘蜂蜜罐‘榆次團(tuán)棗‘蘋果棗‘永濟(jì)蛤蟆棗等。
供試種質(zhì)的果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度為290.94~780.80 g,平均值為472.77 g。果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度最大的種質(zhì)為‘溆浦大果算盤,較大的種質(zhì)有:‘運(yùn)城婆婆棗‘新樂(lè)大棗‘樂(lè)金3號(hào)‘晉贊大棗‘溆浦糖棗等;果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度最小的種質(zhì)為‘臨澤大棗。較小的種質(zhì)有:‘蜂蜜罐‘太谷雞心蜜‘六月鮮‘慶云小梨棗‘北京雞蛋棗‘山西葫蘆棗‘北京郎家園棗等。高于平均值的種質(zhì)有24份,占供試種質(zhì)的48%,低于平均值的種質(zhì)有26份,占52%。
供試種質(zhì)的果肉纖維指數(shù)為3.60~19.33,平均值為11.84。果肉纖維指數(shù)最大的種質(zhì)為‘臨猗梨棗。較大的種質(zhì)有:‘稷山板棗‘冷白玉棗‘慶云小梨棗‘夏津大白鈴‘蘋果棗等。果肉纖維指數(shù)最小的種質(zhì)為‘滕州長(zhǎng)紅棗。較小的種質(zhì)有:‘深縣串桿紅‘運(yùn)城婆婆棗‘棗強(qiáng)婆棗‘溆浦大果算盤等。
2.2? 不同棗種質(zhì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地口感感官評(píng)價(jià)
由表3可知,50份供試種質(zhì)果皮薄、中、厚的份數(shù)分別為20、17和13份,占比分別為40%、34%和26%,可見(jiàn)果皮薄的種質(zhì)最多。果肉質(zhì)地為疏松、酥脆、較致密和致密的種質(zhì)份數(shù)分別為:3、17、14和16份,分別占供試種質(zhì)的6%、34%、28%和32%,果肉質(zhì)地為酥脆和致密的種質(zhì)居多,質(zhì)地為疏松的種質(zhì)最少。果肉粗細(xì)為細(xì)、中、粗的種質(zhì)份數(shù)分別為:24、21和5份,占供試種質(zhì)的比例分別為:48%、42%和10%,可見(jiàn)果肉細(xì)和中等的種質(zhì)較多。
2.3? 棗種質(zhì)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)參數(shù)和口感感官評(píng)價(jià)相關(guān)性分析
由表4可看出,果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度與果皮破裂距離、果皮厚度、果肉粗細(xì)3個(gè)指標(biāo)間都呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度間呈極顯著正相關(guān),與果肉纖維指數(shù)呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。果皮破裂距離與皮肉跌落脆性呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和果肉質(zhì)地間呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與果肉纖維指數(shù)間存在極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。果皮韌性與皮肉跌落脆性和果肉粗細(xì)間呈顯著正相關(guān),與果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度、果皮厚度、果肉質(zhì)地間呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與果肉纖維指數(shù)間存在極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。皮肉跌落脆性與果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度間呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度與果肉纖維指數(shù)顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與果皮厚度顯著正相關(guān),與果肉質(zhì)地極顯著正相關(guān)。果肉纖維指數(shù)與果皮厚度、果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間都呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。果皮厚度與果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)都呈極顯著正相關(guān)。果肉質(zhì)地與果肉粗細(xì)間呈極顯著正相關(guān)。可見(jiàn),果皮和果肉各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間都存在相互影響的關(guān)系,評(píng)價(jià)果實(shí)質(zhì)地需要綜合考慮果皮和果肉各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。
2.4? 棗種質(zhì)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的因子分析
對(duì)質(zhì)構(gòu)儀測(cè)定的6項(xiàng)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行因子分析,結(jié)果表明前2個(gè)因子的方差貢獻(xiàn)率均大于5%,所包含的信息量占總體信息量的75.909%,為主因子(表5)。因子1的方差貢獻(xiàn)率為? 59.747%,代表性指標(biāo)為果皮韌性和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度;因子2的方差貢獻(xiàn)率為16.162%,代表性指標(biāo)為皮肉跌落脆性。說(shuō)明果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)可分別代表果皮、果肉和皮肉特性來(lái)綜合反映果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)。
2.5? 基于質(zhì)地品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的棗種質(zhì)聚類分析
將供試種質(zhì)的果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化轉(zhuǎn)化,進(jìn)而采用Ward法和歐氏距離進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)聚類,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2。從圖2可看出,50供試種質(zhì)在距離為10處被分為3類,第Ⅰ類包含22份種質(zhì),占總數(shù)的44%,如‘稷山板棗‘贊皇大棗 ‘保德油棗‘新鄭灰棗‘金谷大棗等屬于第Ⅰ類群;第Ⅱ類包含12份種質(zhì),占總數(shù)的24%,如‘冷白玉棗‘太谷雞心蜜‘山西葫蘆棗‘平遙不落酥‘北京雞蛋棗等屬于第Ⅱ類群;第Ⅲ類包含16份種質(zhì),占總數(shù)的32%,如‘六月鮮‘蜂蜜罐‘彬縣晉棗‘永濟(jì)蛤蟆棗‘榆次團(tuán)棗等屬于第Ⅲ類群。
按照聚類分析結(jié)果,對(duì)各類群所含種質(zhì)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)(表6),第Ⅰ類群果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性的均值分別為299.21 g·s、577.54 g和-2 142.05 g·s-1,該類群包含的種質(zhì)果皮較厚,果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度較大,
定義為皮厚質(zhì)密類群;第Ⅱ類群果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性的均值分別為167.72?? g·s、375.79 g和-2? 019.05 g·s-1,該類群前兩個(gè)指標(biāo)在3個(gè)類群是最小的,皮肉跌落脆性最大,將此類群定義為皮薄質(zhì)疏群;第Ⅲ類群種質(zhì)的果皮韌性和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度在3個(gè)類群中居中(分別為180.74 g·s和401.44 g),皮肉跌落脆性最小,定義為中間類群。該分類結(jié)果將為今后棗種質(zhì)資源質(zhì)地品質(zhì)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)提供重要參考依據(jù)。
3? 討論與結(jié)論
質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法能較好地反映果皮和果肉的質(zhì)地情況,本研究基于團(tuán)隊(duì)前期建立的質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法檢測(cè)棗果質(zhì)地品質(zhì)檢測(cè)體系[19],分析了50份不同棗種質(zhì)脆熟全紅期果實(shí)的質(zhì)地特性。得到質(zhì)地相關(guān)的6項(xiàng)參數(shù),其中果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度、果皮破裂距離、果皮韌性3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)用來(lái)描述果皮的質(zhì)地特性,果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和果肉纖維指數(shù)2項(xiàng)指標(biāo)用來(lái)描述果肉的質(zhì)地特性,皮肉跌落脆性1項(xiàng)描述咬合時(shí)果皮和果肉綜合特性的指標(biāo)??诟懈泄僭u(píng)價(jià)法鑒定了1項(xiàng)果皮質(zhì)地指標(biāo)即果皮厚度和2項(xiàng)果肉質(zhì)地指標(biāo)即果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)。對(duì)9項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,研究結(jié)果表明,果皮各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)、果肉各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)及質(zhì)構(gòu)儀測(cè)得的參數(shù)和口感感官評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果間都存在不同程度的相關(guān)性,感官評(píng)價(jià)的果皮厚度與質(zhì)構(gòu)儀參數(shù)果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度和果皮韌性分別呈顯著和極顯著正相關(guān),感官評(píng)價(jià)的果肉質(zhì)地與質(zhì)構(gòu)儀參數(shù)果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度極顯著正相關(guān),感官評(píng)價(jià)的果肉質(zhì)地和果肉粗細(xì)均與果肉纖維指數(shù)極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),由此可知,質(zhì)構(gòu)儀分析的質(zhì)地特性與口感感官評(píng)價(jià)高度相關(guān),能夠客觀準(zhǔn)確地描述各項(xiàng)果皮和果肉質(zhì)地參數(shù),這與楊玲等[26]的研究結(jié)果一致。
6項(xiàng)質(zhì)地參數(shù)間也存在不同程度的相關(guān)性,果皮穿刺強(qiáng)度和果皮破裂距離都與果皮韌性呈極顯著正相關(guān),皮肉跌落脆性與果皮破裂距離和果皮韌性都呈顯著正相關(guān),果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度與果肉纖維指數(shù)間顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。由于不同參數(shù)間相互影響、相互聯(lián)系,因此可簡(jiǎn)化評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),選取代表性指標(biāo)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)。因子分析是從多個(gè)指標(biāo)或因素中,經(jīng)過(guò)相關(guān)系數(shù)矩陣內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的計(jì)算,提取出具有代表性因子的指標(biāo),從而通過(guò)降維實(shí)現(xiàn)分析指標(biāo)的簡(jiǎn)單化[27]。本研究將6個(gè)質(zhì)構(gòu)儀參數(shù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行因子分析,提取了果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性3項(xiàng)質(zhì)地參數(shù),分別代表了果皮質(zhì)地特性、果肉質(zhì)地特性以及果皮和果肉綜合特性。結(jié)合相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果,通過(guò)降維的方法分別選擇代表性指標(biāo)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地特性評(píng)價(jià)不僅具有可操作性,而且有利于提高評(píng)價(jià)效率。本研究?jī)H選擇質(zhì)構(gòu)儀參數(shù)進(jìn)行因子分析,而未選擇感官評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,因?yàn)楦泄僭u(píng)價(jià)存在一定的人為誤差,主觀性較強(qiáng),相比之下,質(zhì)構(gòu)儀能夠客觀準(zhǔn)確地描述各項(xiàng)果皮和果肉質(zhì)地品質(zhì)參數(shù)[28]。由此,本研究篩選的3項(xiàng)質(zhì)構(gòu)儀質(zhì)地參數(shù)可用于棗種質(zhì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)。
不同棗種質(zhì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地特性差異較大。目前,基于質(zhì)構(gòu)儀整果穿刺法對(duì)不同棗種質(zhì)進(jìn)行質(zhì)地特性評(píng)價(jià)及種質(zhì)分類的研究少有報(bào)道。本研究以因子分析篩選的3項(xiàng)質(zhì)地參數(shù)為基礎(chǔ),將50份供試種質(zhì)分為3個(gè)類群:皮厚質(zhì)密群、皮薄質(zhì)疏群和中間類群。皮厚質(zhì)密群種質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)是果皮韌性和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度大,即果皮較厚、果肉較致密、皮肉跌落脆性中等,該類群包含的種質(zhì)多為制干品種和部分兼用品種;皮薄質(zhì)疏群種質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)是果皮韌性和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度小,即果皮薄、果肉酥脆,該類群種質(zhì)大多為鮮食品種。中間類群的特點(diǎn)是果皮韌性和果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度中等,皮肉跌落脆性最小,該類群包含的種質(zhì)大多為兼用品種和部分鮮食品種。建立了基于不同質(zhì)地特性的棗種質(zhì)分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可作為今后評(píng)價(jià)棗果質(zhì)地的參考依據(jù)。對(duì)于未知的新種質(zhì),依據(jù)果皮韌性、果肉平均堅(jiān)實(shí)度和皮肉跌落脆性3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)值的大小,可初步判定其所屬類群。前人研究表明,果實(shí)質(zhì)地特性因細(xì)胞組織結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞壁組分及代謝相關(guān)酶活性等的差異而不同[29-30],今后將進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展相關(guān)研究,多層面剖析棗果實(shí)質(zhì)地形成機(jī)理。
本研究建立了棗種質(zhì)資源果實(shí)質(zhì)地品質(zhì)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)體系,豐富了棗果品質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)鑒定評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容,為進(jìn)一步研究質(zhì)地品質(zhì)形成機(jī)理提供了參考依據(jù),為實(shí)現(xiàn)棗果質(zhì)地品質(zhì)精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控奠定了重要基礎(chǔ)。
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Characteristic Analysis of Fruit Texture Quality in Jujube Germplasm Resources
XUE Xiaofang,JIAO Wenli,SU Wanlong,REN Haiyan,WANG Yongkang,SHI Meijuan,LI Dengke and ZHAO Ailing
(Pomology Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm
Improvement and Utilization in Pomology,Taiyuan? 030031,China)
Abstract? This study aimed to establish a standardized and unified method for evaluating the texture quality of jujube fruit,providing a theoretical basis for the accurate evaluation of jujube germplasm resources.In this study,fruits of 50 jujube germplasm resources at crisp ripening and full-red stage were selected as test materials,and the texture quality was evaluated using a texture analyzer with whole-fruit puncture.In addition,we performed a sensory evaluation of fruit texture.The results showed that six indexes including pericarp puncture strength,pericarp break distance,pericarp toughness,pericarp-to-pulp brittleness,mean pulp firmness,and pulp fiber index had a rich genetic diversity among different germplasm resources,with the coefficient of variation of these indexes ranging from 18.31% to 40.40%.Sensory evaluation revealed that the tested germplasm samples showed significant differences in pericarp thickness,pulp texture,and pulp thickness.The results of parameters obtained using a texture analyzer correlated with those obtained via sensory evaluation to varying degrees.Five indexes,namely,pericarp puncture strength,pericarp break distance,pericarp toughness,mean pulp firmness,and pulp fiber index,were significantly positively correlated with pulp texture of sensory evaluation.In contrast,the pulp fiber index was significantly negatively correlated with pericarp thickness,pulp texture,and pulp thickness of sensory evaluation,with the correlation coefficients of -0.452,-0.364,and -0.549,respectively.Two main factors were extracted via factor analysis,including three indexes of pericarp toughness,mean pulp firmness,and pericarp-to-pulp brittleness,and the cumulative contribution rate was 75.909%.Based on the results of factor analysis,50 germplasm samples were classified into three groups using the systematic clustering method.The germplasm samples were further categorized into thick skin and dense pulp group,thin skin and loose pulp group,and intermediate group.In conclusion,a standardized system has been established for the accurate identification and?? evaluation of jujube fruit texture quality.
Key words? Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.); Germplasm resources; Puncture; Texture quality; Cluster analysis
Received ??2023-05-31??? Returned? 2023-08-30
Foundation item? China Agriculture Research System (No.CARS-30-5-02,No.CARS-30-ZZ-22); Special Project of Crop Germplasm Resources Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(No.19210356).
First author? XUE Xiaofang,female,associate research fellow.Research area:germplasm resources and breeding of jujube.? E-mail:xxfgss2013@126.com
Corresponding?? author? ZHAO Ailing,female,research fellow.Research area:germplasm resources and breeding of jujube.E-mail:zhyb186@126.com(責(zé)任編輯:史亞歌? Responsible editor:SHI Yage)