潘越 蔣騰 王旭 王季姣 馬勇 虎海防 王寶慶 孫剛
doi:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.013
https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2024.07.013
收稿日期:2022-06-19? 修回日期:2022-07-19
基金項(xiàng)目:新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)林果種質(zhì)資源創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(LGXY202107);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(2020B01003-1)。
第一作者:潘? 越,男,碩士,助理研究員,從事葡萄栽培及遺傳育種研究。E-mail:18690187637@163.com
通信作者:孫? 剛,男,碩士,高級(jí)工程師,主要從事園林綠化規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究。E-mail:292690111@qq.com
摘? 要? 為山葡萄在環(huán)塔盆地生態(tài)區(qū)域的選育、推廣應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)理論依據(jù),建立8個(gè)新疆山葡萄果實(shí)綜合評(píng)價(jià)體系。以2019-2021年田間表現(xiàn)良好的山葡萄‘北冰紅‘雙紅‘左優(yōu)紅‘雪蘭紅‘雙豐‘北國(guó)紅‘左山1和‘左山2為試材,測(cè)量果實(shí)23項(xiàng)外觀及理化品質(zhì)指標(biāo),按照測(cè)量結(jié)果進(jìn)行描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)和主成分分析,根據(jù)綜合得分進(jìn)行排名。結(jié)果表明,23項(xiàng)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)變異程度不同,其中白藜蘆醇、果形指數(shù)、Zn含量和花色苷變異程度較大,超過50%;果穗質(zhì)量、原花青素、固酸比和Fe含量變異程度一般,為30%~50%;其他果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)變異程度較小(<30%)。因子分析提取出6個(gè)特征根>1的公因子,累計(jì)方差貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)? 97.839%,公因子PC1貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)22.154%,主要由pH、果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積和果穗質(zhì)量決定,主要反映果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì);公因子PC2貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)20.987%,由可溶性固形物、總糖、糖酸比、固酸比和Mn含量5個(gè)因子決定,主要反映果汁的糖度;公因子PC3貢獻(xiàn)率為19.820%,由Ca、Mg和Cu含量3個(gè)因子決定,主要反映礦質(zhì)元素含量。公因子PC4貢獻(xiàn)率為19.117%,由花色苷、總酸和果形指數(shù)3個(gè)因子決定,主要反映果汁色澤、酸度和果實(shí)形狀;公因子PC5貢獻(xiàn)率為8.293%,由原花青素和總黃酮2個(gè)因子決定,主要反映果實(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況;公因子PC6貢獻(xiàn)率為7.467%,由白藜蘆醇和Zn含量2個(gè)因子決定,主要反映白藜蘆醇和Zn含量的高低情況。山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分排序由高到低依次是:‘北冰紅‘左優(yōu)紅‘雪蘭紅‘左山2‘北國(guó)紅‘雙豐‘雙紅‘左山1。
關(guān)鍵詞? 山葡萄;主成分分析;外觀品質(zhì);理化品質(zhì);綜合評(píng)價(jià)
山葡萄是葡萄屬中最抗寒的一個(gè)種,枝蔓能耐-40 ℃的低溫,根系能耐-14~-16 ℃低溫,具備生長(zhǎng)期短,抗寒能力極強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)[1]。新疆地處北緯41~46°釀酒葡萄黃金種植帶,光照充裕,空氣干燥,大氣透明度高,晝夜溫差大,十分有利于糖分積累,且降雨量少,病蟲害不易發(fā)生[2]。近年來,新疆“十四五”葡萄酒產(chǎn)業(yè)成為自治區(qū)十四五期間構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代化產(chǎn)業(yè)體系的十大產(chǎn)業(yè)之一,發(fā)展前景良好,然而,受地理環(huán)境因素影響,大多種植在荒灘戈壁,土壤保墑、保溫能力不足,同時(shí)埋土用工成本的逐年遞增,果農(nóng)種植熱情受到影響[2-3]?;诖?,引進(jìn)并篩選品質(zhì)優(yōu)良且抗寒能力強(qiáng)的釀酒葡萄品種已成為新疆特色林果業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展亟需解決的問題。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)圍繞山葡萄開展的研究多集中于逆境生理[4-6]、種質(zhì)資源評(píng)價(jià)[7]、營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分[8-10]、葡萄酒理化評(píng)定[11-12]和基因分子[13-14]等方面,對(duì)山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)的研究較少。劉歡等[15]對(duì)吉林省通化市主栽的4個(gè)山葡萄品種品質(zhì)指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),果實(shí)品質(zhì)中的單果質(zhì)量、總糖、有機(jī)酸、花色苷、總酚、Zn、Mn、Fe、Ca含量等指標(biāo)達(dá)到顯著差異,而果實(shí)體積、果形指數(shù)、Cu、Mg含量差異不顯著。涂正順等[16]以吉林地區(qū)的代表山葡萄品種‘雙優(yōu)‘雙紅和‘左優(yōu)紅為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)果實(shí)的香氣成分進(jìn)行檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),3個(gè)品種分別含有45、47和48種香氣物質(zhì),主要香氣成分以乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和橙花醇乙酸酯等為主。但是,基于新疆地區(qū)山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)性狀的研究鮮見報(bào)道。
不同品種的山葡萄風(fēng)味口感差異較大,‘北冰紅穗形緊實(shí)、單果較大;‘雙紅礦物質(zhì)元素豐富,果汁顏色深。本研究以2019-2021年田間長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好的8個(gè)山葡萄品種為試材,測(cè)定果實(shí)外觀和理化品質(zhì)兩個(gè)層面23項(xiàng)指標(biāo),基于主成分分析,以期找到影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵因子,綜合評(píng)價(jià)山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣,為山葡萄在新疆環(huán)塔盆地的推廣及高效種植提供參考。
1? 材料與方法
1.1? 樣地概況
采樣點(diǎn)位于新疆阿克蘇地區(qū)新疆林科院佳木國(guó)家重點(diǎn)林木良種基地,基地海拔1 103.8 m,地下水埋深2.8~3.3 m;屬暖溫帶干旱氣候,晝夜溫差大;年均降水量不足100 mm; 年均氣溫?? 10.1 ℃,歷史極端低溫-27.4 ℃ ,近3 a(2019-2021年)最低氣溫-18 ℃,年均日照時(shí)數(shù)2 747.7 h, ≥10 ℃ 積溫2 916.8~3 198. 6 ℃ ,無霜期205~219 d。
1.2? 主要儀器設(shè)備與試劑
Mitutoyo游標(biāo)卡尺(量程0~150 mm,精度0.02 mm),日本三豐公司;AE323C千分之一天平,奧豪斯儀器(上海)有限公司;FW80-1型粉碎機(jī),天津市泰斯特儀器有限公司;877 Titrino plus電位滴定儀,瑞士萬通公司;UV2600紫外分光光度計(jì),日本島津公司;2695高效液相色譜儀,美國(guó)Waters公司;900T PE原子吸收光譜儀,美國(guó)Perkin Elmer公司。
氯化鋁、硫酸銅、硫酸銨、碳酸鈉、氫氧化鈉、雙氧水、四水合酒石酸鉀鈉,天津市博迪化工有限公司;葡萄糖、蒽酮、鄰苯二甲酸氫鉀、酚酞指示劑,上海譜振生物科技有限公司;s酸銨、草酸、偏磷酸-醋酸,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司,以上試劑均為分析純。
1.3? 方法
1.3.1? 果實(shí)樣品采集與處理? 8 個(gè)山葡萄品種分別為:‘北冰紅‘雙紅‘左優(yōu)紅‘雪蘭紅‘雙豐‘北國(guó)紅‘左山1‘左山2,樹齡4 a,南北行向,株行距為 1 m×3.5 m,單臂籬架,田間正常肥水管理。經(jīng)2020-2021 年不下架自然越冬,于2021 年10 月20 日(果實(shí)成熟期)采樣,每個(gè)品種隨機(jī)挑選10株山葡萄,摘取陰面和陽面上、中、下部各一穗,保證所取山葡萄穗形整齊一致、無病蟲害,混合后即刻測(cè)量外觀品質(zhì)性狀;其余山葡萄帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,隨機(jī)摘取600 粒果實(shí),帶皮壓榨成汁,并用紗布過濾保存。
1.3.2? 山葡萄外觀指標(biāo)測(cè)定? 果徑及果形指數(shù):每個(gè)品種隨機(jī)選取成熟度一致的45 粒山葡萄,采用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量果實(shí)的縱徑、橫徑,計(jì)算其平均值,結(jié)果以mm顯示;果形指數(shù)=果實(shí)縱徑/果實(shí)橫徑。
果穗質(zhì)量、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積和密度:每一品種隨機(jī)選取3 穗山葡萄,用千分之一天平稱量果穗質(zhì)量,取其平均值,結(jié)果以克表示;隨機(jī)選取45 粒山葡萄,稱量后取平均值,單果質(zhì)量以g表示;稱質(zhì)量后的山葡萄,用排水法分別測(cè)量體積,結(jié)果取平均值,以毫升表示。
1.3.3? 山葡萄理化指標(biāo)測(cè)定? 總糖根據(jù)GB/T15038-2006測(cè)定;總酸根據(jù)GB/T12456-2008測(cè)定;糖酸比=總糖/總酸;可溶性固形物根據(jù)GB/T12295-1990測(cè)定;固酸比=可溶性固形物/總酸;pH測(cè)定采用酸度計(jì)法[17];總酚、總花色苷和白藜蘆醇測(cè)定采用HPLC液相色譜法[18];總黃酮含量測(cè)定采用蘆丁比色法[19];原花青素含量采用分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定;各類礦質(zhì)元素采用原子吸收光譜儀測(cè)定[20]。
1.4? 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
采用Excel 2010進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理,SPSS 21.0進(jìn)行方差分析[20]、描述性分析[21]和主成分分析[20-22]。
2? 結(jié)果與分析
2.1? 山葡萄品質(zhì)描述性分析
由表1可知,8個(gè)山葡萄品種,可溶性固形物、總黃酮、pH、總酸、總糖、總酚、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積、糖酸比的變異系數(shù)分別是25.71%、26.95%、8.58%、21.61%、21.40%、? 28.69%、22.54%、26.73%、21.43%、29.50%和? 2.81%、3.59%、9.37%、? 8.79%和28.71%,均<30%,變異程度較小。果形指數(shù)越接近于1,果實(shí)越接近正圓,反之則接近于扁圓,8個(gè)山葡萄品種的果形指數(shù)變異系數(shù)較大,與山葡萄果形差異較大有關(guān)。其他8項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變異程度較大,白藜蘆醇含量變異系數(shù)達(dá)到? 106.69%,主要是‘北國(guó)紅白藜蘆醇含量較高,使得整體變化浮動(dòng)范圍較大。比較均值和中位數(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),除白藜蘆醇、花色苷含量和果形指數(shù)外,其他品質(zhì)指標(biāo)平均值均接近中位數(shù),說明該類指標(biāo)的離群點(diǎn)較少,試驗(yàn)所選的山葡萄品種各指標(biāo)測(cè)定值均在可接受范圍內(nèi)。
2.2? 主成分分析
在對(duì)山葡萄進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)前,考慮各品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的數(shù)量綱不一致,其中外觀品質(zhì)指標(biāo)(果實(shí)縱徑、果實(shí)橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積、果穗質(zhì)量)、理化品質(zhì)指標(biāo)(可溶性固形物、白藜蘆醇、原花青素、總黃酮、總糖、總酚、鈣、鎂、鐵、錳、鋅、銅元素)均為值越大,品質(zhì)越好;總酸值越小越好;果形指數(shù)、糖酸比、固酸比為越接近1越好;pH為3.0~3.6最佳[23]。為此,在進(jìn)行主成分分析前,采用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理(表2)。
主成分分析是將多項(xiàng)復(fù)雜指標(biāo)簡(jiǎn)化為少數(shù)綜合指標(biāo)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法[21],在保證原始信息損失少且減少變量數(shù)目的前提下,采用少數(shù)變量反映原始信息[22],設(shè)X=(X1,X2,…,Xn),設(shè)n為隨機(jī)向量,它的線性關(guān)系式如下:
PC1=a′1X=a11X1+a21X2+…+ap1Xp
PC2=a′2X=a12X1+a22X2+…+ap2Xp
…………………………………
PCp=a′pX=a1pX1+a2pX2+…+appXp
將PC1代替原來p個(gè)變量X1,X2,…,Xp,PC1會(huì)盡可能多地反映原始變量的信息,如若PC1不足以反映原始的絕大多數(shù)信息,則考慮引入PC2,據(jù)此類推。主成分分析成分個(gè)數(shù)m需依據(jù)各個(gè)成分的累計(jì)方差貢獻(xiàn)率最終確定。
方差累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率=∑mk=1λk/∑pi=1λi
式中,λ為各成分所對(duì)應(yīng)的特征值;k為選定的成分?jǐn)?shù);i為全部成分?jǐn)?shù)。
由表3可知,從23 項(xiàng)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)中提取出6 個(gè)特征根> 1的成分,累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)97.839%,綜合山葡萄的絕大部分信息,為避免PC5和PC6對(duì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)帶來干擾,為此選用PC1~PC4進(jìn)行因子分析。
成分矩陣經(jīng)8次迭代后收斂取得旋轉(zhuǎn)成分矩陣(表4),PC1綜合了pH、果實(shí)縱徑、果實(shí)橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積和果穗質(zhì)量的信息,其中果實(shí)縱徑、果實(shí)橫徑、單果質(zhì)量、單果體積和果穗質(zhì)量在第一成分上呈正向分布,pH呈負(fù)向分布,即PC1越大,單果質(zhì)量越大、穗質(zhì)量越大,pH越低,PC1可命名為外觀品質(zhì)因子。第二成分PC2主要綜合可溶性固形物、總糖、糖酸比、固酸比和Mn含量的信息,上述指標(biāo)均呈正向分布,PC2命名為甜度因子。第三成分PC3主要綜合Ca、Mg和Cu含量的信息,上述指標(biāo)均呈正向分布,為此PC3命名為礦質(zhì)元素因子。第四主成分PC4包含花色苷、總酸和果形指數(shù)3 項(xiàng)指標(biāo),其中花色苷和果形指數(shù)呈負(fù)向分布,總酸呈正向分布,即PC4越大,總酸和花色苷含量越低,果實(shí)越接近于扁圓。第五主成分PC5包含原花青素和總黃酮2 項(xiàng)指標(biāo),均呈正向分布,可命名為營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子。第六主成分PC6僅包含白藜蘆醇和Zn含量2 項(xiàng)指標(biāo),前者呈負(fù)向分布,后者呈正向分布。
2.3? 山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的公因子得分及綜合評(píng)價(jià)
將旋轉(zhuǎn)載荷矩陣除以相對(duì)應(yīng)主成分的特征根,即可得出得分矩陣,再對(duì)得分矩陣的載荷值開算數(shù)平方根,即可得出每組指標(biāo)相對(duì)應(yīng)的載荷系數(shù),將載荷系數(shù)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)作乘,可得出每組主成分的算數(shù)表達(dá)式:
PC1=0.147 ZX1-0.289 ZX2-0.094 ZX3+0.079 ZX4+0.053 ZX5-0.411 ZX6+0.231 ZX7+0.174 ZX8-0.276 ZX9+0.174 ZX10+? 0.154 ZX11+0.154 ZX12-0.089 ZX13-0.222 ZX14+0.155 ZX15+0.394 ZX16+0.405 ZX17+0.422 ZX18+0.410 ZX19+0.416 ZX20+0.180 ZX21+0.177 ZX22+0.229 ZX23
PC2=0.437 ZX1+0.242 ZX2-0.226 ZX3-0.096 ZX4-0.232 ZX5+0.093 ZX6+0.260 ZX7+0.441 ZX8+0.327 ZX9+0.075 ZX10-? 0.254 ZX11+0.135 ZX12+0.360 ZX13-0.279 ZX14-0.045 ZX15+0.261 ZX16-0.148 ZX17+0.268 ZX18+0.278 ZX19-0.074 ZX20+0.301 ZX21+0.419 ZX22+0.399 ZX23
PC3=0.102 ZX1-0.338 ZX2+0.317 ZX3+0.222 ZX4-0.349 ZX5+0.128 ZX6-0.167 ZX7-0.206 ZX8+0.282 ZX9+0.445 ZX10+? 0.450 ZX11-0.296 ZX12+0.364 ZX13+0.174 ZX14+0.451 ZX15+0.254 ZX16+0.236 ZX17+0.225 ZX18+0.262 ZX19-0.252 ZX20+0.185 ZX21-0.218 ZX22-0.116 ZX23
PC4=0.166 ZX1+0.240 ZX2-0.188 ZX3-0.465 ZX4-0.307 ZX5-0.268 ZX6+0.441 ZX7-0.087 ZX8-0.362 ZX9-0.290 ZX10-? 0.018 ZX11+0.337 ZX12+0.298 ZX13-0.017 ZX14-0.147 ZX15+0.302 ZX16-0.287 ZX17-0.130 ZX18+0.155 ZX19+0.250 ZX20+0.440 ZX21+0.316 ZX22+0.323 ZX23
PC5=-0.388 ZX1+0.140 ZX2+0.654 ZX3+0.241 ZX4+0.589 ZX5+0.306 ZX6-? 0.311 ZX7+0.177 ZX8+0.274 ZX9+0.203 ZX10+? 0.316 ZX11-0.541 ZX12-0.112 ZX13+? 0.298 ZX14+0.158 ZX15+0.266 ZX16+0.368 ZX17-0.099 ZX18-0.271 ZX19-0.233 ZX20-0.247 ZX21-0.240 ZX22-0.397 ZX23
PC6=-0.320 ZX1-0.594 ZX2+0.327 ZX3+0.205 ZX4+0.159 ZX5+0.416 ZX6+? 0.205 ZX7-0.324 ZX8-0.426 ZX9+0.275 ZX10-0.134 ZX11+0.538 ZX12+0.215 ZX13+0.704 ZX14+0.207 ZX15-0.173 ZX16+0.294 ZX17+0.147 ZX18-0.083 ZX19+0.096 ZX20-0.251 ZX21-0.210 ZX22-0.250 ZX23
用特征根除以各個(gè)主成分的特征根之和,得出山葡萄果實(shí)綜合評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)PCz=A1PC1+A2PC2+A3PC3+A41PC4+A5PC5+A6PC6,其中A1=λ1/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6),A2=λ2/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6),A3=λ3/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6),A4=λ4/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6),A5=λ5/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6),A6=λ6/(λ1+λ2+λ3+λ4+λ5+λ6)。式中,λ1,λ2,λ3,λ4,λ5,λ6分別為6個(gè)主成分的特征根。
表 5 結(jié)果表明,山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)排名前3的分別是‘北冰紅‘左優(yōu)紅和‘雪蘭紅,其中‘北冰紅分別在PC1和PC4兩個(gè)主成分排名第 1,而在PC3、PC5和PC6上排名靠后,說明其優(yōu)勢(shì)主要表現(xiàn)在果實(shí)最接近正圓,產(chǎn)量最高且單果體積最大,糖酸比和固酸比較高,而礦質(zhì)元素、總黃酮和原花青素含量較低,屬于商品率高、豐產(chǎn)、糖酸比較高,但營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值較低的類型,綜合排名第 1;‘左優(yōu)紅綜合在PC1、PC2和PC3排名位居前列,其主要優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)在可溶性固形物、總糖、原花青素和花色苷含量較高,缺點(diǎn)在于花期落花落果嚴(yán)重,生產(chǎn)上宜通過提高栽培手段以增加產(chǎn)量;‘雪蘭紅在PC1、PC2和PC4上排名靠前,果實(shí)可溶性固形物、總糖含量較高,總酸含量較低,果形勻稱,但原花青素、白藜蘆醇等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量較低,果汁顏色較淺;‘左山2礦質(zhì)元素極為豐富,原花青素含量高,適合與其他品種混釀,以增加風(fēng)味和保健功效;‘北國(guó)紅綜合排名第5,優(yōu)勢(shì)在于糖酸比、固酸比高,但果個(gè)較小、產(chǎn)量較低,只適宜釀造冰酒;‘雙紅排名第7,‘左山1排名第8,分列最后兩位,產(chǎn)量、糖酸比和固酸比均較低,優(yōu)勢(shì)在于花色苷含量較高,作為優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄酒原料風(fēng)味欠佳。
3? 討論與結(jié)論
本試驗(yàn)采用隸屬函數(shù)法,按照直立越冬方式,對(duì)8 個(gè)山葡萄品種的23 項(xiàng)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理,基于主成分分析對(duì)原始信息進(jìn)行壓縮,提取出6 個(gè)可以代替原始信息的公因子,累計(jì)方差貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)97.839%,公因子間相互獨(dú)立,避免重復(fù)信息對(duì)最終排序所造成的干擾。綜合看來,‘北冰紅得分最高,兼具口感風(fēng)味優(yōu)和豐產(chǎn)性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),可用作開發(fā)特色山葡萄加工制品;‘左優(yōu)紅和‘雪蘭紅次之,礦質(zhì)元素、總糖含量較高,風(fēng)味獨(dú)特,口感偏甜,既適合作為陳釀型干紅葡萄酒原料,還適合釀造優(yōu)質(zhì)冰葡萄酒;‘雙紅和‘左山1排名最后,花色苷含量豐富,果汁顏色極深,與其他品種混釀時(shí)作為抗氧化劑和增色劑。
在主成分評(píng)價(jià)前,考慮到果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的數(shù)量綱不一致,為此采用數(shù)學(xué)方法對(duì)果品指標(biāo)結(jié)果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理。果樹學(xué)果實(shí)評(píng)價(jià)常見方法多集中在感覺評(píng)定[23]、方差分析[24-25]、層次分析[26-27]等,這類評(píng)價(jià)方法受主觀因素干擾,評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果往往具有主觀性、片面性及不確定性。付寶春等[28]對(duì)玉簪的耐旱性評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),通過隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象加權(quán)平均求和,根據(jù)得分高低綜合排序。王益民等[29]根據(jù)歸一化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差法和零均值法對(duì)枸杞的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化。在果品分析時(shí),部分指標(biāo)對(duì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果有負(fù)影響,為此在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮這些因素,采用隸屬函數(shù)法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行科學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化,可兼顧綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果有正、負(fù)雙方面指標(biāo),使得評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果更為客觀合理。
本研究對(duì)指標(biāo)正、負(fù)相關(guān)性的定義依據(jù)品種特性和選育目標(biāo)而定,對(duì)指標(biāo)的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)亦不盡相同。穗形整齊緊致、單果體積大是山葡萄外觀品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)的首要目標(biāo),也是確保果農(nóng)收益的重要前提。糖分對(duì)葡萄酒的風(fēng)味、色澤具有重要影響,同時(shí)也是葡萄酒精發(fā)酵的基質(zhì)[30],含糖量越高,葡萄酒品質(zhì)越好[31]。果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分越高越好,包括白藜蘆醇、原花青素、花色苷、可溶性固形物、總黃酮、總酚和礦質(zhì)元素,醫(yī)藥保健價(jià)值很高,此外,總酚、花色苷和礦質(zhì)元素含量越高,葡萄酒風(fēng)味越佳,釀造出的葡萄酒更加濃郁醇厚,馥香爽口。pH控制在3.0~3.6,超出這一范圍會(huì)導(dǎo)致葡萄酒酸澀平淡,還會(huì)增加釀造工藝的難度[32]。果形以近圓形為準(zhǔn),果形指數(shù)越接近1越好。
選育高糖、低酸、營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高的山葡萄品種,是業(yè)界同行的共同目標(biāo)[33]。本研究中的8 個(gè)山葡萄品種均來自東北地區(qū),在隸屬函數(shù)法統(tǒng)一數(shù)量綱的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行主成分分析,得出影響山葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)的關(guān)鍵因子是:?jiǎn)喂|(zhì)量、可溶性固形物、總糖、礦質(zhì)元素含量、花色苷。最后按照各主成分的權(quán)重進(jìn)行評(píng)分,有利于區(qū)別各品種間的差異,在生產(chǎn)中結(jié)合不同品種的優(yōu)勢(shì),有選擇性地推廣發(fā)展。
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The Difference of Fruit Quality on Vitis amurensis Rupr. around Tarim Basin
PAN Yue1,2,JIANG Teng1,WANG Xu1,WANG Jijiao1,3,MA Yong1,3,
HU Haifang1,2,WANG Baoqing1,4? and SUN Gang1
(1.Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Science,Urumqi? 830000,China; 2.State Key Forest Seed Breeding Bases in Wensu,
Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Science,Wensu Xinjiang? 843100,China; 3.College of Forestry and Landscape
Architecture,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi? 830052; 4.Akesu National Observation and Research
Station of Chinese Forest Ecosystem,Wensu? Xinjiang? 843100,China)
Abstract ?To provide a scientific theoretical basis for the breeding,popularization and application of Vitis amurensis Rupr. around the ecological region of Tarim Basin,eight comprehensive systems for the evaluation of Xinjiang Vitis amurensis Rupr was established, the grape varieties with good field performance,which inculded Vitis amurensis Rupr. ‘Beibinghong‘Shuanghong‘Zuoyouhong‘Xuelanhong‘Shuangfeng‘Beiguohong‘Zuoshan1 and ‘Zuoshan 2, were used as test materials from 2019-2021 to measure 23 appearance and physical and chemical quality indicators of the fruit,and then its fruit was ranked according to the comprehensive score by descriptive statistics and PCA. The results showed that the 23 fruit quality indicators had different degrees of variation,of which the resveratrol,fruit shape index,Zn content and anthocyanin had significnat degree of variation,being more than,50%; cob mass,proanthocyanidins,solid acid ratio,and Fe content showed average variation,ranging from 30% to 50%; there were slight differences in other fruit quality indicators,being <30%. Six common factors with characteristic root >1 were extracted by factor analysis and their cumulative variance contribution rate reached 97.839% and a common factor PC1 contribution rate reached 22.154%,which were mainly determined by pH,fruit longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter,fruit mass per fruit,fruit volume per fruit and cob? mass,and could mainly reflect the information of the fruit appearance quality. The common factor PC2 contribution rate reached 20.987%,which was determined by five factors,namely,soluble solids,total sugar,sugar-acid ratio,solid-acid ratio,and Mn content,and could mainly reflect the information of the sugar content of fruit juice; the common factor PC3 contribution rate reached 19.820%,which was determined by three factors,namely,Ca,Mg and Cu content,and could mainly reflect the content of mineral elements. The common factor PC4 contribution rate reached 19.117%,which was determined by three factors,namely,anthocyanin,total acid,and fruit shape index,and could mainly reflect juice color,acidity,and fruit shape; the common factor PC5 contribution rate reached 8.293%,which was determined by two factors,proanthocyanidins,and total flavonoids,could mainly reflect the nutritional status of the fruit. The common factor PC6 contribution rate reached 7.467%,which was determined by two factors,namely resveratrol and Zn content,which could mainly reflect the level of resveratrol and Zn content. The comprehensive score of Vitis amurensis Rupr. fruit quality was in descending order as ‘Beibinghong‘Zuoyouhong‘Xuelanhong‘Zuoshan2 ‘Beiguohong ‘Shuangfeng ‘Shuanghong‘Zuoshan 1 .
Key words? Vitis amurensis Rupr; PCA;Appearance quality;Physical and chemical quality;Comprehensive evaluation
Received ??2022-06-19??? Returned? 2022-07-19
Foundation item? The Xinjiang Fruit Germplasm Resource Innovation Project(No.LGXY202107);Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2020B01003-1).
First author? PAN Yue,male,master,assistant research fellow.Research area:forest genetics and breeding.E-mail:18690187637@163.com
Corresponding?? author? SUN Gang,male,master,senior engineers. Research area:landscape planning and design. E-mail:292690111@qq.com
(責(zé)任編輯:顧玉蘭? Responsible editor:GU Yulan)