柳青 戴春
[摘要] 目的 研究阿托伐他汀對對比劑腎病大鼠腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡及FAS/FASL表達(dá)的影響。 方法 清潔級雄性SD大鼠32只隨機(jī)分為A(正常組)、B(實驗對照組)、C(造模組)、D(他汀組)4組,每組8只。他汀組于造模前3 d至造模后3 d給予阿托伐他汀30 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,其余組給予等體積的生理鹽水灌胃。建立對比劑腎病大鼠模型,其中C、D組注射吲哚美辛、N—硝基—L—精氨酸甲酯、泛影葡胺,B組以生理鹽水代替泛影葡胺,A組只注射等體積的生理鹽水。采集各組大鼠造模前、造模后48 h的血液,用全自動生化分析儀檢測血肌酐(SCr)值;造模72 h后處死大鼠摘取右腎,采用原位末端標(biāo)記法(TUNEL)檢測腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡情況;免疫組化法檢測腎臟FAS、FASL表達(dá)變化。 結(jié)果 ①C組造模前血SCr較造模后升高>25%(P < 0.05),且造模后C組血SCr較A、B、D各組有所升高(P < 0.05);②C組較A、B組腎臟凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增多,F(xiàn)AS和FASL的表達(dá)亦顯著增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05),D組較C組凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)減少,F(xiàn)AS和FASL的表達(dá)減弱(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 阿托伐他汀可能通過減弱凋亡相關(guān)蛋白FAS和FASL的表達(dá)而抑制腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡,從而發(fā)揮其預(yù)防保護(hù)作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 阿托伐他汀;對比劑腎病;細(xì)胞凋亡;大鼠;FAS/FASL
[中圖分類號] R692.9[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A[文章編號] 1673—9701(2012)24—0020—03
The effects of atorvastatin on apoptosis and the expression of FAS and FASL in the kidney of contrast—induced nephropathy in rats
LIU Qing DAI Chun
Department of Nephrology,the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College,Xuzhou 221000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of atorvastatin on apoptosis and the expression of FAS and FASL in the kidney of contrast—induced nephropathy in rats. Methods Thirty—two clean male SD rats with mean of weight (200±10) g were randomly divided into four groups,8 rats in each group. There were A group(normal group),B group (experimental control group),C group (contrast—induced nephropathy group),D group (atorvastatin intervention group). In D group, atorvastatin was gavaged from 3 before days modeling to 3 days after it, and the remaining group was given an equal volume of saline. Establish the rat model of the contrast—induced nephropathy. Indomethacin,N—nitro—L—arginine methyl ester and diatrizoate were all injected in C and D groups,when the group B with aline instead of diatrizoate, group A only injected with saline. Then collected the blood before modeling and 48h after modeling. Serum creatinine (SCr) were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer. After modeling 72 h, rats were killed to get the right kidney. Apoptosis was evaluated by means of terminal—deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d—UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL). And,immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of FAS and FASL. Results ①After modeling,the levels of SCr increased significantly in C group (P < 0.05),as well as compared with the other three groups (P < 0.05). ②Compared with those of the kidneys in the group A and group B, apoptotic cells were more in number and the expression of FAS and FASL was higher in the modeling group (P < 0.05). The number of apoptotic cells and the level of expression of FAS and FASL were reduced by atorvastatin treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Atorvastatin has some renal protective effect on contrast—induced nephropathy,partly through inhibiting apoptosis by down—regulating FAS and FASL expression.
[Key words] Atorvastatin; Contrast—induced nephropathy; Apoptosis; Rat; FAS/FASL
近年來他汀類藥物對對比劑腎病(contrast—induced nep—hropathy,CIN)的預(yù)防作用受到極大關(guān)注。國內(nèi)外許多研究表明,阿托伐他汀術(shù)前給藥可以減少術(shù)后CIN的發(fā)生,并存在劑量依賴性效應(yīng)[1]。但他汀類藥物預(yù)防CIN的機(jī)制未完全闡明。
細(xì)胞凋亡參與多種腎臟疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及修復(fù)過程[2]。對比劑在腎小管和集合管高度濃縮,可直接損傷上皮細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)其凋亡。細(xì)胞凋亡受多種因素調(diào)控,受體介導(dǎo)的凋亡途徑中,F(xiàn)AS/FASL系統(tǒng)最具代表性。他汀類藥物是否通過影響腎臟的細(xì)胞凋亡及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白FAS、FASL來預(yù)防CIN的呢?本研究通過建立對比劑腎病大鼠模型,觀察不同干預(yù)組腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡的情況及FAS、FASL表達(dá)的情況,以進(jìn)一步探討他汀類藥物對CIN的保護(hù)機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗對象
健康雄性SD大鼠(徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院動物中心提供)32只,清潔級,體重(200±10) g。
1.2 主要試劑及器材
阿托伐他?。⑵胀祝x瑞制藥有限公司);吲哚美辛(美國Sigma公司);N—硝基—L—精氨酸甲酯(美國Sigma公司);泛影葡胺(上海旭東海普藥業(yè)有限公司);TUNEL試劑盒(羅氏公司);一抗為兔抗FAS/FASL抗體(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司);二抗為生物素化羊抗兔IgG(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司);DAB顯色試劑盒(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司);全自動生化分析儀(Olympus AU 2700型);臺式高速離心機(jī)(LDZ5—2型);電熱恒溫培養(yǎng)箱(HG303—3型);Olympus顯微攝像系統(tǒng)(日本Olympus公司)。
1.3方法
1.3.1 分組方法實驗隨機(jī)分為4組,每組8只:正常組(生理鹽水灌胃、股靜脈注射生理鹽水);實驗對照組(生理鹽水灌胃,股靜脈分別注射吲哚美辛、N—硝基—L—精氨酸甲酯和生理鹽水);造模組(生理鹽水灌胃,股靜脈分別注射吲哚美辛、N—硝基—L—精氨酸甲酯和泛影葡胺);他汀組(阿托伐他汀灌胃,股靜脈注射同造模組)。
1.3.2 建立對比劑腎病大鼠模型[3]造模前大鼠禁水12 h,自由進(jìn)食。稱重后按10%水合氯醛 0.32 mL/100 g 腹腔注射麻醉,平臥位備皮、酒精消毒后分離左股靜脈,插入留置針并固定,每隔15分鐘分別注射吲哚美辛(1 mg/100 g)、N—硝基—L—精氨酸甲酯(1 mg/100 g)和泛影葡胺(10 mL/kg)。
1.3.3 藥物干預(yù)他汀組于造模前3天、造模當(dāng)天及造模后3 d連續(xù)應(yīng)用30 mg/(kg·d)[4]阿托伐他汀灌胃;其余3組均使用等量生理鹽水灌胃。
1.3.4 標(biāo)本留取造模前及造模后48 h經(jīng)大鼠眼底靜脈叢采血1 mL,離心取上清液。造模后72 h殺鼠取右腎,10%中性甲醛固定、石蠟包埋、切片。
1.3.5 指標(biāo)檢測①全自動生化分析儀檢測造模前后各組大鼠SCr。②原位檢測細(xì)胞凋亡:采用羅氏分裝TUNEL試劑盒,根據(jù)說明書略做改良。切片厚約4 μm,常規(guī)脫蠟至水,經(jīng)3%H2O2處理、蛋白酶K消化后,加入TUNEL反應(yīng)液和轉(zhuǎn)化劑—POD,4℃過夜,DAB顯色,光鏡觀察凋亡信號,切片隨機(jī)選取5個高倍鏡視野,每個視野計數(shù)100個細(xì)胞,計算陽性細(xì)胞百分率,胞核中有棕色顆粒者為陽性細(xì)胞。③免疫組化檢測FAS、FASL:一抗為兔抗FAS/FASL抗體;二抗為生物素化羊抗兔IgG。采用SABC免疫組化檢測,經(jīng)DAB顯色后,光鏡下觀察結(jié)果,每例分別隨機(jī)選取5個高倍視野,計算每個視野內(nèi)染色區(qū)域的光密度值。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
實驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗,組間比較采用方差分析(ANOVA)。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1造模前后各組大鼠血肌酐值
造模組血SCr造模前較造模后升高> 25%,且造模后C組血SCr較各組有所升高(P < 0.05)。
2.2 TUNEL結(jié)果
光鏡下,造模組較A、B兩組腎臟凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增多,陽性細(xì)胞百分率增高(P < 0.05),D組(他汀組)較C組(造模組)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)減少,陽性細(xì)胞百分率減少(P < 0.05)。
2.3 免疫組化結(jié)果
C組(造模組)較A、B兩組腎臟FAS及FASL的表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05),D組(他汀組)較C組(造模組)腎臟FAS和FASL的表達(dá)減弱(P < 0.05)。
3 討論
CIN指使用對比劑48 h內(nèi)發(fā)生的無其他原因可解釋的急性腎功能損害性疾病,通常以血清肌酐上升超過44.2 μmol/L(即0.5 mg/dL)或較造影前的基礎(chǔ)水平升高超過25%為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5,6]。本研究中,大鼠血液采集的時間點為造模后48 h,結(jié)果示造模組血SCr較造模前水平升高(P < 0.05),且上升幅度均大于造模前25%,符合上述診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
對比劑腎病的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,高濃縮的對比劑不僅能直接損傷腎小管(對比劑使腎小管上皮細(xì)胞Ca2+內(nèi)流增加,胞漿內(nèi)Ca2+濃度增高,細(xì)胞骨架破壞),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,而且CIN發(fā)病過程中產(chǎn)生的氧自由基、炎癥因子等也參與了細(xì)胞凋亡[8]。尤其是腎臟缺血、缺氧時,凋亡更易發(fā)生。Yano等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對比劑可導(dǎo)致促凋亡基因Bax mRNA表達(dá)升高,抑凋亡基因bcl2 mRNA表達(dá)下降而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。本實驗中C組(造模組)腎臟凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯比其他三組增多(P < 0.05),也證明了凋亡確實存在于CIN中。
細(xì)胞凋亡受多種因素調(diào)控,受體介導(dǎo)凋亡途徑中,F(xiàn)AS/FASL系統(tǒng)最具代表性。FAS及 FASL是誘發(fā)腎臟多種細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡的蛋白。FASL屬于TNF(腫瘤壞死因子)細(xì)胞因子超家族,F(xiàn)AS屬于細(xì)胞膜受體中的一員,F(xiàn)AS和FASL結(jié)合,在細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(CTL)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作用和細(xì)胞凋亡中起重要作用,CTL激活后誘導(dǎo)自身表達(dá)FASL,并與靶細(xì)胞表面FAS結(jié)合,觸發(fā)靶細(xì)胞的死亡信號,引發(fā)DNA斷裂,發(fā)生凋亡。以往認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)ASL只存在于免疫系統(tǒng)淋巴細(xì)胞表面,但在腎組織也存在CTL表面的FASL與靶細(xì)胞的FAS結(jié)合,對小球小管和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒作用。本研究中,C組(造模組)腎臟FAS、FASL的表達(dá)明顯比其他三組增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05),說明FAS/FASL系統(tǒng)在CIN中的表達(dá)被廣泛激活。
他汀類藥物目前預(yù)防CIN的機(jī)制尚未明確,但他汀類藥物調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖/凋亡平衡的作用得到肯定,特別對于高血壓腎病、糖尿病腎病等系膜增殖性腎病,長期應(yīng)用他汀類藥物可以抑制系膜細(xì)胞的增殖、促進(jìn)凋亡[14]。但這種作用與他汀類藥物的作用時間、劑量、藥物種類、不同病理損傷有關(guān)。他汀類藥物在慢性腎臟病上表現(xiàn)的是促進(jìn)凋亡,但在CIN這種急性腎損傷中,短期大量用藥是否對腎臟細(xì)胞起抗凋亡作用是本實驗要研究的。本研究中,D組(他汀組)腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)較造模組有所下降(P < 0.05),血SCr的含量及FAS/FASL的表達(dá)也明顯減弱(P < 0.05),說明阿托伐他汀對腎臟起保護(hù)作用,減少了CIN的發(fā)生,并且這種保護(hù)作用和細(xì)胞凋亡的減少有關(guān)。
雖然本研究存在一定的局限性,如樣本數(shù)量較少、不能排除其他混雜因素的影響等,但本實驗仍能表明,阿托伐他汀可以預(yù)防CIN的發(fā)生,并且減少細(xì)胞凋亡,其具體的機(jī)制需要用更多的樣本和其他技術(shù)去繼續(xù)探討。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Giuseppe P,Annunziata N,Massimo C,et al. Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast—induced nephropathy and to improve long—term outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Am J Cardiol,2008,101:279—285.
[2]Zhang W,Khanna P,Chan LL,et al. Diabetes—induced apoptosis in rat kidney[J]. Biochem Mol Med,1997,61:58—62.
[3]Goodman AI. Heme oxygenase—1 protects against radio contrast—induced acute kidney injury by regulating anti—apoptotic proteins[J]. Kidney Int,2007,72(8):945—953.
[4]張煒,顧民. 阿托伐他汀對大鼠移植腎骨橋蛋白表達(dá)的影響[J]. 中國組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2007,11(4):605—609.
[5]Liistro F,F(xiàn)alsini G,Bolognese L. The clinical burden of contrast media—induced nephropathy[J]. Ital Heart J,2003,4(10):668.
[6]Peter A. Nephrotoxicity and the role of contrast media[J]. Radial Med,2004,22(6):377.
[7]杜敏,馬淑梅. 造影劑腎病[J]. 實用藥物與臨床,2009,12(1):55—58.
[8]Hizch I,Streater J,Schick CS,et al. Radiocontrast—induced DNA fragmentation of renal tubular cells in vrtio:role of hypertonicity[J]. Nephrol Dial—Transplant,1998,13(4):911—918.
[9]Yano T,Itoh Y,Sendo T,et al. Cyclic AMP reverses radio contrast media—induced apoptosis in LLC—PK1 cells by activating A kinase/PI3 kinase[J]. Kidney Int,2003,64(6):2052—2063.
[10]Steller H. Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide[J]. Science,1995, 267:1445—1449.
[11]Suda T,Takahashi,Golstein G,et al. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand,a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family[J].Cell,1993,75:1169—1178.
[12]Smith C,F(xiàn)arrah T,Goodwin G,et al. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation,constimulation,and cell death[J]. Cell,1994,76:959—962.
[13]張新爽,劉亞玲,張艷玲. 苯那普利對糖尿病大鼠腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡及Fas和FasL表達(dá)的影響[J]. 河北醫(yī)藥,2003,25(4):243—245.
[14]洪富源,黃一新. 他汀類藥物非降脂作用對腎保護(hù)研究新進(jìn)展[J]. 國外醫(yī)學(xué):泌尿系統(tǒng)分冊,2003,23(3):325—328.
(收稿日期:2012—06—19)