朱穎 孫蘊(yùn)偉 袁耀宗 張明均
·論著·
持續(xù)抑制超氧歧化酶活性誘導(dǎo)大鼠慢性胰腺炎模型
朱穎 孫蘊(yùn)偉 袁耀宗 張明均
目的觀察大鼠腹膜內(nèi)注射超氧歧化酶(SOD)抑制劑二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸鹽(DETC)后胰腺的病理改變,并與大鼠胰管內(nèi)注射三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)所制備的慢性胰腺炎(CP)模型相比較。方法將大鼠按隨機(jī)表法分為DETC組、DETC對照組、TNBS組、TNBS對照組、正常對照組。DETC組大鼠腹膜內(nèi)注射DETC 750 mg/kg體重,每周2次,DETC對照組在腹腔內(nèi)注射等容積生理鹽水。TNBS組大鼠胰管內(nèi)注入含2% TNBS的乙醇磷酸鹽緩沖液,TNBS對照組注入等容積乙醇磷酸鹽緩沖液。正常對照組不做任何處理。術(shù)后2、4、6、8周分批處死大鼠,取血檢測淀粉酶活性,取胰腺組織行病理及超微結(jié)構(gòu)檢查,檢測組織內(nèi)SOD、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,免疫組化法檢測組織α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA),結(jié)蛋白(Desmin),膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ,TGF-β1,纖維連接蛋白(FN)的表達(dá),RT-PCR法檢測組織TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)。結(jié)果DETC組大鼠無死亡,TNBS組大鼠死亡率為15%。2組大鼠血淀粉酶活性差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。4周時(shí)DETC組大鼠胰腺纖維化評分為(3.4±1.1)分,顯著高于TNBS組的(3.0±1.3)分(t=3.462,P<0.05);6周時(shí)胰腺組織腺體破壞評分為(9.1±1.8)分,顯著高于TNBS組的(8.4±1.8)分(t=2.943,P<0.05);細(xì)胞空泡樣變、脂肪浸潤評分較TNBS組高,但差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。DETC組和TNBS組在制模2周后即可見胰腺超微結(jié)構(gòu)改變,4周后可見大量新生或已趨成熟的膠原纖維。2周時(shí)DETC組SOD活性較TNBS組顯著下降(t=5.468,P<0.05),GSH-PX活性在2、6周時(shí)較TNBS組顯著下降,(t值分別為6.497,10.125,P<0.05),而MDA活性在6、8周時(shí)較TNBS組均顯著升高(t值分別為3.350,5.407,P值<0.05)。DETC組和TNBS組大鼠胰腺組織α-SMA,Desmin,膠原Ⅰ 、Ⅲ,TGF-β1和FN表達(dá)及TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)水平差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論應(yīng)用DETC持續(xù)抑制SOD活性可成功誘導(dǎo)CP。DETC組大鼠的胰腺脂肪浸潤和纖維化程度較TNBS組出現(xiàn)得更早、更嚴(yán)重。采用該法制模操作簡單,大鼠死亡率低,是一種較理想的制備CP模型的方法。
慢性胰腺炎; 纖維化; 二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸鹽; 三硝基苯磺酸; 氧化性應(yīng)激; 星形細(xì)胞
建立穩(wěn)定可靠的慢性胰腺炎(CP)動(dòng)物模型的方法目前主要包括利用可自發(fā)產(chǎn)生CP的WBN/kob大鼠加上食物或藥物誘導(dǎo),大鼠尾靜脈內(nèi)注射二氯二丁基錫(dibutyltin dichloride,DBTC)[1],胰管結(jié)扎法,腹腔內(nèi)注射雨蛙肽[2],胰膽管內(nèi)注射三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenenze sulfonic acid,TNBS)等[3]。雄性WBN/kob鼠國內(nèi)尚無引進(jìn)。靜脈注射DBTC及胰管結(jié)扎法用于研究在胰膽管梗阻基礎(chǔ)上形成的CP。雨蛙肽主要用于誘導(dǎo)反復(fù)發(fā)作性的急性胰腺炎(AP)。相比之下,胰膽管內(nèi)注射TNBS法成模效果確切。有研究顯示,氧化應(yīng)激與CP發(fā)病有密切關(guān)系[4]。二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸鹽(diethyldithiocarbamate,DETC)是一種超氧歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性抑制劑,本研究在大鼠腹腔內(nèi)注射DETC,觀察是否能誘導(dǎo)大鼠CP的發(fā)生,并與TNBS制模法作比較。
一、動(dòng)物模型的建立
220~250 g雄性Wistar大鼠100只購自中國科學(xué)院上海實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,通過隨機(jī)表法分為DETC組、DETC對照組、TNBS組、TNBS對照組、正常對照組,每組20只。DETC組大鼠腹膜內(nèi)注射DETC 750 mg/kg體重(Sigma 公司),每周2次[5],DETC對照組在腹腔內(nèi)注射等容積生理鹽水。TNBS組大鼠胰管內(nèi)注入含2% TNBS的乙醇磷酸鹽緩沖液,TNBS對照組注入等容積乙醇磷酸鹽緩沖液。正常對照組不做任何處理。術(shù)后2、4、6、8周分批處死大鼠,取血分離血清,檢測淀粉酶活性,取胰腺組織,部分用2%戊二醛或10%甲醛固定,部分置液氮保存。
二、方法
1.胰腺組織病理學(xué)及超微結(jié)構(gòu)檢查:取固定的胰腺組織,常規(guī)切片,包埋,行光鏡及電鏡檢查。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的CP的病理指標(biāo)[6-7],用改良的病理評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判斷纖維化程度,其中纖維化指標(biāo)為葉間纖維化評分+葉內(nèi)纖維化評分,腺體破壞指標(biāo)為空泡樣變、葉間纖維化、葉內(nèi)纖維化、脂肪浸潤、腺體破壞、胰島破壞總和。
2.胰腺組織SOD、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量測定:取液氮保存的新鮮胰腺組織制備組織勻漿,蛋白定量后應(yīng)用SOD、MDA、GSH-PX檢測試劑盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)檢測組織SOD、MDA、GSH-PX活性,按試劑盒說明書操作,用分光光度儀(Beckman公司)測定吸光度值(A值)。
3.胰腺組織α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA),結(jié)蛋白(Desmin),膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ,TGF-β1,纖維連接蛋白(Fibronectin,F(xiàn)N)檢測:采用免疫組化法檢測??功?SMA、Desmin免疫組化檢測盒和抗膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ單抗購自美國Sigma公司,抗FN單抗和羊抗鼠、抗TGF-β1抗體均購自福建邁新科技有限公司,羊抗兔二抗購自Santa Cruz生物科技有限公司。 按試劑盒說明書操作。
4.胰腺組織TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)的檢測:采用RT-PCR法檢測。TGF-β1引物序列正義為5′-CTTCAGCTCCACAGAGAAGAACTGC-3′,反義為5′-CACGATCATGTTGGACAACTGCTCC-3′,產(chǎn)物298 bp,以β-actin(251 bp)為內(nèi)參。引物由上海博亞生物技術(shù)有限公司合成。取液氮保存的新鮮胰腺組織,應(yīng)用Trizol提取總RNA,先逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,再行PCR擴(kuò)增。PCR反應(yīng)條件: 94℃ 5 min,94℃ 30 s、55℃ 45 s(TGF-β1)或60℃ 1 min(β-actin),72℃ 1 min,共30個(gè)循環(huán),最后72℃ 10 min。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)電泳分離,攝片,掃描。以目的條帶與內(nèi)參條帶的灰度比值表示miRNA表達(dá)量。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
一、大鼠死亡率
DETC組、DETC對照組及正常對照組大鼠均無死亡,TNBS組、TNBS對照組大鼠死亡率分別為15%和10%。
二、血清淀粉酶活性
正常對照組、DETC對照組、DETC組、TNBS對照組和TNBS組大鼠的淀粉酶活性均值分別為(1661±89)、(1693±144)、(1578±195)、(1539±213)、(1501±182)U/L。各組間的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05)。
三、胰腺組織病理改變
DETC誘導(dǎo)的大鼠4周后胰腺組織出現(xiàn)較為明顯的纖維化,伸入腺泡,腺體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,并伴有大量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(圖1a),纖維化指標(biāo)評分為(3.4±1.1)分,6周為(3.9±1.2)分,達(dá)峰值。TNBS誘導(dǎo)的大鼠4周后胰腺組織的管壁周圍和小葉間出現(xiàn)大量纖維組織,胰腺結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,并伴有脂肪浸潤(圖1b),纖維化指標(biāo)評分為(3.0±1.3)分,6周為(3.2±0.8)分,以后無明顯加重。DETC組大鼠胰腺纖維化程度較TNBS組重,其中4周時(shí)的評分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.462,P<0.05)。
DETC組6周時(shí)胰腺組織腺體的破壞評分為(9.1±1.8)分,較TNBS組的(8.4±1.8)分顯著增加(t=2.943,P<0.05)。2周時(shí)DETC組空泡樣變評分為(1.6±0.5)分,較TNBS組(1.0±0.5)明顯; 2、4周時(shí)脂肪浸潤分別為(0.9±0.7)、(2.0±1.0)分,較TNBS組的(0.2±0.3)、(1.1±0.9)分高,但差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。DETC組大鼠在4周時(shí)脂肪浸潤為(2.0±0.96)分,達(dá)峰值,而TNBS組在6周時(shí)達(dá)峰值。
圖1DETC(a)、TNBS(b)誘導(dǎo)4周后的大鼠胰腺組織病理改變(HE ×400 )
四、胰腺超微結(jié)構(gòu)改變
DETC組大鼠和TNBS組大鼠在誘導(dǎo)2周后即可見胰腺超微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)擴(kuò)張,線粒體腫脹,嵴變短變少,間質(zhì)內(nèi)可見增生活躍的成纖維細(xì)胞(圖2a),有些腺泡的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)擴(kuò)張形成囊泡,有時(shí)可見腺泡細(xì)胞被破壞,釋放出酶原顆粒。4周后小葉間質(zhì)內(nèi)可見大量新生或已趨成熟的膠原纖維,伴成纖維細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,導(dǎo)管擴(kuò)張,導(dǎo)管上皮細(xì)胞增生,血管內(nèi)皮增生,新生血管形成,部分腺泡線粒體腫脹,空泡樣變明顯(圖2b),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)斷裂解體,形成大小不等的囊泡,有些囊泡已融合成大泡。6至8周胰腺超微結(jié)構(gòu)無進(jìn)一步變化。正常對照組未見異常改變。
圖2 DETC誘導(dǎo)2周后大鼠胰腺超微結(jié)構(gòu)改變(×1200)
五、胰腺組織SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA含量
DETC組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠胰腺組織SOD活性均較DETC對照組顯著下降(t值分別為7.53,3.18,11.02,8.90,P值均<0.05);GSH-PX活性亦均較DETC對照組顯著下降(t值分別為14.74,6.55,11.54,15.01,P值均<0.05);而MDA含量較同時(shí)間點(diǎn)DETC對照組顯著升高(t值分別為12.93,7.63,15.86,13.17,P值均<0.05)。DETC組的SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA含量與正常對照組的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而DETC對照組與正常對照組的差異則無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。
TNBS組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠胰腺組織SOD活性均顯著低于TNBS對照組(t值分別為12.71,7.89,10.03,9.16,P值均<0.05);GSH-PX 活性在2、8周時(shí)顯著低于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)TNBS對照組(t值分別為8.31,2.16,P值均<0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;MDA含量在2、4、6周時(shí)顯著高于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)TNBS對照組(t值分別為7.23,4.30,7.57,P值均P<0.05),8周時(shí)的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。TNBS組及TNBS對照組胰腺組織的SOD活性、GSH-PX活性、MDA含量與正常對照組的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05,表1)。
DETC組的SOD總均值、GSH-PX總均值較DETC對照組間下降49%及61%,MDA總均值較DETC對照組升高68%。而TNBS組的SOD總均值、GSH-PX總均值較TNBS對照組下僅26%及12%,MDA總均值較TNBS對照組升高6%。而且TNBS對照組SOD、GSH-PX活性較正常對照組下降,MDA含量升高。
兩實(shí)驗(yàn)組比較,2周時(shí)DETC組SOD活性較TNBS組顯著下降(t=5.468,P<0.05),GSH-PX活性在2、6周時(shí)較TNBS組顯著下降(t值分別為6.497,10.125,P值均<0.05),而MDA活性在6、8周時(shí)較TNBS組均顯著升高(t值分別為3.350,5.407,P值均<0.05)。其他時(shí)間點(diǎn)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
六、胰腺組織α-SMA,Desmin,膠原Ⅰ 、Ⅲ,TGF-β1和FN表達(dá)
α-SMA和Desmin的表達(dá)定位于胰腺小葉間質(zhì)、血管周邊和腺泡旁;TGF-β1的表達(dá)主要定位于小葉間質(zhì)的結(jié)締組織內(nèi),腺泡間也有少量表達(dá);FN主要表達(dá)在葉間纖維組織內(nèi),呈樹枝狀分布;膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ表達(dá)在腺泡之間,呈網(wǎng)格狀包繞腺泡。
正常對照組α-SMA,Desmin和TGF-β1呈陰性或弱陽性表達(dá),F(xiàn)N,膠原Ⅱ、Ⅲ呈陰性表達(dá)。DETC組和TNBS組大鼠自2周起就能在胰腺組織中檢測到α-SMA,Desmin,TGF-β1的表達(dá), 4、6、8周時(shí)無明顯增強(qiáng);FN及膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ的表達(dá)在2周時(shí)呈弱陽性,4周時(shí)呈強(qiáng)陽性,與胰腺組織纖維化程度呈正相關(guān)。TNBS對照組α-SMA,Desmin和TGF-β1陽性表達(dá),但FN,膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ呈弱陽性表達(dá)(圖4)。
圖3DETC組大鼠2周時(shí)胰腺組織α-SMA(a)、Desmin(b)、TGF-β1(c)及TNBS組大鼠4周時(shí)胰腺組織FN(d)、膠原 Ⅰ(e)、膠原Ⅲ(f)的表達(dá) (免疫組化 ×100,×400)
七、胰腺組織TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)
DETC組和TNBS組大鼠胰腺組織TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)水平均高于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)正常對照組(t值分別為10.427,11.315,9.146,9.756,8.282,10.055,14.784,7.617,P值均<0.05),亦顯著高于各自的對照組(t值分別為11.413,12.967,9.009,12.368,3.265,4.405,3.390,3.167,P值均<0.05),但它們之間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為0.904,0.045,-0.865,-0.017,P值均>0.05,表1)。
慢性胰腺炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜,目前影響較大的理論一是與乙醇相關(guān)的中毒-代謝理論,二是結(jié)石-胰管梗阻理論,三就是氧化應(yīng)激理論[4]。胰膽管內(nèi)注射TNBS誘導(dǎo)的CP是基于胰管梗阻理論,其制模效果確切,但操作難度大,手術(shù)本身有一定死亡率,注射TNBS后的死亡率更高,本研究的死亡率為15%,可見該制模方法對操作技術(shù)及術(shù)后監(jiān)護(hù)要求高。相比之下,每周2次在大鼠腹腔內(nèi)注射DETC操作更為簡單,掌握劑量的情況下死亡率低,而且實(shí)驗(yàn)費(fèi)用低,所需時(shí)間短,制模成功率高。
表1 各組大鼠胰腺組織SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA含量及TGF-β1 mRNA表達(dá)
注:與各自相應(yīng)對照組比較,aP<0.05;與正常對照組比較,bP<0.05
DETC是一種SOD的抑制劑,前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果顯示[5],大鼠腹膜內(nèi)注射DETC后3 d,SOD和GSH-PX活性被抑制,而MDA活性升高,提示胰腺始終處于抗氧化酶類的過度消耗及脂質(zhì)過氧化物過剩的狀態(tài)下。
胰腺星狀細(xì)胞(pancreatic stellate cells,PSCs)具有促進(jìn)胰腺纖維化發(fā)生和進(jìn)展的作用[8]。活化的PSCs能表達(dá)α-SMA,能合成膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ和FN[9]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,DETC組大鼠胰腺組織α-SMA,Desmin,膠原Ⅰ、Ⅲ,TGF-β1和FN表達(dá)增強(qiáng),表明PSCs處于活性狀態(tài)。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,2周時(shí)DETC組胰腺組織抗氧化酶類活性低于TNBS組,腺泡細(xì)胞的空泡樣變亦較TNBS組普遍,脂肪浸潤和纖維化程度較TNBS組出現(xiàn)得更早、更嚴(yán)重,而且DETC組的大鼠無死亡。表明該法是一種較理想的制備CP模型的方法,特別在研究氧化應(yīng)激與CP的關(guān)系有著重要的意義。
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Sustainedsuppressionofsuperoxidedismutaseactivityinduceschronicpancreatitisinrat
ZHUYing,SUNYun-wei,YUANYao-zong,ZHANGMing-jun.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,RuijinHospital,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200025,China
Correspondingauthor:YUANYao-zong,Email:yyz28@medmail.com.cn
ObjectiveTo investigate the pathologic changes in the pancreas of rats after intraperitoneal injection of DETC, a kind of superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, and to compared that with another model of chronic pancreatitis by pancreatic duct injection of TNBS.MethodsThe rats were randomly divided into DETC group, DETC control group, TNBS group, TNBS control group, normal control group. Rats in DETC group received an intra-peritoneal injection of DETC twice a week, and rats in DETC control group received an intra-peritoneal injection of same amount of normal saline. Rats in TNBS group was injected with 2% TNBS ethanol phosphate buffer into the pancreatic duct, while rats in TNBS control group was treated with injection of same amount of ethanol phosphate buffer, and rats in normal control group received no treatment. The rats were sacrificed after 2 w, 4 w, 6 w and 8 w. The serum levels of amylase were determined, and pathological and ultrastructure changes of the pancreas were measured. The levels of SOD, GSH-PX activity and MDA content were detected. The expressions of α-SMA, Desmin, Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ, TGF-β1, FN in tissue were detected by immunohistochemical assay. The TGF-β1 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR.ResultsNo rat died in DETC group. The mortality rate of TNBS group was 15%. The serum levels of amylase were not statistically different between the 2 groups. The fibrosis scores of rat in DETC group at 4 w was 3.4±1.1, which was significantly higher than that in TNBS group (3.0±1.3,t=3.462,P<0.05). At 6 w, the damage scores of rat in DETC group was 9.1±1.8, which was significantly higher than that in TNBS group (8.4±1.8,t=2.943,P<0.05). Scores of vacuolar degeneration and fatty infiltration of rat in DETC group were higher than those in TNBS group, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Two weeks later, ultrastructure changes of pancreas could be observed, and large amounts of regenerative or mature collagen could be seen at 4 w. The SOD activity of DETC group was significantly decreased when compared with those in TNBS group (t=5.468,P<0.01). The GSH-PX activity of DETC group at 2 w, 6w was significantly decreased when compared with those in TNBS group (t=6.497, 10.125,P<0.01). While the activity of MDA at 6 w, 8 w was significantly increased when compared with those in TNBS group (t=3.350, 5.407,P<0.05). The differences at other time points were not statistically significant. The expressions of α-SMA, Desmin, Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ, TGF-β1, FN, and TGF-β1 mRNA were not statistically significant between the 2 groups.ConclusionsSustained suppression of SOD activity can successfully induce chronic pancreatitis. Fatty infiltration and fibrosis in pancreas in DETC group occurs earlier with more severe presentation than that in TNBS group. Intraperitoneal injection of DETC is easy with low mortality rate, which is an ideal method for chronic pancreatitis model induction.
Chronic pancreatitis; Fibrosis; Dibutyltin dichloride; Trinitrobenenze sulfonic acid; Oxidative stress; Astrocytes
2013-01-05)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2013.03.010
200025 上海,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(朱穎、孫蘊(yùn)偉、袁耀宗),消化外科(張明均)
袁耀宗,Email:yyz28@medmail.com.cn