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話語標(biāo)記詞WELL的用法及語用功能研究

2013-12-26 05:46:54吳連春
科學(xué)時代·上半月 2013年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:話語標(biāo)記語用功能

【摘 要】話語標(biāo)記詞在具體的情景語境種起著很重要的調(diào)節(jié)和暗示作用,也是話語分析研究的重點內(nèi)容之一。本文在歸納總結(jié)話語標(biāo)記詞WELL的意義和用法的基礎(chǔ)上,對其在語境中的語用功能進(jìn)行了深入剖析,指出了它起到:緩和面子威脅、延緩交際、省卻信息和修正信息等四種語用功能。

【關(guān)鍵詞】話語標(biāo)記;語用功能;well

我們長期以來都忽略的“小詞”的意義和功能,其實,它們在不同語境條件中表現(xiàn)更多的是語用功能,而非語法功能。Well就屬于這類的“小詞”,尤其常見于口語中。從語法角度來看,well除了作為名詞,形容詞,副詞外,它還作為感嘆詞,有些材料中稱其為語氣詞或話語標(biāo)記詞。用法最為復(fù)雜就是后者,即作為話語標(biāo)記詞,因為在不同的語境中其具體含義是不同的。從語用角度來看,在不同的語境中well所起的作用也是不盡相同。筆者將從兩個角度對話語標(biāo)記詞well進(jìn)行分析:一是從語言層面來分析其具體的意義和用法;二是話語層面分析其語用功能。

一、well 的用法

在英語中well作為話語標(biāo)記詞的用法很復(fù)雜,歸納起來有23種之多。其中,使用頻率較高的有18種,還有5種使用頻率不甚高的用法。

(一)頻率較高的用法

1.表示忍從或順從或無可奈何。相應(yīng)的中文可以使用:唉,是,嗯,好吧,那好吧,那好,是么,不過,等。例如:

(1) And I talked with my mom about what name I could use. She said, well, you could use your middle name.

2.表示讓步。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:好吧,唔,那好吧,不過,其實,當(dāng)然,等

(2)But I certainly would not think it would be appropriate to go into a race and to give your all to campaign for governor and then in the January inauguration time period, to stand up and say, well, I have now decided to go for a national office, and Im going to go full-time campaigning for president.

3.表示理解或同意。相應(yīng)的中文可使用: 很好,好吧,那好吧,那么,是啊,是嘛,是,對,是呀,噢,等,

(3) LAMB: Why did you pick Mitt over Willard?

ROMNEY: Well, I actually used the name Billy when I was in kindergarten.

4.表示懷疑和不信任。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:是嗎? 好哇,唔,那么等

(4)LAMB: Well, you know, if you ever look at the history of your father and running for president, they all say the same thing, its all the ”brainwashing” comment.

5.表示躊躇、猶豫。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:嗯,這個,說不好等

(5)LAMB: When you decided not to run again for governor, how much did your thought of running for president enter into that discussion?

ROMNEY: Well, there is no question but that part of what was going through my mind was that I wanted to have the option open of considering a run for national office.

6.表示一種期待。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:那么,哎,喂,等,

(6)LAMB: Well, if you go back -- and I found the name Pratt in your background who was some circuitous route related to Joseph Smith who was one of the founders of Mormonism.

7.表示默許或默認(rèn)。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:那么,是嘛,是么,哎等,

(7) LAMB: But what did you know then about starting businesses that made a difference as the plan unfolded and how could get money for this kind of thing?

ROMNEY: Well, what I had done through my years as a consultant is I had worked with a wide range of companies, large industrial companies, small companies, analyze their businesses, spent a lot of time looking at their history, made recommendations, some worked, some didnt, learned a lot from that experience.

8.表示滿意。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:不過,是嘛,是啊,呀,好啦,等,

(8)LAMB: When you father thought of running for president in 64, and then actually ran for a while in 68, how old were you in those years and what did you experience during that time?

ROMNEY: Well, I had the fun of working in all three of my dads gubernatorial campaigns, my mothers Senate campaign.

9.表示一種挖苦諷刺。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:算了吧,唉,啊等,

(9)Actually, when dad said that McNamara and others had lied about Vietnam, Secretary McNamara, then secretary of defense said, well, George Romney wouldnt know the truth if it hit him in the face.

10.表示贊許或贊美。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:啊,噯,好極了等

(10)LAMB: What does Bain do?

ROMNEY: Well, Bain is an excellent firm in the consulting industry where truly bright people come together to devote their thinking power, analytical power, data-gathering power to take problems apart and look at them in a new way.

11.表示規(guī)勸或溫和的責(zé)備。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:噯,那么,嘿,唉,算啦,好了,等,如:

(11) ROMNEY: Well, Im not about to announce anything of that nature right now.

12.表示一種反問或反駁。相應(yīng)的中文可以使用:那么,那好,為什么不,等,如

(12)LAMB: When did she get it and would that have any impact on your decision to run?

ROMNEY: Well, my wifes health comes first in our life.

13.表示詢問。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:那么,是嗎? 等

(13) LAMB: Well, what -- as you look at Washington, you have got a Republican House, a Republican Senate, and a Republican president, and you mentioned the money thing, the deficit is big, the balanced budget doesnt exist anymore.

14.表示建議。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:那么,那好,等,如

(14)LAMB: As you sit in Massachusetts and look at this country and contemplate running for president, what are the big issues?

ROMNEY: Well, there are a number.

15.表示一種肯定。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:對,是,是嘛,等,

(15)ROMNEY: Well, actually, the Constitution says that only a natural born United States citizen may become president of the United States.

16.表示一種轉(zhuǎn)折。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:可是等,如:

(16) ROMNEY: Well, he didnt have as much as I think some people anticipated.

17.陳述一件事情或?qū)κ虑榈目捶ɑ驊B(tài)度。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:唉,你瞧,那么,嗯,請便,等,如:

(17) LAMB: And what -- how did she find out that you were still alive?

ROMNEY: Well, Ann and I have a long history together.

18.在交談停頓后,用以繼續(xù)原來的話題或開始一個故事、談話等。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:這個,喔,噢,唔,那好,于是,等

(18)Well, as it turned out, he did know the truth.

(二)頻率較低的用法

19.表示驚愕或驚訝。相應(yīng)的中文可以使用像:咳、嘿、喲、哎呀! ??! 真的! 等

(19) Well , you do surprise me !

20.用以表示寬慰,松了一口氣。相應(yīng)的中文可以使用像:好啦! 哈, 那么, 那好,等如:

(20) Well , thats over .

21.表示一種厭惡的感情。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:呸! 哼! 等,如:

(21) Well, I hope they cut its tongue out !

22.表示一種憤怒的感情。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:好家伙,好得很, (你) 等著,等,如:

(22) Well ! Ill tend to you later (Albee. E, 1961: 94)

23.表示招呼、問候。相應(yīng)的中文可使用:好! 喂,等,如:

(23) Well, Hello there ! (Albee. E, 1961:124)

喂,你好!

二、話語標(biāo)記詞well的語用功能

通過上面對well的用法進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析和總結(jié),接下來我們來討論well的語用功能。在言語交際中用作話語標(biāo)記語的well的語用功能主要有以下幾種:

1. 面子威脅緩和語(冉永平,2003:59)

在言語交際中說話人和聽話人需要為維護(hù)和諧的人際關(guān)系進(jìn)行種種努力,盡量做到有禮貌。禮貌就是通過采取一定的語言手段達(dá)到給對方或自己留有面子。因為交際中說話人或者聽話人的面子可能會受到一定程度的威脅,此時就需要人們努力緩和其威脅的力度。well 便是其中的一種語言手段,它的恰當(dāng)使用可以起到調(diào)節(jié)人際關(guān)系的作用,因而標(biāo)記語well 可以起到緩和語的作用,降低威脅面子的力度。例如:

(24) ROMNEY: Well, Im not about to announce anything of that nature right now.

2.緩延標(biāo)記語 (冉永平,2003:60)

Well 用作一個緩延標(biāo)記語或遲疑標(biāo)記語,可以避免過長的停頓,并暗示對方說話人要提供的信息還未想好。

(25)LAMB: Well, you know, if you ever look at the history of your father and running for president, they all say the same thing, its all the ”brainwashing” comment.

3.信息短缺標(biāo)記語(冉永平,2003:61)

當(dāng)人們提供的信息與對方所期待的信息不能構(gòu)成最佳連貫或協(xié)調(diào)時,well 往往就會出現(xiàn),表示說話人不能或沒有提供對方所需要的信息,比如在問—答的會話句式中,當(dāng)回答者故意缺省一定的信息,或不愿意清楚地對某一情況進(jìn)行陳述,或不能直接向?qū)Ψ教峁┐鸢笗r,well 便可能出現(xiàn),比如向?qū)Ψ桨凳菊f話人提供的信息有“弦外之因,言外之意”,表明說話人還有額外的信息提供或需要解釋。

(26) LAMB: When did she get it and would that have any impact on your decision to run?

ROMNEY: Well, my wifes health comes first in our life.

4.信息修正標(biāo)記語 (冉永平,2003:62)

言語交際中,我們常會發(fā)現(xiàn)說話人用詞錯誤、口誤、聽錯對方的話語,或?qū)δ骋恍畔a(chǎn)生了誤解,或說話人提供的信息本身存在問題等,然而說話人或聽話人可能隨即對它們進(jìn)行

在線修正(repair on line)。會話修正可視為一種會話管理或會話調(diào)節(jié),其實這體現(xiàn)了交際過程中出現(xiàn)的動態(tài)順應(yīng)。作為一種語言手段,well 插入話語中可以起到修正的標(biāo)記功能,即成為修正標(biāo)記語(editing marker)。Bois[14]曾經(jīng)討論過四種修正標(biāo)記方式:( a) that is,表示指稱修正(reference editing);(b)rather,表示差別修正(nuance editing);(c)I mean,表示錯誤修正(mistake editing);(d)well,表示陳述修正(claiming editing)例如:

(27) Mitt Romney cant be elected governor of Massachusetts, the most -- well, one of the most Catholic states in America.

三、結(jié)束語

結(jié)合具體實例,我們對話語標(biāo)記詞WELL的用法和語用功能進(jìn)行比較詳細(xì)的分析,我們可以比較清晰的了解到大多數(shù)語境條件下他們不構(gòu)成所在話語的命題意義,體現(xiàn)的是語用功能??偟膩碚f,我們應(yīng)該加強對那些長期以來被人們忽略的“小詞”或結(jié)構(gòu)的用法和在不同語境中具體功能的分析與研究,它們所起的作用往往是語法或語義分析無法解釋的,類似的微觀研究將有助于我們重新認(rèn)識它們在交際中的實際作用,以幫助進(jìn)一步揭示言語交際的動態(tài)性。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Albee. E, The American Dream ( The Zoo Story ) New York City , York Playhouse,1961.

[2]侯磊. 話語標(biāo)記語well的語用功能(J). 成都教育學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2005,(7).

[3]林素卿. 感嘆詞Well 的用法研究(J). 湖北民族學(xué)院學(xué)報( 哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版), 1999,(4).

[4]冉永平. 試析話語中well的語用功能(J). 四川外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報,1995,(3)

[5]冉永平. 話語標(biāo)記詞well的語用功能(J). 外國語.,2003,(3)

[6]吳國良. 話語標(biāo)記詞well用法譯評(J).中國翻譯,2005, (5)

作者簡介:

吳連春:(1979-),男,講師,碩士,現(xiàn)任教于上海電機學(xué)院,研究方向為英語語言學(xué)。

基金項目:

本文得到上海電機學(xué)院學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)項目資助,編號:13XKJC03。

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