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濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展①

2014-02-06 04:38:30張俊美中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科長(zhǎng)沙410008
中國(guó)免疫學(xué)雜志 2014年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:濾泡亞群外周血

趙 敏 張俊美 李 靜 (中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410008)

濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展①

趙 敏 張俊美 李 靜 (中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410008)

生發(fā)中心(Germinal center,GC)是次級(jí)淋巴組織(如淋巴結(jié)、脾、扁桃體、Peyer斑)淋巴濾泡中的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。在GC內(nèi)B細(xì)胞經(jīng)歷克隆增殖、體細(xì)胞高頻突變、抗體類別轉(zhuǎn)換、抗體親和力成熟等過(guò)程,最終分化為長(zhǎng)壽命記憶性B細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞。

眾所周知,GC形成、抗原特異性記憶性B細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞的生成需要輔助性T細(xì)胞(helper T lymphocyte,Th細(xì)胞)的參與。因?yàn)門(mén)h2細(xì)胞可以分泌IL-4從而誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞增殖、抗體類別轉(zhuǎn)換和抗體產(chǎn)生,所以Th2細(xì)胞曾被認(rèn)為是輔助B細(xì)胞的主要Th細(xì)胞。但有研究證實(shí),IL-4缺乏的小鼠仍然可以形成GC并產(chǎn)生針對(duì)T細(xì)胞依賴抗原的抗體[1],因此人們對(duì)Th2細(xì)胞輔助B細(xì)胞的作用產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑。

2000年Schaerli等和Breitfeld等均在人的扁桃體發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,該細(xì)胞亞群高表達(dá)趨化因子受體CXCR5,后者在趨化因子CXCL13的趨化下使細(xì)胞定位于淋巴濾泡,進(jìn)而輔助B細(xì)胞增殖、分化、產(chǎn)生抗體、參與體液免疫應(yīng)答等,并將此群細(xì)胞命名為濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞(Follicular helper T cells,Tfh 細(xì)胞)[2,3]?,F(xiàn)在 Tfh 細(xì)胞作為一種不同于Th1細(xì)胞、Th2細(xì)胞、Th17細(xì)胞、Treg細(xì)胞的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群已經(jīng)被人們接受。由于Tfh細(xì)胞獨(dú)特的表面標(biāo)志、定位、功能及與疾病的密切關(guān)系等,近年來(lái)成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。本文就Tfh細(xì)胞最新的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

1 參與Tfh細(xì)胞功能的主要分子

Tfh細(xì)胞功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)與其特殊的表面標(biāo)記物、細(xì)胞因子及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子密不可分(見(jiàn)表1)。

1.1 CXCR5 CXCR5是Tfh細(xì)胞最重要的表面標(biāo)記物。CD8+T細(xì)胞、初始CD4+T細(xì)胞及完全極化的Th1、Th2、Th17細(xì)胞不表達(dá) CXCR5,經(jīng)抗原活化的CD4+T細(xì)胞可短暫表達(dá)CXCR5,但只有Tfh細(xì)胞可以相對(duì)穩(wěn)定地表達(dá)CXCR5。另外,成熟的B細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CXCR5。CXCR5的配體為 CXCL-13。CXCL-13主要由濾泡樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(follicular dendritic cell,F(xiàn)DC)產(chǎn)生[4];有研究報(bào)道,Tfh細(xì)胞本身也能合成、分泌CXCL-13[5]。在CXCL-13趨化下Tfh細(xì)胞遷移至淋巴濾泡,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)B細(xì)胞的直接輔助作用。

1.2 ICOS 誘導(dǎo)性共刺激分子(Inducible co-stimulator,ICOS)即 CD278,屬 CD28家族成員,誘導(dǎo)性表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞(主要是GC的Tfh細(xì)胞)表面。ICOS的配體為ICOSL,后者組成性表達(dá)于B細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞等抗原提呈細(xì)胞(Antigen-presenting cell,APC)表面。Tfh細(xì)胞表面 ICOS與 B細(xì)胞表面ICOSL的相互結(jié)合對(duì)Tfh細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生和維持、GC及記憶性B細(xì)胞的形成等起了重要作用。Akiba等[6]研究表明,缺乏ICOS的小鼠體內(nèi)Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少、生發(fā)中心形成受影響、B細(xì)胞成熟及抗體類別轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生障礙。

1.3 PD-1 程序性死亡-1分子(Programmed death-1,PD-1)又稱CD279,亦屬CD28家族成員,主要表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞表面,是一種抑制性受體。有研究表明,在慢性病毒性感染性疾病和癌癥中PD-1參與了免疫耐受、CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞的“耗竭”,因此PD-1在免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮了負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用[7,8]。PD-1的配體為PD-L1和PD-L2,這兩種配體在包括B細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞表面都有表達(dá)。與其他T細(xì)胞亞群相比,Tfh細(xì)胞表達(dá)PD-1的水平最高[9]。Tfh細(xì)胞表面的PD-1和GC-B細(xì)胞表面的PD-1配體結(jié)合后可以產(chǎn)生抑制GC-B細(xì)胞的信號(hào)[10]。另外,有研究報(bào)道,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)PD-1可以影響GC的生成、高親和力抗體及長(zhǎng)壽命漿細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[11]。

表1 參與Tfh細(xì)胞功能的主要分子Tab.1 Main molecular involved in function of Tfh

1.4 CD40L CD40L是CD40的配體,它是腫瘤壞死因子超家族中的一員,高表達(dá)于CD4+Th細(xì)胞表面。Tfh細(xì)胞表面的CD40L與B細(xì)胞表面的CD40結(jié)合,可誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞增殖、GC形成等[12]。

1.5 IL-21 IL-21主要由活化的Tfh細(xì)胞、Th17細(xì)胞和NK T細(xì)胞分泌,其中Tfh細(xì)胞分泌此細(xì)胞因子的量最高。IL-21的配體(IL-21R)主要表達(dá)于Tfh細(xì)胞、Th17細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和DC。其中B細(xì)胞是IL-21作用的最主要靶細(xì)胞。IL-21在促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞增殖、抗體類別轉(zhuǎn)換及抗體分泌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生等方面發(fā)揮重要作用[13,14]。另外,IL-21通過(guò)自分泌的方式促進(jìn)Tfh細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)CXCR5、ICOS,從而誘導(dǎo)Tfh細(xì)胞分化、向GC遷移及與B細(xì)胞相互作用[15]。但是有研究表明,IL-21和IL-6同時(shí)存在時(shí)才能誘導(dǎo)Tfh細(xì)胞分化,僅IL-21或IL-6存在不能誘導(dǎo) Tfh 細(xì)胞分化[16]。

1.6 Bcl-6 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤6(B-cell lymphoma 6,Bcl-6)是表達(dá)于Tfh細(xì)胞,在Th1細(xì)胞及Th2細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)[17]。目前關(guān)于初始T細(xì)胞分化為T(mén)fh細(xì)胞由何種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子決定尚不明確,有研究表明,Bcl-6在上述過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用[18]。Bcl-6缺陷的小鼠不能形成Tfh細(xì)胞,而其他CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群的形成卻不受影響[19]。相反,B淋巴細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)的成熟蛋白-1(B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1,Blimp-1)作為一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可抑制Bcl-6的表達(dá)及Tfh細(xì)胞的分化[20]。因此,Bcl-6和Blimp-1的平衡決定了Tfh細(xì)胞的分化。

2 Tfh細(xì)胞與其他免疫細(xì)胞的相互關(guān)系

許多研究證實(shí)Tfh細(xì)胞與Th1細(xì)胞、Th2細(xì)胞、Th17 細(xì)胞、CD4+Treg 細(xì)胞有密切關(guān)系[21-26],近年來(lái)有研究表明,Tfh細(xì)胞與濾泡調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Follicular regulatory T cells,Tfr細(xì)胞)、CD8+調(diào)節(jié)性 T 細(xì)胞(CD8+regulatory T cells,CD8+Treg 細(xì)胞)、濾泡輔助自然殺傷T細(xì)胞(NKTfh細(xì)胞)在對(duì)GC-B細(xì)胞的作用中存在相互關(guān)系(見(jiàn)圖1)。

2.1 Tfh細(xì)胞與Tfr細(xì)胞 Tfr細(xì)胞是一類新發(fā)現(xiàn)的專職調(diào)節(jié)GC的調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞亞群,它同時(shí)高表達(dá)CXCR5、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 Foxp3及 Bcl-6,具有 nTreg細(xì)胞及Tfh細(xì)胞的雙重特性,已在小鼠脾臟、淋巴結(jié)以及人類扁桃體的淋巴濾泡和GC檢測(cè)到Tfr細(xì)胞的存在。研究已證實(shí),Tfr細(xì)胞起源于外周nTreg,在機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)中,有一部分CXCR5-Foxp3+nTreg細(xì)胞表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bcl-6,啟動(dòng)了Bcl-6-CXCR5軸的反應(yīng),使其在獲得CXCR5表型的過(guò)程中逐漸分化為T(mén)fr細(xì)胞,在CXCL-13的趨化作用下被募集至淋巴濾泡,抑制GC中Tfh細(xì)胞的增殖、B細(xì)胞的分化、抗體親和力的成熟以及漿細(xì)胞的形成,具有重要的免疫抑制功能[27-29]。Tfr細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)使人們對(duì)T細(xì)胞與B細(xì)胞的相互作用機(jī)制有了進(jìn)一步的了解,并為自身免疫性疾病的治療及免疫耐受的維持提供了新思路[30,31]。

2.2 Tfh細(xì)胞與CD8+Treg細(xì)胞 以往人們對(duì)Treg細(xì)胞的研究主要針對(duì)CD4+Treg細(xì)胞,對(duì)CD8+Treg細(xì)胞的研究卻很少。Kim等在小鼠的脾臟及淋巴結(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn)一群CD8+Treg細(xì)胞,它可以抑制GC中Qa-1+Tfh細(xì)胞。與傳統(tǒng)的CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞不同,該群 CD8+Treg細(xì)胞高表達(dá) CD44、ICOSL、CXCR5,因此可以遷移至GC并對(duì)Qa-1+Tfh細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抑制作用。GC中 CD44+ICOSL+CXCR5+CD8+Treg細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)使人們對(duì)Tfh細(xì)胞與其他細(xì)胞的關(guān)系有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),為免疫性疾病的治療提供了可能的新方法[32-34]。

圖1 GC中各T細(xì)胞亞群對(duì)B細(xì)胞的作用及各亞群間的相互關(guān)系Fig.1 T cell subsets effect on B cell and their interrelationship in GC

2.3 Tfh細(xì)胞與 NKTfh細(xì)胞 自然殺傷 T細(xì)胞(Natural killer T cells,NKT細(xì)胞)是一類表面既表達(dá)T細(xì)胞受體又表達(dá)NK細(xì)胞受體的天然免疫細(xì)胞,能識(shí)別CD1d提呈的脂類抗原,輔助B細(xì)胞活化。有研究者在GC中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一群PD-1hiCXCR5+NKTfh細(xì)胞,這群細(xì)胞能與識(shí)別相同抗原的B細(xì)胞相互作用,促進(jìn)早期GC形成、B細(xì)胞親和力成熟及IgG生成。雖然NKTfh細(xì)胞與Tfh細(xì)胞在表型上相似,都表達(dá)PD-1、CXCR5,且分化過(guò)程都依賴轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bcl-6等。但是,NKTfh細(xì)胞與Tfh細(xì)胞功能有所不同,前者對(duì)B細(xì)胞的輔助不影響記憶B細(xì)胞的形成,在針對(duì)病原體的快速反應(yīng)及早期抗感染過(guò)程可能發(fā)揮重要作用[35-39]。

3 外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞的相關(guān)研究

健康人外周血中可以檢測(cè)到CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞[40],那么這種細(xì)胞與Tfh細(xì)胞有什么關(guān)系呢?Mortia等證實(shí),健康人外周血CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞具有與 Tfh細(xì)胞相似的功能,但此細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CD62L和趨化因子CCR7,而低表達(dá)Tfh細(xì)胞活性分子ICOS及CD69,說(shuō)明此種細(xì)胞處于“靜息狀態(tài)”,可以認(rèn)為是Tfh細(xì)胞在外周血中的記憶部分[41]。研究表明,與健康對(duì)照組相比,系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病、重癥肌無(wú)力、慢性病毒性肝炎、多發(fā)性硬化等患者外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及功能異常,說(shuō)明CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞參與了這些疾病的發(fā)生[42-48]。

Mortia等還證實(shí),人外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞包含三個(gè)亞型(CXCR3+CCR6-Th1樣、CXCR3-CCR6-Th2樣、CXCR3-CCR6+Th17 樣),但只有CXCR3-CCR6-Th2樣、CXCR3-CCR6+Th17樣兩個(gè)亞型可以有效輔助B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體,而CXCR3+CCR6-Th1樣亞型不能輔助B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體。與健康對(duì)照組相比,兒童皮肌炎患者外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞無(wú)變化,Th1樣細(xì)胞/CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞下降,Th2樣細(xì)胞/CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞及Th17樣細(xì)胞/CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞上升,且CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞與漿母細(xì)胞數(shù)無(wú)相關(guān)性,(Th2樣+Th17樣)/Th1樣細(xì)胞與漿母細(xì)胞數(shù)有相關(guān)性[41];而在干燥綜合征患者外周血中Th1樣細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞及Th2樣細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞不變,CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞及Th17樣細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞上升,但只有Th17樣細(xì)胞/CD4+T細(xì)胞與抗體水平呈正相關(guān)[49],說(shuō)明外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞只有部分亞群參與了某些疾病的發(fā)生,從而為這些疾病的治療提供了新思路。

4 Tfh細(xì)胞與疾病

Tfh細(xì)胞在輔助B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體過(guò)程中起了關(guān)鍵性作用,許多研究均證實(shí)Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量及功能紊亂與多種疾病的發(fā)生有關(guān)。

4.1 Tfh細(xì)胞與自身免疫性疾病 多種小鼠模型均表明Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加及功能增強(qiáng)參與了自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生。在獲得性系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡小鼠模型中,由于Tfh細(xì)胞分化的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)蛋白——Roquin蛋白突變?nèi)笔?,?dǎo)致Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量增高,最終導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡的發(fā)生[50]。在6-磷酸葡萄糖異構(gòu)酶誘導(dǎo)的小鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎模型中Tfh細(xì)胞的數(shù)量也明顯增加,而當(dāng)阻斷ICOS/ICOSL相互作用后Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,關(guān)節(jié)炎的嚴(yán)重程度減輕[51]。另外,Aoki等[52]用 NTx-PD-1-/-小鼠建立自身免疫性肝炎(Autoimmunological hepatitis,AIH)模型時(shí)觀察到小鼠脾臟GC增大,其內(nèi)有大量表達(dá)ICOS、IL-21、Bcl-6等的CD4+T細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),后者大量分泌的IL-21可促使CD8+T細(xì)胞活化增殖,從而導(dǎo)致AIH的發(fā)生。當(dāng)ICOS或IL-21被阻斷后,小鼠Tfh細(xì)胞形成受阻且不能誘導(dǎo)AIH的發(fā)生。

4.2 Tfh細(xì)胞與免疫缺陷性疾病 如前所述,Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加及功能增強(qiáng)可以導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生。相反,Tfh細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少及功能抑制與免疫缺陷性疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。有研究表明,當(dāng)人ICOS基因缺陷時(shí),GC形成障礙,并導(dǎo)致常見(jiàn)變異型免疫缺陷?。–ommon variable immunodeficiency,CVID)[53]。另外,X-連鎖淋巴增殖性疾?。╔-linked lymphoproliferative disease,XLP)患者體內(nèi) Tfh細(xì)胞存在功能缺陷,ICOS表達(dá)下調(diào),不能有效輔助B細(xì)胞,從而導(dǎo)致低丙種球蛋白血癥及反復(fù)感染。Coraglia等還從XLP患者體內(nèi)分離出Tfh細(xì)胞,并且證實(shí)Tfh細(xì)胞存在功能異常[54]。

4.3 Tfh細(xì)胞與感染性疾病 以往認(rèn)為,Th1細(xì)胞主要分泌IL-2、IFN-γ等細(xì)胞因子,通過(guò)活化巨噬細(xì)胞來(lái)清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)的病原體;Th2細(xì)胞主要分泌IL-4、IL-5等細(xì)胞因子,在對(duì)寄生蟲(chóng)的清除方面起重要作用并參與變態(tài)反應(yīng)。在淋巴細(xì)胞性脈絡(luò)叢腦膜炎病毒(Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,LCMV)感染急性期,CD4+T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生大量Th1型細(xì)胞因子,從而有利于病毒的控制和清除;但在感染慢性期,Bcl-6表達(dá)上調(diào),誘導(dǎo)Th1細(xì)胞向Tfh細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,最終表現(xiàn)為病毒的持續(xù)復(fù)制[55,56]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠被蠕蟲(chóng)感染后Th2細(xì)胞能向Tfh細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,說(shuō)明Tfh細(xì)胞可能參與了蠕蟲(chóng)感染后的快速免疫反應(yīng)[57]。有研究表明,SIV感染獼猴模型GC中Tfh細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞的數(shù)量均增加且增加的程度與外周血中SIV抗體水平相關(guān),提示Tfh細(xì)胞可能參與了感染性疾病的發(fā)生[58]。

5 結(jié)語(yǔ)

Tfh細(xì)胞作為一種新的CD4+T細(xì)胞亞群,與多種免疫細(xì)胞及疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),從而為這些疾病的診斷及治療提供了新思路。然而仍有許多問(wèn)題亟待解決,例如Tfh細(xì)胞特征性的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是什么?人外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞來(lái)源于哪里?人外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞是否還存在其他亞群(Foxp3+Treg樣等)?如何通過(guò)調(diào)控Tfh細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及功能來(lái)治療人類疾病?隨著對(duì)Tfh細(xì)胞研究的不斷深入,相信以上問(wèn)題終將被解決并為人類疾病的診斷及治療帶來(lái)福音!

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[收稿2013-06-25 修回2013-07-23]

(編輯 許四平)

R392.12

A

1000-484X(2014)05-0700-05

10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2014.05.030

①本文受?chē)?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(No.81271325)資助。

趙 敏(1987年-),女,主要從事重癥肌無(wú)力研究。

及指導(dǎo)教師:李 靜(1970年-),女,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事神經(jīng)免疫學(xué)研究,E-mail:jing_neurology@hotmail.com。

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