李寶杰,王 鵬,謝江楓,王月佼,宋天佳,李 明
(中國(guó)海洋大學(xué) 醫(yī)藥學(xué)院 海洋藥物教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島266003)
圖1 典型的呋甾皂苷化合物Fig.1 Typical furostanol glycosides
甾體皂苷是一類植物中廣泛存在的次生代謝產(chǎn)物[1],呋甾皂苷作為其中的重要組成部分[2],具有多種生物活性[3-4]。典型呋甾皂苷化合物包括1-8(見圖1),F(xiàn)unlioside B(1)是由dichotomin(3)經(jīng)酶Pectinex BE XXL(PBX)降解得到的產(chǎn)物,對(duì)HL-60細(xì)胞顯示出一定的細(xì)胞毒性[5];同時(shí)該結(jié)構(gòu)亦是多種具有良好生物活性呋甾皂苷的有機(jī)組成部分。如從我國(guó)用于治療慢性支氣管炎、乳腺炎、腮腺炎等疾病的傳統(tǒng)中藥—華重樓中首次分離得到的Parisaponin I 4[6]、和能夠抑制白血病細(xì)胞 MOLT-4、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞 HCT-116、和SW-620、CNS癌細(xì)胞SNB-75以及腎癌細(xì)胞786-0等生長(zhǎng)的原薯蕷皂苷和甲基原薯蕷皂苷(5和6)[7]以及能增加C6小鼠膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(NFG)的含量,作為治療神經(jīng)退行性疾病和糖尿病候選物的coreajaponin A 和B(7和8)[8]都含有Funlioside B (1)的結(jié)構(gòu)單元。呋甾皂苷獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的生物活性,引起了合成化學(xué)家的廣泛興趣。Funlioside B(1)結(jié)構(gòu)中的E環(huán)是1個(gè)半縮醛形式,22位的羥基不穩(wěn)定,在微量酸性條件下,容易脫水形成雙鍵(C20=C22)得到偽甾體皂苷。近年來,甲基呋甾皂苷[9-10]相繼被分離得到,具有較好的穩(wěn)定性和良好的生物活性。因此,本文報(bào)道甲基Funlioside B(2)的合成,為復(fù)雜呋甾皂苷合成提供有益的借鑒。
所用試劑:TMSOTf、DMAP、CCl3CN、DBU 均為普通國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純?cè)噭?,直接用于反?yīng);二氯甲烷用以氫化鈣回流重蒸;所用石油醚為60~90℃沸程。未經(jīng)特殊說明,其它均為普通國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純?cè)噭?/p>
柱層析使用300~400目硅膠(青島海洋化工廠提供);薄層用預(yù)制硅膠板型號(hào)為gel 60F254(煙臺(tái));1H NMR、13C NMR 由JEOL JNM-ECP 600MHz核磁共振波譜儀測(cè)得,四甲基硅烷(TMS)為內(nèi)標(biāo),單位:×10-6,室溫;85-2型恒溫磁力攪拌器。
1.2.1 2,3,4,6-四-O-苯甲?;粒璂-吡喃葡萄糖三氯亞胺酯11的合成 無水D型葡萄糖(10.5g,58.3mmol)溶于90.0mL無水吡啶中,然后冷卻至0°C,氬氣保護(hù)下點(diǎn)滴加入苯甲酰氯(40.8mL,350.0mmol,6.0 equiv.),自然升至室溫后,攪拌過夜反應(yīng),TLC(Petroleum ether:AcOEt=2:1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。用甲醇淬滅反應(yīng),將所得溶液倒于冰水中,攪拌過夜,過濾,收集固體并用大量水洗滌得到化合物9(40.5g,57.7 mmol,100%),未經(jīng)表征直接投入下一步反應(yīng)。
化合物9(9.5g,13.5mmol)溶解在60.0mL無水THF中,然后冷卻至0℃,氬氣保護(hù)下緩慢加入甲胺醇溶液(3.7mL,27.1mmol,2.0equiv.),自然升至室溫后,攪拌6h后,TLC(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=2∶1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。加入冰乙酸調(diào)pH值為5~6,減壓蒸除溶劑,所得漿狀物使用1mol·L-1稀鹽酸溶液洗滌,乙酸乙酯萃取,有機(jī)相依次使用飽和的食鹽水洗滌,無水Na2SO4干燥,過濾收集有機(jī)相,減壓蒸除溶劑,所得殘余物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=3∶1~2∶1)得到白色固體10(5.5g,9.2mmol,68%)。
將半縮醛10(0.2g,0.3mmol)溶于10.0mL無水CH2Cl2中,氬氣保護(hù)下滴加 CCl3CN(0.3mL,3.3 mmol,10.0equiv.),冰浴條件下加入DBU (10.0μL,0.1mmol,0.2equiv.)。室溫下攪拌4h 后,TLC(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=3∶1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。減壓蒸除溶劑,所得漿狀物經(jīng)硅膠柱快速層析(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=6∶1~5∶1)得到白色泡沫狀固體11(0.2g,0.3mmol,96%)。
1.2.2 (25R)-3β,16β-二-O-乙?;?2-羰基-膽甾烷-5-烯-26-醇13和(25R)-3β,16β,26-三-O-乙 酰 基-22-羰基-膽甾烷-5-烯14的合成 將薯蕷皂苷元化合物12(0.2g,0.5mmol)溶于2.0mL無水CH2Cl2中,冷卻至 -5°C,加入乙酸酐(0.5mL,4.8mmol,10.0 equiv.),攪拌10min,緩慢滴加 BF3·OEt2(0.4mL,3.4mmol,7.0equiv.),繼續(xù)攪拌5min,TLC(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=3∶1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。將反應(yīng)液置于冰水中充分?jǐn)嚢?。所得溶液用CH2Cl2稀釋,依次使用飽和NaHCO3溶液,飽和食鹽水洗滌,收集有機(jī)相用無水Na2SO4干燥,過濾、減壓蒸除溶劑,所得漿狀物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt∶CH2Cl2=3∶1∶1)得到白色固體13 (140mg,0.27mmol,55%)和白色固體14(75mg,0.13mmol,27%)?;衔?3:1H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ5.34(d,J=4.9Hz,1H),4.96(m,1H),4.57(m,1H),3.40(d,J=5.5Hz,2H),2.94 (m,1H),2.62 (m,1H),2.42~2.34 (m,2H),2.29~2.28(m,2H),2.01(s,3H),1.96~1.80(m,9H),1.68~1.22(m,13H),1.11(d,J=7.1Hz,3H),1.00(s,3H),0.89 (d,J=6.6Hz,3H),0.85(s,3H);13C NMR (150MHz,CDCl3)δ213.7,170.5,169.8,139.6,122.2,75.6,73.8,67.4,55.0,53.8,49.7,43.4,41.8,39.5,38.5,37.97,36.8,36.5,35.4,34.8,31.5 31.2,27.6,26.2,21.4,21.1,20.6,19.2,16.8,16.6,13.2;HRESI-MS Calcd for C31H49O6517.352 9,(M +H)+;found:517.352 4。
1H NMR (600MHz,CDCl3)δ5.36 (d,J=4.9Hz,1H),4.98(m,1H),4.59(m,1H),3.90(m,2H),2.94(m,1H),2.67~2.29(m,5H),2.05(s,3H),2.03 (s,3H),1.95 (s,3H),1.70~1.24 (m,18H),1.14 (d,J=7.1Hz,3H),1.02 (s,3H),0.91(d,J=6.6Hz,3H),0.86(s,3H)。
1.2.3 (25R)-3β,16β-雙乙?;?2-羰基-膽甾烷-5-烯-26-O-2,3,4,6-四-O-苯甲?;拢璂-吡喃葡萄糖苷15的合成 將化合物13(0.1g,0.19mmol),化合物11(0.21g,0.29mmol,1.5equiv.)和57AMS (0.6g)混溶于2.0mL無水CH2Cl2中,室溫下攪拌30min后,在冰浴中滴加三甲基硅基三氟甲磺酸酯TMSOTf(3.6μL,0.02mmol,0.1equiv.),自然升至室溫?cái)嚢?h后,TLC(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=1∶1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。加入三乙胺淬滅反應(yīng)。過濾掉分子篩,減壓蒸除溶劑,所得殘余物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(Petroleum ether∶AcOEt=4∶1)得到白色固體15(0.17g,0.16mmol,83%)。H NMR(600MHz,CDCl3)δ8.02(d,J=9.1Hz,2H),7.94(d,J=9.1Hz,2H),7.90 (d,J=9.1Hz,2H),7.82(d,J=9.1Hz,2H),7.52~7.45 (m,3H),7.42~7.22(m,8H),7.17(m,1H),5.89(t,J=11.6Hz,1H),5.67(t,J=11.7Hz,1H),5.52(t,J=11.5Hz,1H),5.36(d,J=4.8Hz,1H),4.92(m,1H),4.81 (d,J=9.4Hz,1H),4.65~4.55(m,2H),4.50 (dd,J=14.5,6.2Hz,1H),4.15(m,1H),3.73(m,1H),3.37(m,1H),2.85(m,1H),2.54~2.19(m,6H),2.01(s,3H),1.92~1.81(m,8H),1.64~ 1.09 (m,12H),1.02 (s,3H),0.99(d,J=6.6Hz,3H),0.83(s,3H),0.76(d,J=7.9Hz,3H);13C NMR (150MHz,CDCl3)δ212.9,170.5,169.8,166.1,165.7,165.2,165.0,139.5,133.4,133.2,133.1,133.0,129.8,129.7,129.6,129.5,129.2,128.8,128.7,128.4,128.3,128.2,122.2,101.4,75.6,75.2,73.8,72.9,72.1,71.8,69.8,63.1,54.9,53.8,49.7,43.4,41.8,39.5,38.5,38.0,36.8,36.5,34.8,32.8,31.5,31.2,27.6,26.9,21.4,21.1,20.6,19.2,16.6,16.5,13.2;HRESI-MS Calcd for C65H74O15Na(M+Na)+:1 117.492 0;found:1 117.489 1。
1.2.4 甲基 Funlioside B 2的合成 將化合物 15(30.0mg,0.027mmol)溶于1.0mL 甲醇、1.0mL THF和125μL蒸餾水的混合溶液中,加入LiOH·H2O (10.2mg,0.24mmol,9.0equiv.),在50°C條件下反應(yīng)。攪拌12h后,TLC(CH2Cl2∶CH3OH =8∶1)顯示反應(yīng)完全。加入Dowex-50(H+)樹脂調(diào)pH為5~6,過濾、減壓蒸除溶劑,所得殘余物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(CH2Cl2∶CH3OH=10∶1)得到白色固體。在無水甲醇中回流24h,得到白色固體甲基Funlioside B 2(15.2mg,0.026mmol,95%)。1.0,CH3OH);1H NMR (600MHz,pyridine-d5)δ5.40(d,J=4.9Hz,1H),4.85 (d,J=7.7Hz,1H),4.58(dd,J=11.6,2.2Hz,1H),4.47~4.39(m,2H),4.24(m,2H),4.03(t,J=8.3Hz,1H),3.96(m,1H),3.85(m,1H),3.60(m,1H),3.26(s,3H),2.62 (m,2H),2.22~1.71 (m,10H),1.61~1.32 (m,9H),1.20 (d,J=6.6Hz,3H),1.05(s,3H),1.00(d,J=6.6Hz,3H),0.84(s,3H).;13C NMR (150MHz,pyridine-d5)δ141.7,120.8,112.4,104.7,81.0,78.3,78.2,74.9,71.4,71.0,63.9,62.6,56.4,50.1,47.0,43.2,40.5,40.2,39.5,37.5,36.7,33.9,32.3,32.0,31.9,31.4,30.5,27.9,20.8,19.3,16.9,16.0;HRESI-MS Calcd for C34H56O9Na (M + Na)+:631.381 7;found:631.379 9。
首先是D-葡萄糖三氯亞胺酯給體11的合成。將D-葡萄糖溶解在無水吡啶溶液中,與苯甲酰氯反應(yīng)得到全苯甲?;漠a(chǎn)物9,然后在甲胺醇溶液中選擇性的將異頭位的苯甲?;鶊F(tuán)脫除得半縮醛10,在DBU(1,8-二惡唑雙環(huán)[5,4,0]-7-十一烯)作用下與三氯乙腈反應(yīng)得到2,3,4,6-四-O-苯甲?;粒璂-葡萄糖三氯亞胺酯給體11(Scheme 1),其數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道一致,為α構(gòu)型。
在得到葡萄糖三氯亞胺酯糖基給體后,對(duì)薯蕷皂苷元12為轉(zhuǎn)化為膽甾烷型苷元13的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行了研究。文獻(xiàn)[12-13]報(bào)道,在0°C條件下,以及三氟化硼乙醚(BF3·OEt2)的促進(jìn)下,12能以以84%的產(chǎn)率得到化合物13。但令人失望的是,在該條件下只以28%的產(chǎn)率得到化合物13,同時(shí)也以47%的產(chǎn)率得到副產(chǎn)物化合物14。通過對(duì)反應(yīng)溫度的優(yōu)化,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)控制反應(yīng)溫度為-5°C,乙酸酐和三氟化硼乙醚為10當(dāng)量與7當(dāng)量時(shí),可以55%和27%的產(chǎn)率得到期望的化合物13和副產(chǎn)物14(Scheme 2)。
以三甲基硅基三氟甲磺酸酯為促進(jìn)劑,在57A分子篩存在條件下,葡萄糖三氯亞胺酯給體11和膽甾烷型苷元13在二氯甲烷溶劑中進(jìn)行糖苷化反應(yīng),以83%的產(chǎn)率的立體選擇性地得到1,2-反式的β-型糖苷15。在甲醇/水/四氫呋喃混合溶液中,用LiOH·H2O于50℃脫除15中的4個(gè)苯甲酰基和2個(gè)乙?;瑢⑺卯a(chǎn)物在無水甲醇中回流24h,最終以95%的產(chǎn)率得到甲基 Funlioside B(2)。文獻(xiàn)[14-17]報(bào)道,在氘代吡啶中當(dāng)呋甾皂苷的22位甲氧基為α構(gòu)型時(shí),C22的化學(xué)位移為112.4ppm。得到的甲基 Funlioside B(2),其C22的化學(xué)位移為112.4ppm,與文獻(xiàn)值一致,因此22位甲氧基為α構(gòu)型。選用回流溫度條件下,脫除酰基保護(hù)基是由于15中16位乙?;^大的空間位阻,在較溫和的條件下(甲醇鈉/甲醇,室溫條件下攪拌)不能脫除。
本文以易得的薯蕷皂苷元為原料,以6步反應(yīng)29%的總產(chǎn)率得到甲基Funlioside B(2)。在三氟化硼乙醚條件下,經(jīng)過一步反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)甾體皂苷螺旋甾烷型向膽甾烷型的轉(zhuǎn)化,大大的縮短了合成步驟,提高了合成的效率;在最后脫除保護(hù)基團(tuán)的同時(shí),又實(shí)現(xiàn)了E環(huán)的關(guān)環(huán),得到呋喃甾烷甾體皂苷。這些工作順利進(jìn)行為合成結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜的三糖、四糖呋甾皂苷奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ),也為呋甾皂苷進(jìn)行更為廣泛深入的生物活性與作用機(jī)制的研究提供了有利條件。
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