李艷
現(xiàn)代的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)已不僅僅停留在“看得懂、能做題”的單一層面,更注重英語(yǔ)的交際性。 “聽(tīng)”又是語(yǔ)言交際中最直接的體現(xiàn)之一。但是,由于受生活環(huán)境的制約,學(xué)生缺乏日常使用英語(yǔ)的平臺(tái),英語(yǔ)課堂成了學(xué)生目前最重要的英語(yǔ)交流場(chǎng)所。因此,提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力水平,是英語(yǔ)教師不可忽視的一個(gè)重要教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練時(shí),依靠自己掌握的詞匯、語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法等,對(duì)聽(tīng)到的信息迅速進(jìn)行綜合判斷,從而理解這些內(nèi)容的含義。在這一系列的活動(dòng)過(guò)程中,學(xué)生常常會(huì)遇到許多困難。只有幫助他們克服這些困難,他們的聽(tīng)力理解水平才能提高。怎樣才能利用課堂上短暫的時(shí)間有效地提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力水平呢?我在不斷的聽(tīng)力教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,注重了以下幾方面,使學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力能力有了穩(wěn)步的提高。
一、聽(tīng)辨音素,注意聲調(diào)
通常學(xué)生會(huì)由于對(duì)一些音素辨別不準(zhǔn),導(dǎo)致在聽(tīng)時(shí)無(wú)法捕捉到正確的信息,比如分辨不出[i:] [i],[w] [v],[l] [n],在聽(tīng)到sheep/ship,west/vest,labour/neighbour時(shí),容量出錯(cuò)。因此,在聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中,應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽(tīng)辨音素練習(xí)。做此項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練時(shí),教師挑選出發(fā)音接近的單詞,采取 “聽(tīng)音選詞”(選出所聽(tīng)單詞)或“聽(tīng)音譯詞”(聽(tīng)英文寫(xiě)出中文意思)的方式進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。教師也可編寫(xiě)一些含有發(fā)音接近單詞的句子進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,比如:The doctor who is in red is his daughter,學(xué)生需聽(tīng)辨出doctor[‘d?kt?]與 daughter [‘d?:t?]方可正確理解本句的意思。類(lèi)似于這樣的長(zhǎng)句聽(tīng)辨,更有利于提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力理解能力。
在聽(tīng)整段的材料時(shí),學(xué)生往往會(huì)感到所聽(tīng)的材料速度太快,聽(tīng)不全,抓不住。造成這一原因,除了教師平時(shí)由于擔(dān)心學(xué)生聽(tīng)不懂而刻意放慢語(yǔ)速外,還有一個(gè)重要的原因,是他們對(duì)連讀、弱讀、不完全爆破、縮略等語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象不熟練。所以在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,提倡教師用正常的語(yǔ)速說(shuō)、讀英語(yǔ),并且多訓(xùn)練學(xué)生朗讀有上述發(fā)音現(xiàn)象的句子。
二、捕捉關(guān)鍵信息,降低理解難度
學(xué)生在聽(tīng)長(zhǎng)段的材料時(shí),往往會(huì)很緊張地想把所聽(tīng)的都記住,實(shí)際上絕大部分學(xué)生會(huì)出現(xiàn)“聽(tīng)了上句還再上句”的情況,即思維還在分析上句在說(shuō)什么,而忽略了“聽(tīng)”的流動(dòng)性,待回過(guò)神再去捕捉下面的內(nèi)容時(shí),早已漏聽(tīng)了多句,最終的結(jié)果是一段材料聽(tīng)到的只有幾個(gè)不連貫的句子,整個(gè)內(nèi)容含混不清、張冠李戴。要改變這種情況,教師可以采取“聽(tīng)力三步走”(即:看題;復(fù)述;做題)的方法對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練。
以這篇聽(tīng)力材料為例:
Most Americans enjoy moving from place to place. For example, some even drive their cars 120 to 160 kilometers away just to have dinner with a friend or even fly to Europe just for watching a football match. In some states only one person in five lives in a place for more than five years. One may be born in one city, and go to school in another. He may finish his middle school in two or three cities, and then attend a college far across the country. When he has entered business, he may possibly move from job to job. Moving from one job to another, which is called “job-hopping”, is a very common practice in the United States. Job-hopping does good to workers because every change of a job gives them a chance to move up to a higher position and to get better pay. And job-hopping also gives bosses the chance to get new ideas and skills that different people bring to their companies and factories.
1. According to this passage, Americans often travel__________.
A. in order to have dinner with their friends
B. in order to watch football matches
C. to enjoy themselves
D. in order to find a new job
2. In some places in America, _________ for more than five years.
A. most people stay in one place
B. about 20% of the people stay in one place
C. the owners of the houses stay in one place
D. the owners of five houses stay in one place
3. The writer thinks __________.
A. job-hopping does good either to the workers or to the boss
B. job-hopping does good neither to the workers nor to the boss
C. little of the job-hopping
D. highly of the job-hopping
4. In the USA job-hopping______________.
A. has become the custom
B. has helped young people to attend a college
C. has helped students to enter business
D. has helped workers in traveling
5. The writer wants to say______________.
A. probably people dont like to move
B. probably people like to change their homes to different places
C. job-hopping may cause trouble in the country
D. job-hopping may cause some people to lose their jobs
endprint
第一步:看題。聽(tīng)力材料后面都有相應(yīng)的練習(xí)題,讓學(xué)生在聽(tīng)之前對(duì)這些練習(xí)題作快速瀏覽,學(xué)生可以從練習(xí)題中捕捉到所聽(tīng)材料的關(guān)鍵信息,分清楚需要詳聽(tīng)和弱聽(tīng)的地方。此時(shí)開(kāi)始第一次播放。
(通過(guò)第一步的看題,學(xué)生大致了解此材料有這樣一些關(guān)鍵信息:①與美國(guó)相關(guān),在第1、2、4題中出現(xiàn)了Americans,America和USA;②與美國(guó)人的流動(dòng)性有關(guān),在第1、2、5題中出現(xiàn)了often travel、stay in one place、move、different places等與流動(dòng)有關(guān)的詞匯;③與工作有關(guān),在第3、4、5題中均出現(xiàn)了同一單詞job-hopping)
第二步:復(fù)述。此時(shí)再次播放聽(tīng)力材料,要求學(xué)生復(fù)述。由于有了上一步的輔墊,在復(fù)述時(shí),可以大部分地說(shuō)出材料的內(nèi)容,這表明學(xué)生已經(jīng)掌握聽(tīng)力材料的內(nèi)容。
(學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)“看題”,有了側(cè)重點(diǎn),又聽(tīng)了兩次,已能復(fù)述出此材料的基本內(nèi)容:①Americans enjoy moving.;②Americans often study and work in different places.;③The advantages of job-hopping)
第三步:做題。此時(shí)第三次播放。要求學(xué)生在聽(tīng)的同時(shí)完成相關(guān)訓(xùn)練題。學(xué)生聽(tīng)后做題,可以從中學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別哪些是必須記住的關(guān)鍵詞和重點(diǎn),哪些是可以不記的無(wú)關(guān)緊要的內(nèi)容。
(經(jīng)過(guò)“看題”和“復(fù)述”兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),學(xué)生對(duì)整個(gè)聽(tīng)力材料的內(nèi)容已有了詳盡地了解,再回過(guò)頭來(lái)做題時(shí),只要注意題目中的細(xì)節(jié)之處,基本上可以順利完成。1~5:CBDAB)
“三步走”的訓(xùn)練模式把“看、聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫(xiě)”融合在一起。教師可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際進(jìn)步情況,逐漸減少環(huán)節(jié),最終,讓學(xué)生“一步到位”,輕松地理解聽(tīng)力材料。
三、精心挑選聽(tīng)力材料
教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聽(tīng)不同風(fēng)格的材料,學(xué)生除了聽(tīng)的范純正的英式或美式英語(yǔ)外,還可以涉及其他講英語(yǔ)的民族的英語(yǔ),并且還應(yīng)包括男女老少講的或讀的材料。這樣才能使學(xué)生熟悉各類(lèi)人物的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)的表達(dá)特點(diǎn)。
教師在挑選聽(tīng)力材料時(shí)也要防止單一化。不要總讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)安靜場(chǎng)合里的英語(yǔ)錄音材料,要適當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇在各種實(shí)境中錄制的聽(tīng)力材料,比如收音機(jī)里帶有電流雜音的內(nèi)容,或是機(jī)場(chǎng)等公共場(chǎng)所里伴有人來(lái)車(chē)往嘈雜聲音的內(nèi)容,這樣可以大大提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)力水平。
要使學(xué)生闖過(guò)聽(tīng)力關(guān),關(guān)鍵的措施還是讓學(xué)生多聽(tīng)。只要教師堅(jiān)持不懈地強(qiáng)化學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練,必然能夠提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力理解水平。
endprint