郭建明, 谷涌泉, 郭連瑞, 佟 鑄, 崔世軍, 高喜翔, 張 建, 汪忠鎬
·神經(jīng)介入Neurointervention·
支架成形治療合并對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞的重度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄
郭建明, 谷涌泉, 郭連瑞, 佟 鑄, 崔世軍, 高喜翔, 張 建, 汪忠鎬
目的 探討支架成形治療合并對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞的重度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病變的安全性和有效性。方法回顧分析2004年4月—2014年8月收治的26例對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞、同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄患者接受頸動(dòng)脈支架成形(CAS)術(shù)治療的臨床資料。結(jié)果26例患者均CAS成功,術(shù)后殘余狹窄均<30%。15例患者術(shù)中出現(xiàn)心率減慢或血壓下降,囑患者咳嗽或給予阿托品靜脈推注后緩解。1例患者術(shù)后第3天出現(xiàn)支架急性閉塞,術(shù)側(cè)大面積腦梗死,經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療語(yǔ)言和肢體功能基本恢復(fù)。5例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)過(guò)度灌注,控制血壓后于術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)緩解。術(shù)后隨訪(28.5±10.1)個(gè)月,因心肌梗死死亡3例,因肺部感染死亡1例。2例患者復(fù)發(fā)頭暈癥狀,其中1例患者術(shù)后36個(gè)月超聲復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)支架內(nèi)重度再狹窄,未接受相應(yīng)治療。2例患者術(shù)后再發(fā)腦梗死,經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療后無(wú)嚴(yán)重后遺癥。所有患者均未出現(xiàn)出血事件。結(jié)論CAS治療對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞的頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄病變安全、有效的。但應(yīng)注意術(shù)前顱內(nèi)側(cè)支循環(huán)的評(píng)估和圍手術(shù)期血壓的控制。
動(dòng)脈閉塞疾??;頸動(dòng)脈;狹窄;支架;腦血管
近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者接受了頸動(dòng)脈支架成形 (carotid angioplasty stenting,CAS)術(shù)治療,并取得了滿意的效果。但同時(shí)伴有對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞,是CAS手術(shù)的高危因素,對(duì)這些患者是否采用CAS治療看法不一。因?yàn)樵摬±龜?shù)相對(duì)較少,目前尚無(wú)針對(duì)該人群的大樣本CAS和內(nèi)膜剝脫的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究結(jié)果。本研究分析了首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院2004年4月—2014年8月收治的26例對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞、同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄患者接受CAS治療的資料,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
26例患者中,男21例,女5例,年齡44~73歲,平均(65.0±8.2)歲。病程1~38個(gè)月,平均(10.2±2.2)個(gè)月。伴有2型糖尿病15例,高血壓10例,冠心病7例,高脂血癥9例,椎動(dòng)脈狹窄性病變6例,下肢動(dòng)脈硬化閉塞癥8例。有吸煙史13例。11例為左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞。
臨床癥狀:頭暈18例,5例患者存在一過(guò)性視野缺損及視力下降,經(jīng)磁共振檢查證實(shí)既往腦梗死16例。所有患者均接受造影或頸動(dòng)脈CTA檢查。9例超聲證實(shí)為潰瘍性斑塊。6例合并單/雙側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈閉塞,4例伴有鎖骨下動(dòng)脈狹窄/閉塞。前交通開(kāi)放者14例,后交通開(kāi)放者11例,頸內(nèi)外交通開(kāi)放者20例。
1.2 治療方法
所有患者術(shù)前需服用氯吡格雷75mg/d聯(lián)合阿司匹林100mg/d至少3 d,手術(shù)均自股動(dòng)脈入路,且常規(guī)于狹窄遠(yuǎn)端放置腦保護(hù)裝置(Filterwire,波士頓科技,美國(guó);Spider,ev3,美國(guó))。于病變處行球囊預(yù)擴(kuò)張后放置自膨支架(Wallstent,波士頓科技,美國(guó);Protégé,ev3,美國(guó)),7例患者因支架釋放不滿意而接受后擴(kuò)張。自2012年開(kāi)始使用血管縫合裝置(Perclose,Abbott,美國(guó))封閉股動(dòng)脈穿刺點(diǎn),既往為傳統(tǒng)壓迫止血。術(shù)后不常規(guī)使用肝素抗凝,需持續(xù)雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物(同術(shù)前)治療至少1年。
2.1 近期療效
26例患者手術(shù)均獲得成功,術(shù)后殘余狹窄均 <30%,5例患者保護(hù)裝置內(nèi)找尋到斑片樣物。15例患者術(shù)中出現(xiàn)心率減慢或血壓下降,囑患者咳嗽或給予阿托品靜脈推注后緩解,未出現(xiàn)術(shù)中意識(shí)喪失或肢體抽搐。1例患者術(shù)后第3天出現(xiàn)支架急性閉塞,術(shù)側(cè)大面積腦梗死,經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療語(yǔ)言和肢體功能基本恢復(fù)。5例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)頭痛、頭暈等過(guò)度灌注表現(xiàn),積極控制血壓后均于術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)緩解。所有患者無(wú)穿刺點(diǎn)出血事件。
2.2 隨訪結(jié)果
術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間為2~100個(gè)月,平均 (28.5± 10.1)個(gè)月。3例患者因心肌梗死去世,1例因肺部感染去世;2例復(fù)發(fā)頭暈癥狀,其中1例患者術(shù)后36個(gè)月超聲復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)支架內(nèi)重度再狹窄,未接受相應(yīng)治療。2例患者分別于術(shù)后5個(gè)月和23個(gè)月出現(xiàn)再發(fā)腦梗死,均經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療后無(wú)嚴(yán)重后遺癥。所有患者均未出現(xiàn)出血事件。
典型病例手術(shù)圖片見(jiàn)圖1、2。
對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞作為手術(shù)的高危因素,勢(shì)必會(huì)增加同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈的手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是如果同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈為重度狹窄病變,保守治療所面臨的腦血管不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)更高。Aburahma等[1]觀察了82例頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄伴對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞患者,均未接受手術(shù)治療,僅口服抗血小板藥物治療,平均隨訪59個(gè)月,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)不良事件發(fā)生率為60%,提示手術(shù)治療的必要性。從顱內(nèi)側(cè)支循環(huán)開(kāi)放類型來(lái)看,一側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞后顱內(nèi)血供代償模式中,前交通動(dòng)脈單獨(dú)代償為62.5%,前交通與頸外動(dòng)脈分支同時(shí)代償為25.0%,由此可見(jiàn),對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞后,同側(cè)的頸動(dòng)脈擔(dān)負(fù)著重要的代償供血任務(wù),因此,保持同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈通暢尤為重要[2]。
圖1 左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈閉塞手術(shù)
圖2 右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈閉塞手術(shù)
最近完成的幾項(xiàng)大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù) (CEA)對(duì)于患者而言,結(jié)果并不理想。Antoniou等[3]對(duì)28 846例CEA患者進(jìn)行Meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞組較對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈通暢組,術(shù)后30 d腦卒中和一過(guò)性腦缺血的發(fā)生率以及病死率均增加。美國(guó)血管外科協(xié)會(huì)登記項(xiàng)目的研究結(jié)果與之相似,該項(xiàng)目入組11 614例CEA患者,對(duì)側(cè)閉塞組和對(duì)側(cè)通暢組腦卒中率分別為3.15%、1.06%,P<0.01[4]。說(shuō)明對(duì)于對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈未閉塞患者,CEA是最佳選擇,而對(duì)于對(duì)側(cè)閉塞的患者,CEA則不適宜。
北美癥狀性CEA試驗(yàn) (North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trail,NASCET)發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞是一項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)因素,會(huì)對(duì)CEA術(shù)后的早期和長(zhǎng)期結(jié)果造成不利影響。無(wú)癥狀頸動(dòng) 脈 硬 化 閉 塞 研 究 (asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study,ACAS)將163例對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞患者與1 485例對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈通暢患者進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,其中每組又分為藥物組和CEA組。與藥物組比較,對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈通暢患者CEA術(shù)后5年危險(xiǎn)事件(同側(cè)卒中或死亡)發(fā)生率降低6.7%;而對(duì)側(cè)閉塞患者CEA后5年危險(xiǎn)事件發(fā)生率增加2.0%[5-6]。上述研究提示對(duì)于對(duì)側(cè)閉塞患者,CEA的使用需要慎重。
考慮該組患者中大部分危險(xiǎn)事件的發(fā)生和術(shù)中頸動(dòng)脈的阻斷相關(guān),尤其是對(duì)側(cè)閉塞患者,對(duì)大腦中動(dòng)脈血流的變化尤其敏感,因此縮短阻斷時(shí)間對(duì)于降低腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更為重要。相比于最熟練的轉(zhuǎn)流管使用者,CAS的阻斷時(shí)間往往更短。Touzé等[7]回顧了206項(xiàng)獨(dú)立研究,共54 713例行CAS患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞不會(huì)增加CAS手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。同時(shí),CAS可以使患者雙側(cè)的腦血流均得到明確的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)受益。Oka等[8]和Kataoka等[9]分別發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然閉塞側(cè)和支架側(cè)在手術(shù)后即刻腦血流無(wú)顯著變化(原因可能是血壓對(duì)過(guò)度灌注的抵消),但觀察至術(shù)后1周、3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月時(shí),均呈顯著增加。雖然目前還沒(méi)有針對(duì)該人群的大樣本CAS和CEA的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究結(jié)果,但從上述已經(jīng)獲得的研究結(jié)果看,針對(duì)該人群,CAS優(yōu)于CEA。
對(duì)于CAS手術(shù)而言,最需要注意避免的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥是腦過(guò)度灌注綜合征[10-12]。腦的自我調(diào)節(jié)和血管擴(kuò)張儲(chǔ)備在對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞患者中,破壞得尤為嚴(yán)重。術(shù)前血管超聲或造影要預(yù)先明確是否存在前交通開(kāi)放,前交通開(kāi)放者,術(shù)后對(duì)側(cè)半球可代償CAS術(shù)后增加的血流,降低再灌注的發(fā)生率。如果術(shù)前前交通動(dòng)脈未開(kāi)放,術(shù)后就要注意避免過(guò)度灌注的發(fā)生。
控制血壓是降低過(guò)度灌注發(fā)生的手段。目前對(duì)術(shù)后收縮壓控制的量化目標(biāo)還沒(méi)有共識(shí),多認(rèn)為<140 mmHg為宜,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道150 mmHg是術(shù)后收縮壓和腦過(guò)度灌注綜合征相關(guān)性累積頻率的拐點(diǎn)[13]。混合α和β腎上腺素能拮抗劑拉貝洛爾可以使腦灌注壓和平均灌注壓較基礎(chǔ)水平下降30%[14]。而硝酸鹽類、鈣通道阻滯劑和肼屈嗪等應(yīng)避免使用,包括血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑,因?yàn)槠湟种屏搜芫o張素Ⅱ的產(chǎn)生,會(huì)增加腦灌注[15]。目前普遍認(rèn)為,血壓至少應(yīng)密切監(jiān)測(cè)至術(shù)后6個(gè)月[16]。
對(duì)于頸動(dòng)脈閉塞的患者,在避免過(guò)度灌注的同時(shí),也要避免低血壓性腦梗死。包括CAS術(shù)中影響頸動(dòng)脈竇壓力感受器導(dǎo)致的突然發(fā)生的一過(guò)性的心率減慢和低血壓。因此術(shù)中經(jīng)顱多普勒的監(jiān)測(cè)、腦保護(hù)裝置的使用、手術(shù)室和監(jiān)護(hù)室血壓的監(jiān)控、抗血小板藥物的使用、神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和一支專業(yè)的治療團(tuán)隊(duì)都是保障手術(shù)安全的重要因素。
一般而言,前循環(huán)70%血液流向大腦中動(dòng)脈供血,大腦中動(dòng)脈血流速度的降低將導(dǎo)致腦缺血事件的發(fā)生。Cheng等[17]將頸動(dòng)脈閉塞患者的顱內(nèi)側(cè)支分為2級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)(單純前交通開(kāi)發(fā)或前交通+后交通開(kāi)放)與Ⅱ級(jí)(頸內(nèi)頸外交通或腦膜支開(kāi)放),觀察兩者間腦血流量與腦血流灌注達(dá)峰時(shí)間的差異性時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),Ⅱ級(jí)側(cè)支循環(huán)開(kāi)放者腦血流灌注達(dá)峰時(shí)間明顯低于前者。顱內(nèi)側(cè)支循環(huán)的建立和功能狀態(tài)與腦組織損害的程度、腦缺血事件的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。本研究中1例急性腦梗死患者,術(shù)前超聲評(píng)估即提示前后交通均未開(kāi)放,僅頸內(nèi)外交通開(kāi)放。為了保證手術(shù)安全,術(shù)前需通過(guò)超聲或造影充分評(píng)估患者顱內(nèi)交通開(kāi)放情況,Ⅱ級(jí)交通者屬于高危人群,更需嚴(yán)格評(píng)估手術(shù)指征。
本組資料顯示,CAS治療對(duì)側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈閉塞的頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄病變,是安全和有效的。尤其要注意術(shù)前顱內(nèi)側(cè)支循環(huán)的評(píng)估和圍手術(shù)期血壓的控制。
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Stenting angiop lasty for the treatment of severe carotid stenosis associated w ith contralateral carotid occlusion
GUO Jian-ming,GU Yong-quan,GUO Lian-rui,TONG Zhu,CUIShi-jun,GAO Xi-xiang,ZHANG Jian,WANG Zhong-gao.Department of Vascular Surgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
GU Yong-quan,E-mail:15901598209@163.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and feasibility of stenting angioplasty for the treatment of severe carotid stenosis accompanied with contralateral carotid occlusion.MethodsDuring the period from Apr.2004 to Aug.2014,a total of 26 patients with severe carotid stenosis complicated by contralateral carotid occlusion were admitted to authors’hospital.The patients included 21 males and 5 females with a mean age of(65.0±8.2)years.Stenting angioplasty was carried out in all the 26 patients.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsClinical symptoms included dizziness(n=18),transitional visual field defect or impaired vision(n=5),cerebral infarction(n=16),and ulcer lesions demonstrated on ultrasonography(n=9).Antiplatelet medication was employed in all patients.Stenting angioplasty was successfully accomplished in all 26 patients,with postoperative residual stenosis being less than 30%.Slower heart rate or drop in blood pressure during the operation was observed in 15 patients,which were relieved after coughing or intravenous administration of atropine.One patient developed acute in-stent occlusion together with massive cerebral infarction of diseased side at 3 days after the treatment,and the patient’s language and the limb function were basically recovered aftermedication.Hyperperfusion symptoms occurred in 5 patients,which were improved 72 hours after the operation through controlling blood pressure.During the follow-up period lasting for(28.5±10.1)months,3 patients died ofmyocardial infarction,one patient died because of pulmonary infection.Dizziness reappeared in 2 patients,in one of them severe in-stent restenosiswas detected on ultrasonography 36 months after the treatment and no corresponding treatment was given.Recurrent cerebral infarction was observed in 2 patients,leaving no severe sequela after medication.No bleeding event occurred in all patients.ConclusionFor the treatment of severe carotid stenosis associated with contralateral carotid occlusion,stenting angioplasty is safe and effective.Nevertheless,close attention should be paid to the preoperative evaluation of collateral circulation and the control of blood pressure in perioperative period.(J Intervent Radiol,2015,24:10-14)
arterial occlusive disease;carotid;stenosis;stent;cerebral blood vessel
R743.3
A
1008-794X(2015)-01-0010-05
2014-09-12)
(本文編輯:李 欣)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2015.01.003
100053 北京 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院血管外科,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)血管外科學(xué)系
谷涌泉 E-mail:15901598209@163.com