王明建,高 霞,黃文軍,劉俊明,郭雪峰,宋詩飛,高 翔
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·專題研究·
冠狀動(dòng)脈造影聯(lián)合血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)測定對(duì)冠心病患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療策略的影響
王明建,高 霞,黃文軍,劉俊明,郭雪峰,宋詩飛,高 翔
目的 探討冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)聯(lián)合血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(FFR)測定對(duì)冠心病患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)策略的影響。方法 選取2012年7月—2013年1月新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)醫(yī)院經(jīng)CAG明確狹窄程度為70%~90%且擬行PCI的患者82例為研究對(duì)象,按完全隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組(40例,72處病變)和對(duì)照組(42例,75處病變)。觀察組患者每處病變血管均行FFR測定,僅在FFR≤0.80處行藥物洗脫支架(DES)植入,并確保術(shù)后FFR>0.80。對(duì)照組患者常規(guī)CAG檢查后行PCI。記錄兩組患者植入支架數(shù)量,PCI術(shù)后18個(gè)月冠心病病種花費(fèi)、主要心臟不良事件(心肌梗死、血運(yùn)重建)及心絞痛發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 兩組患者性別、年齡、吸煙史、糖尿病病史及總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。觀察組植入支架數(shù)量、冠心病病種花費(fèi)均少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組PCI術(shù)后18個(gè)月內(nèi)心肌梗死、血運(yùn)重建和心絞痛發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 CAG聯(lián)合FFR測定可減少冠心病患者植入支架數(shù)量、降低冠心病醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,PCI術(shù)后18個(gè)月內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)主要心臟不良事件及心絞痛發(fā)生率增加。
冠心??;冠狀血管造影術(shù);血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù),心??;血管成形術(shù),經(jīng)腔,經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈
據(jù)報(bào)道,我國心血管疾病患者達(dá)2.9億,每年因心血管疾病死亡人數(shù)達(dá)350萬,其中以心肌梗死及終末期心力衰竭為主[1]。冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)是評(píng)價(jià)冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄病變的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,而CAG僅對(duì)病變血管的斑塊特征和狹窄程度進(jìn)行影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)病變血管是否造成心肌缺血或引起臨床癥狀缺乏功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià),其臨床價(jià)值逐漸受到質(zhì)疑。研究顯示,冠心病患者的預(yù)后取決于病變血管是否造成心肌缺血而非狹窄程度,干預(yù)無功能意義或?qū)τ泄δ芤饬x的病變血管干預(yù)不足,均不能使患者獲益[2]。CAG聯(lián)合心肌血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(FFR)測定可對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈病變進(jìn)行功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià),客觀評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄是否需要植入支架,改善冠心病治療效果并減少支架植入數(shù)目及降低治療費(fèi)用[3]。本研究通過與單純CAG比較,探討CAG聯(lián)合FFR測定對(duì)冠心病患者治療策略的影響。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2012年7月—2013年1月新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)醫(yī)院經(jīng)CAG明確狹窄程度為70%~90%(干預(yù)的有效血管直徑≥2.5 mm)且擬行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)術(shù)患者82例為研究對(duì)象,其中男61例,女21例;年齡39~80歲,平均年齡(62.8±9.3)歲。按完全隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為觀察組(40例,72處病變)和對(duì)照組(42例,75處病變)。排除嚴(yán)重左主干病變、左心室肥厚、扭曲或鈣化病變、心源性休克、完全閉塞病變、急性心肌梗死病程小于5 d、哮喘、心功能不全、對(duì)藥物洗脫支架(DES)有植入禁忌證或預(yù)期壽命短于2年及行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)者。本研究經(jīng)本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及委托人簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 治療 CAG及PCI遵循中國經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療指南2012[4],應(yīng)用德國西門子數(shù)字平板造影機(jī),經(jīng)右側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈或右股動(dòng)脈部位行穿刺造影。觀察組患者每處病變血管均行FFR測定,通過肘中靜脈或大隱靜脈等外周靜脈滴注腺苷140 μg·kg-1·min-1,激發(fā)最大充血狀態(tài)后應(yīng)用壓力導(dǎo)絲讀取病變血管的FFR值。若同一支冠狀動(dòng)脈存在多處病變,在冠狀動(dòng)脈達(dá)最佳充盈時(shí)通過緩慢后撤壓力導(dǎo)絲測得各處病變血管的FFR值。觀察組僅在FFR≤0.80處行DES植入,并確保PCI術(shù)后FFR>0.80。對(duì)照組患者常規(guī)CAG檢查后行PCI。兩組患者術(shù)后規(guī)律口服阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀鈣。
1.2.2 一般資料收集及觀察指標(biāo) (1)一般資料:包括患者性別、年齡、吸煙史、合并糖尿病及術(shù)前血脂〔總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)〕水平;(2)觀察指標(biāo):包括植入支架數(shù)量,術(shù)后18個(gè)月冠心病病種花費(fèi)、主要心臟不良事件(心肌梗死、血運(yùn)重建)及心絞痛發(fā)生情況。
2.1 一般資料比較 兩組患者性別、年齡、吸煙史、糖尿病病史及TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1)。
2.2 觀察指標(biāo)比較 觀察組植入支架數(shù)量、冠心病病種花費(fèi)均少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組PCI術(shù)后18個(gè)月內(nèi)心肌梗死、血運(yùn)重建和心絞痛發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
表2 兩組PCI術(shù)后觀察指標(biāo)比較
Table2ComparisonofobservationindexesbetweenthetwogroupsafterPCI
組別例數(shù)植入支架數(shù)量(個(gè))冠心病病種花費(fèi)(萬元)心肌梗死〔n(%)〕血運(yùn)重建〔n(%)〕心絞痛〔n(%)〕對(duì)照組42181±083600±2411(24)6(143)7(167)觀察組40088±068472±2301(25)1(25)3(75)χ2(t)值-4932a-2448a-10900866P值<00010017>00502690352
注:a為t值;-為Fisher確切概率法,無此數(shù)值
表1 兩組一般資料比較
注:TC=總膽固醇,TG=三酰甘油,HDL-C=高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,LDL-C=低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;a為χ2值
隨著冠心病基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究的不斷深入,其診療技術(shù)也日趨完善,既往冠心病的常規(guī)檢查缺乏特異性,造成冠心病的誤診、漏診[5-6]。近年來,臨床逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到CAG在確診冠心病中存在一定局限性,如無法明確病變血管管壁的病理改變,特殊解剖位置的血管評(píng)價(jià)不夠準(zhǔn)確,無法對(duì)狹窄病變是否造成相應(yīng)心肌缺血進(jìn)行功能性評(píng)價(jià)[7-8],由此導(dǎo)致的對(duì)病變血管干預(yù)不足是引起冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化進(jìn)行性加重并最終導(dǎo)致臨床事件發(fā)生的原因。
冠狀動(dòng)脈95%的阻力來自直徑小于0.5 mm的微血管,微循環(huán)擴(kuò)張能力決定了心肌血流量。當(dāng)冠狀動(dòng)脈明顯狹窄時(shí),血流通過病變血管時(shí)阻力增加,血流量下降,使病變血管遠(yuǎn)端心肌灌注壓下降,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血缺氧引起心絞痛癥狀[9]。FFR指存在狹窄病變的冠狀動(dòng)脈所供心肌區(qū)域獲得的最大血流量與正常情況下所能獲得最大血流量之比,經(jīng)外周肘靜脈或大隱靜脈應(yīng)用微血管擴(kuò)張藥物使冠狀動(dòng)脈微循環(huán)產(chǎn)生最大充血狀態(tài),測量狹窄血管遠(yuǎn)端冠狀動(dòng)脈壓力(Pd)與平均主動(dòng)脈壓(Pa)而獲得。FFR<0.75判斷狹窄引起心肌缺血的特異度為100%,F(xiàn)FR>0.80判斷狹窄引起心肌缺血的靈敏度高于90%[10]。
Tonino等[11-12]對(duì)FFR≤0.80的患者行PCI,F(xiàn)FR>0.80的患者僅行冠心病最佳藥物治療,與單純CAG指導(dǎo)下PCI患者比較,植入支架數(shù)量減少,1年心肌梗死病死率降低,手術(shù)時(shí)間、造影劑用量、1年全因死亡率、心肌梗死發(fā)生率和再次血運(yùn)重建發(fā)生率并無差異。同時(shí),該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CAG證實(shí)狹窄程度為50%~70%、71%~90%及91%~99%的病變血管中,分別有35%、80%、96%的病變血管FFR≤0.80,而臨床認(rèn)為狹窄程度為71%~90%的病變血管需行PCI治療,因此狹窄程度為50%~70%的患者有35%的病變血管未得到相應(yīng)治療,而狹窄程度為71%~90%的患者有20%的病變血管被過度治療。高麗華等[13]和湯成春等[14]研究顯示,CAG結(jié)合FFR測定后行PCI患者植入支架數(shù)量減少,且短期內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)主要心臟不良事件及心絞痛發(fā)生率增加。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組患者植入支架數(shù)量較少,可避免多種術(shù)中和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(如支架內(nèi)血栓、再狹窄等),同時(shí)也降低了治療費(fèi)用,減輕了患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。本研究也顯示,兩組術(shù)后18個(gè)月內(nèi)心肌梗死、血運(yùn)重建、心絞痛發(fā)生率并無差異,體現(xiàn)了CAG聯(lián)合FFR治療的獨(dú)特價(jià)值,結(jié)合FFR指導(dǎo)下的冠心病患者介入治療的中晚期臨床預(yù)后是安全有效的。
本研究兩組各有1例患者再發(fā)心肌梗死,觀察組1例為冠狀動(dòng)脈潰瘍病變,F(xiàn)FR測定后應(yīng)用降脂穩(wěn)定斑塊藥物,停藥2個(gè)月后心肌梗死發(fā)生;對(duì)照組1例心肌梗死發(fā)生于原有支架植入處,考慮為術(shù)后再狹窄加重。
需指出的是,F(xiàn)FR對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈功能評(píng)價(jià)也有其局限性,如嚴(yán)重左心室肥厚時(shí)微血管和心肌分布失衡,心肌缺血的閾值會(huì)大于80,即冠狀動(dòng)脈完全正常時(shí)測量FFR卻顯示心肌缺血[15];糖尿病和高血壓患者血糖、血壓控制較差會(huì)造成微血管和心肌損害,應(yīng)用血管擴(kuò)張劑誘發(fā)遠(yuǎn)端血管充血效果較差,限制遠(yuǎn)端心肌獲得的血流量,可能導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈相對(duì)正常的情況下FFR測定值偏低。因此,應(yīng)綜合CAG和FFR結(jié)果,結(jié)合患者個(gè)體差異,采取最佳的治療策略。
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FFR的特性:(1)理論上,每個(gè)人、每支動(dòng)脈、每個(gè)心肌床的FFR參考值均為1;(2)有很清晰的閾值;(3)不受全身血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響,測量重復(fù)性高;(4)將側(cè)支循環(huán)的影響考慮在內(nèi);(5)FFR評(píng)價(jià)狹窄程度與所支配灌注區(qū)的面積相關(guān);(6)FFR擁有極高的空間分辨率。已有的研究顯示,F(xiàn)FR對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈中度狹窄病變、左主干病變、多支病變、彌漫性病變、連續(xù)性病變及分叉病變患者行PCI術(shù)均具有較好的指導(dǎo)價(jià)值。然而,正如本研究指出,F(xiàn)FR在臨床應(yīng)用時(shí)需注意其在嚴(yán)重左心室肥厚及合并糖尿病、高血壓患者中的局限性。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
Effect of Coronary Angiography Combined With Fractional Flow Reserve in Treatment Strategies for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
WANGMing-jian,GAOXia,HUANGWen-jun,etal.
TheFirstDepartmentofCardiology,HospitalofXinjiangProduction&ConstructionCorps,Urumqi830002,China
Objective To explore the effect of coronary angiography(CAG) combined with fractional flow reserve(FFR) in treatment strategies for percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)patients with coronary heart disease.Methods We enrolled 82 patients who were diagnosed as coronary artery stenosis 70%-90% by CAG and were planning to receive PCI in the Hospital of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps from July 2012 to January 2013.Using random number table method,we divided the patients into two groups:observation group(n=40,72 lesions) and control group(n=42,75 lesions).In observation group,FFR determination was conducted on the blood vessels of every lesion,drug eluting stents(DES) were planted at the spots with FFR≤0.80,and FFR>0.80 was maintained after surgery.Conventional PCI after CAG was conducted in control group.We recorded number of stents,expense for coronary disease,incidence of major adverse cordial events(myocardial infarction and revascularization) and incidence of stenocardia relapse within the 18 months after surgery.Results The two groups were not significantly different(P>0.05) in gender,age,smoking history,history of diabetes mellitus,TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C.The observation group was lower(P<0.05) than the control group in number of stents and expense for coronary disease.The two group were not significantly different(P>0.05) in incidence of myocardial infarction,revascularization and incidence of stenocardia relapse within 18 months after PCI surgery.Conclusion CAG combined with FFR can reduce the number of stent and medical expense for patients with coronary disease,and it causes no increase in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events and stenocardia within 18 months after surgery.
Coronary disease;Coronary angiography;Fractional flow reserve,myocardial;Angioplasty,transluminal,percutaneous coronary
兵團(tuán)科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃課題項(xiàng)目(2012BA039)
830002新疆烏魯木齊市,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)一科
劉俊明,830002新疆烏魯木齊市,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)一科;E-mail:liujunming59@163.com
R 541.4
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.23.002
2014-12-16;
2015-06-18)
王明建,高霞,黃文軍,等.冠狀動(dòng)脈造影聯(lián)合血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)測定對(duì)冠心病患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療策略的影響[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(23):2754-2757.[www.chinagp.net]
Wang MJ,Gao X,Huang WJ,et al.Effect of coronary angiography combined with fractional flow reserve in treatment strategies for percutaneous coronary intervention patients with coronary heart disease[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(23):2754-2757.