廣東外語外貿(mào)大學 唐 芳

論口譯研究之道,立學科發(fā)展之本
——《口譯研究方法論》讀后

廣東外語外貿(mào)大學 唐 芳

仲偉合教授及其口譯研究團隊所著的《口譯研究方法論》是國內(nèi)口譯研究領(lǐng)域的第一部方法論著作。該書一方面回顧了國內(nèi)外口譯研究的歷史與現(xiàn)狀,另一方面又闡明了當前該領(lǐng)域可行的選題與方法，將為從事口譯研究的廣大學者提供全面的研究視角與精準的研究工具。

口譯研究；方法論；歷史與現(xiàn)狀；選題與方法

一、引言

從1958年唐笙、周玨良發(fā)表在《西方語文》(現(xiàn)更名為《外語教學與研究》)上的第一篇口譯研究論文至今，口譯研究在中國已經(jīng)歷半個多世紀的發(fā)展，如今中國的市場對口譯實踐有需求，中國的高校對口譯教學也日益重視，但口譯研究的基礎(chǔ)仍顯薄弱，有待加強。面對這種不平衡的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，仲偉合教授帶領(lǐng)廣東外語外貿(mào)大學口譯研究團隊著寫了《口譯研究方法論》，該書由外語教學與研究出版社于2012年出版。目前國內(nèi)出版的口譯專著已有10余部，而該書是第一部方法論著作，內(nèi)容涉及口譯研究的方方面面，對于所有口譯研究學者都具有啟發(fā)意義和參考價值。本文將介紹該書的主要內(nèi)容并評述其特色與不足。

二、《口譯研究方法論》內(nèi)容提要

全書共10章，分為3大部分。

第一部分“歷史與現(xiàn)狀”包含第一章與第二章，由王斌華撰寫。第一章聚焦中國的口譯研究。作者首先論證了口譯活動在新中國發(fā)展中所起的重要作用并介紹了國內(nèi)口譯教學的蓬勃發(fā)展。如從廣度上說，MTI從2006年教育部首批的3所試點院校已發(fā)展到如今的百余所；從深度上看，我國已形成了從口譯方向?qū)W士、碩士到博士的完整培養(yǎng)體系?？谧g實踐和教學任務(wù)的激增，也為國內(nèi)口譯研究的迅猛發(fā)展注入了勃勃生機。作者還對國內(nèi)口譯研究成果做了定量和定性分析，如統(tǒng)計了外語類中文核心期刊上發(fā)表的口譯研究論文的數(shù)量，將中國的口譯研究分為3個發(fā)展階段：1990年以前的起步階段(共33篇)，1990至1999年間的初步發(fā)展階段(共122篇)，及進入21世紀之后的繁盛時期(第一個十年已達近300篇)。作者還統(tǒng)計了以上論文的主題分布情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)主題主要集中于“口譯教學研究”、“口譯技術(shù)/技巧研究”、“口譯理論研究(口譯的特點、原則和機制)”這三類，共占所有主題類型的64.4%?？疾斓姆秶€包括歷屆全國口譯大會的主題與成果，國內(nèi)口譯研究著作與教材(附有重要書目的簡介)，口譯研究學位論文的數(shù)量與主題(附有博士論文選題表)，國家級項目中口譯研究的立項情況等。最后一節(jié)總結(jié)了我國口譯研究的發(fā)展趨勢、存在的問題并提出了相應(yīng)的提升路徑。

第二章論述國外口譯研究的過去與現(xiàn)在。作者依照Gile(1994)的劃分闡述了國外口譯研究的4個發(fā)展階段：20世紀50年代為起始階段、60年代末至70年代初為實驗心理學研究階段、70年代至80年代中期為“口譯實踐型研究者”階段、80年代末至今為口譯研究“新興期”。本章還專設(shè)一節(jié)對國外口譯研究領(lǐng)域的代表人物及其理論展開介紹，包括P?chhacker及其著作《口譯研究概述》(IntroducingInterpretingStudies)與《口譯研究讀本》(TheInterpretingStudiesReader)(與Miriam Shlesinger合編)、巴黎學派及其釋意理論、吉爾及其“認知負荷模型”。本章還基于對近20年國外口譯研究文獻的計量分析引申出其4大發(fā)展態(tài)勢：研究主題多樣，既有交替?zhèn)髯g研究又有同聲傳譯研究，既有口譯過程研究又不乏口譯產(chǎn)品研究；形成了較為成熟的口譯研究范式；重點集中于以實證研究為主的認知研究(該類研究多以實驗法而非觀察法收集數(shù)據(jù))；出現(xiàn)了“社會性轉(zhuǎn)向”(逐漸重視考察口譯作為一種社會文化交際活動的本質(zhì)特征)。

第二部分“學科理論與方法論”包含第三章與第四章，由仲偉合與王斌華共同撰寫。第三章厘清了口譯研究作為一門學科的研究對象、學科發(fā)展史、學科定位、學科框架及主要研究視角。一個學科形成的最核心課題即確定研究對象，因此本章開篇即為定義口譯并歸納出口譯區(qū)別于筆譯的“3大特征”：源語發(fā)布的單次性、口譯過程的即時性、口譯活動的現(xiàn)場性。作者還解析了學科定位，包括學科名稱的形成及與翻譯研究的關(guān)系，認為最有利于口譯研究充分發(fā)展的學科定位應(yīng)是，與筆譯研究并列的一門屬于“翻譯學”(Translation Studies)學科之下的獨立的子學科，其鮮明特點是“交叉學科”(interdiscipline)。作者還描繪出一幅口譯研究的學科框架圖，將其劃分為“理論基礎(chǔ)”與“應(yīng)用研究”兩大部分。理論基礎(chǔ)又可包含“學科認識論”和“學科方法論”兩條主線；應(yīng)用研究的對象可細分為口譯過程、產(chǎn)品、活動參與者等，應(yīng)用研究的方法可包含觀察法、實驗法、理論思辨法等。在本章的最后一節(jié)，作者闡述了口譯研究中看待口譯活動的5大視角，將口譯分別視為一種信息處理過程、可分解并學習的技能、一種認知處理過程、一種社會互動行為、一種社會文化活動。

第四章聚焦口譯研究的方法論，也是本書的核心部分。首先，從橫向維度看，作者構(gòu)建了完整的口譯研究方法論體系，包含實證主義方法論和人文主義方法論兩大類。具體而言，作者從研究目的、研究用途、研究邏輯、研究性質(zhì)和具體方法5個維度對口譯研究方法進行了分類，共分為10余種之多。作者不僅介紹了每一種方法的具體實施步驟和注意事項，還闡明了各種方法之間的異同。如在介紹實證主義研究方法之一的觀察法時，作者闡述了該方法的5大關(guān)鍵步驟：首先進行試探性觀察，確定觀察的目的和中心，再確定觀察對象，而后制定觀察計劃和提綱，最后確定觀察手段。再如對觀察法、實驗法、調(diào)查法這3大主要的實證研究方法，作者分別比較了其各自的特點、手段及作用。本章還從縱向維度描繪了一項完整的口譯研究是如何從設(shè)計構(gòu)想走到完成實現(xiàn)的：按時間順序，作者條分縷析地闡明了如何確定研究課題，設(shè)計研究方法，實施各個步驟。

第三部分“選題與方法”包含第五章至第十章。第五章關(guān)注口譯過程，由趙南撰寫。作者首先介紹了口譯過程的內(nèi)涵意義及相關(guān)的可應(yīng)用的范式及模型，突顯了過程研究需從認知心理學、心理語言學和神經(jīng)生理學等學科進行大膽借鑒。第二節(jié)中作者分別綜述了西方及國內(nèi)以往重要的口譯過程研究，而后總結(jié)了口譯過程前階段、中間階段和后階段中使用頻率較高的幾種研究方法，并用實例(如張群星 2010; Proverbioetal.2004)說明實驗法在口譯過程研究中的應(yīng)用。最后作者提出了今后口譯過程研究可深入探討的幾個研究課題。

第六章由王巍巍和龐焱介紹口譯產(chǎn)品研究及其方法。基于Philip Kotler (2001: 409)的市場營銷學理論，作者將口譯產(chǎn)品分為4個層次：1)核心價值是輔助用戶進行的“有效的多語言、跨文化交際溝通”；2)有形產(chǎn)品指具體語言和非語言行為；3)期待產(chǎn)品包括活動參與各方的期待，如用戶期待、譯員期待等；4)延伸產(chǎn)品可包含口譯產(chǎn)品對社會歷史文化的影響、社會對譯員職業(yè)的認可程度等。在文獻回顧中，作者首先依照Gile (1994)上述的口譯研究4大發(fā)展階段進行，再從不同層次的產(chǎn)品維度展開，而后按產(chǎn)品的不同層次依次總結(jié)了口譯產(chǎn)品研究的常用方法，如對有形產(chǎn)品的研究多用觀察法和實驗法，對延伸產(chǎn)品的研究多用理論思辨法和文獻研究法，最后用3個實例展示了有形產(chǎn)品的實驗法研究、期待產(chǎn)品的調(diào)查法研究及延伸產(chǎn)品的文獻法研究。

第七章聚焦于口譯質(zhì)量評估研究，由錢芳撰寫。作者首先依照Moser-Mercer (1996)對該類研究的分類，從面向職業(yè)實踐的口譯質(zhì)量評估、面向口譯教學的評估以及面向口譯研究的評估3個側(cè)面回顧中西方以往的口譯質(zhì)量評估研究。而后作者梳理了常用的研究方法并在結(jié)尾對進一步研究提出了建議。

第八章由陳定剛梳理口譯職業(yè)活動研究及其方法。作者從口譯史研究、口譯的職業(yè)規(guī)范研究和口譯社會學研究3個維度著手，簡述了中國和西方的口譯發(fā)展史，得出口譯史研究可按編年史、專門史和人物史3種方法展開。作者將口譯職業(yè)規(guī)范研究分為行業(yè)標準研究、職業(yè)倫理道德研究和行業(yè)資格認證研究3大類。首先介紹我國和西方的口譯行業(yè)標準，而后區(qū)分了兩者的差異并總結(jié)了常用的研究方法：橫向?qū)Ρ确ê蛦柧碚{(diào)查法。國內(nèi)甚少有針對口譯職業(yè)倫理的研究，而西方也多是針對翻譯活動而非口譯活動，因此作者只簡要總結(jié)了Anthony Pym等學者的觀點和Andrew Chesterman的倫理模式。行業(yè)資格認證方面，作者介紹了我國與西方的認證機構(gòu)及相關(guān)的研究方法，如對比研究和問卷調(diào)查研究。關(guān)于口譯社會學研究，作者基于對以往口譯工作條件和譯員社會地位研究的梳理，總結(jié)出3種常用的研究方法：系統(tǒng)方法、調(diào)查法及現(xiàn)場觀察法。

第九章闡述了口譯教學研究及其方法，由詹成撰寫。作者首先展示了以往研究中對口譯教學理念與原則的描述，厘清了口譯應(yīng)該“教什么”、“如何教”、“誰來教”及“教何人”等問題，強調(diào)了口譯教學與外語教學目的不同，也不應(yīng)與口語教學相混淆。作者關(guān)注的第二個子課題是口譯教學體系和內(nèi)容研究。他認為口譯教學應(yīng)分為4個層次(大學外語口譯教學、外語專業(yè)口譯教學、翻譯專業(yè)口譯教學及翻譯專業(yè)(或方向)研究生口譯教學)，各層次應(yīng)設(shè)定不同的教學目標和教學手段。作者以廣東外語外貿(mào)大學英語口譯課程體系為例，展示了理想的課程模式：以“技能主線”作為口譯技能的訓練，以“內(nèi)容主線”作為口譯技能的強化。在文獻回顧部分，作者談及的子課題包括口譯教學大綱研究、口譯教學模式與方法研究、口譯教材研究、口譯教學環(huán)節(jié)研究、口譯教學評估和譯員能力研究?；诰C述，作者最后簡要總結(jié)了口譯教學研究的特點與方法。

第十章由王斌華介紹口譯研究方法的一個最新進展——語料庫口譯研究。口譯研究長期以來的困境便是“缺乏生態(tài)效度”且“數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)模偏小”，基于語料庫的研究能帶領(lǐng)口譯研究走出困境，“得出具有普遍性意義的研究結(jié)論”(王斌華 2012： 94)。作者點明了這類研究面臨的困境及發(fā)揮的作用，通過案例概述廓清了該類研究已涉及的領(lǐng)域，包含口譯產(chǎn)品的特征研究、譯員表現(xiàn)和口譯評估研究、口譯策略研究及口譯教學應(yīng)用等。對如何用語料庫開展口譯研究，作者從口譯語料庫的創(chuàng)建和應(yīng)用兩方面展開討論。在語料庫的創(chuàng)建方面，作者詳述了5個必要步驟，即語料的收集、轉(zhuǎn)寫、對齊、賦碼及標注、入庫與檢索。在應(yīng)用方面，目前可針對平行語料庫、類比語料庫或翻譯語料庫運用ParaConc和WordSmith等軟件實現(xiàn)對語料的標準類符/形符比和詞頻的統(tǒng)計以及對關(guān)鍵詞和其他標注特征的檢索。

三、評述

本書特色鮮明，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

首先，高屋建瓴，宏觀統(tǒng)籌。作為國內(nèi)首部口譯研究方法論著作，該書填補了研究生階段“口譯研究”課程無本可循的空白，集中體現(xiàn)了國內(nèi)學者對口譯研究自身認識的不斷深化，從宏觀角度統(tǒng)籌了學科發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，闡明了口譯研究的“名”與“實”(仲偉合、王斌華 2010)，廓清了口譯研究的學科理論框架，標志著中國的口譯研究已經(jīng)步入一個成熟的發(fā)展階段，也將推動口譯研究學科繼續(xù)揚帆遠行。

其次，取材豐富，內(nèi)容翔實，利于教學。以研究方法為主線，書中述及了口譯研究的各類選題：從口譯過程到口譯產(chǎn)品，從口譯質(zhì)量評估到口譯職業(yè)化，從口譯教學到基于語料庫的口譯研究。不僅有對理論與模型的深入闡釋、透徹剖析也有對具體操作步驟的指點迷津、答疑解惑。作者既旁征博引又表述得簡潔易懂。豐富的知識在書中得到有序的串聯(lián)，既方便教師展開教學與指導，又值得每一位對口譯研究感興趣的研究者細細研讀，反復推敲。

再次，中西方口譯研究成果并重。如果說P?chhacker(2004)的《口譯研究概述》是口譯研究領(lǐng)域在世界范圍內(nèi)的第一部百科全書，那么本書可稱作中國口譯研究領(lǐng)域的首部百科全書。P?chhacker(2004)在書中對中國及亞洲的口譯研究成果提及較少，但在本書的參考文獻中有82篇(部)為中文文獻，占總文獻的25%，因此本書可被視為中國口譯研究面向國際口譯研究學界最大規(guī)模的一次成果展示，集中顯示了我國口譯研究的發(fā)展與成就。

最后，與時俱進，納入行業(yè)最新動向。一方面，書中關(guān)注了多個口譯研究領(lǐng)域的最新動向，如口譯研究的“社會性轉(zhuǎn)向”，再如基于語料庫的口譯研究等。另一方面，本書雖出版于2012年，但在文后的參考文獻中，2009年之后發(fā)表的文獻多達36篇，這說明書中吸收了大量最新成果，也充分彰顯了該書作者洞察敏銳、開拓創(chuàng)新、積極學習與應(yīng)用行業(yè)內(nèi)的最新成果的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。

當然，由于本書由多位作者合作撰寫，存在幾處微瑕也在所難免。

首先，第三部分內(nèi)容組織形式略顯零亂。具體來說，如第六章先從4個不同發(fā)展階段綜述了以往相關(guān)文獻，后又從產(chǎn)品的不同層次再次展開綜述；又如有的章節(jié)闡述了相關(guān)選題的未來發(fā)展(如第五章)而有的章節(jié)卻未述及該項(如第八章)；再如第九章只偏重介紹國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究，對國外的成果甚少談及。松散的內(nèi)容組織形式未能形成統(tǒng)一的風格，可能不利于讀者進行系統(tǒng)的知識構(gòu)建。

其次，文獻統(tǒng)計上略有缺陷。如第一章第三節(jié)第四部分用表格形式列舉了截至2012年國內(nèi)口譯研究的博士論文及其選題，但該表格中并未收錄第五章第二節(jié)第三部分重點分析的廣東外語外貿(mào)大學張群星(2010)的博士論文。

再次，作為一部方法論指導書，目標讀者群體之一應(yīng)為口譯研究方向的研究生。對于初涉研究的他們，書中出現(xiàn)的文獻、人物和概念都是新知識，都是他們要反復接觸、多次研討的對象，因此，除參考文獻外，若在文后還能附上人名索引和概念索引，相信能更高效地幫助研究生厘清概念，掌握相關(guān)知識。

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Kotler, P.2001.MarketingManagement[M].New York: Pearson Education.

Moser-Mercer, B.1996.Quality in interpreting: Some methodological issues[J].TheInterpreters’Newsletter7: 43-55.

P?chhacker, F.2004.IntroducingInterpretingStudies[M].Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

P?chhacker, F.& M.Shlesinger.2002.TheInterpretingStudiesReader[M].London: Routledge.

Proverbio, A.M.etal.2004.Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: An ERP study[J].Neuropsychologia(12): 1636-1656.

唐 笙, 周玨良.1958.口譯工作及口譯工作者的培養(yǎng)[J].西方語文 (3): 321-327.

王斌華.2012.語料庫口譯研究——口譯產(chǎn)品研究方法的突破[J].中國外語 (3): 94-100.

張群星.2010.交替?zhèn)髯g中脫離語言外殼的認知機制: 基于學生譯員的實驗研究[D].博士學位論文.廣東外語外貿(mào)大學.

仲偉合等.2012.口譯研究方法論[M].北京: 外語教學與研究出版社.

仲偉合, 王斌華.2010.口譯研究的“名”與“實”——口譯研究的學科理論建構(gòu)之一[J].中國翻譯 (5):7-11.

(責任編輯 侯 健)

s of Papers in This Issue

The prominent coding levels of the locative roles: A cognitive grammar approach(p.3)

WANGYina(School of Foreign languages, Beihang University，Beijing 100191, China)

This paper discusses the prominent coding levels of the locative roles within the framework of cognitive grammar.It claims that setting and location are two background roles at different conceptual levels, and their prominence is also represented at different levels in their marked coding, from the aspects of construal, Location, as the landmark of the focal participant, can be elevated to the object or subject position, when the located participant and its process are non-specified; Setting, on the other hand, cannot normally be elevated to the object position.As it is conceptually close to the viewer, setting-subject can be construed as a referential metonymy of the generalized experiencer in its located event; abstract setting can also be prominent, as the result of the speaker’s impersonalization of the propositional event.

Tense pattern in the English abstracts of agricultural M.A.theses and its pedagogical implication (p.10)

JUZhiqin(School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China)

The English abstracts of agricultural M.A.theses can be viewed as an independent genre, whose macro-structure consists of three moves, namely, research status quo, research presentation and experiment notification.All these moves are supposed to fulfill certain communicative purposes.At the micro-level, the communicative purposes are realized by lexical-grammatical strategies, such as tense.Authors choose different tenses to achieve different communicative purposes.In this paper, we compared the English abstracts of agricultural M.A.theses by Chinese students and students from English-speaking countries, and found that Chinese students had grasped the correlation pattern between moves and choice of tense, but they were less keen in sense.We analyzed the reasons for these differences and proposed suggestions for teaching practice.

A general survey of the research on the control construction(p.16)

WANGHeyu(School of Foreign Languages, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China)

Empirically，the control construction involves distribution and referential identification of PRO subject in non-finite clauses.Theoretically, investigating the control construction concerns the theories of empty categories, abstract case, finiteness and locality.Relevant research either highlights the variations, denying the syntactic analysis of the control phenomena, or attempts to pattern control with the raising construction.To lessen the tension between descriptive exhaustiveness and explanatory adequacy, the multi-modular approach turns out to be a best choice.Young children’s linguistic output provides cross-linguistic evidence for early child control and for the continuity view of language acquisition, i.e., the knowledge of the control construction is a part of Universal Grammar.Future research should focus on four topics: (i)to address the control construction in minimalism; (ii)to define and analyze the control construction in Mandarin Chinese, (iii)to explore the control phenomena in other non-finite clauses and nominalized phrases, and (iv)to further the empirical study on child acquisition of the control construction.

Degree semantics and the semantics of “Adverb-Adjective” combinations: A case study ofzhen-jia(true-false)(p.25)

LUOQiongpeng(College of Liberal Arts, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

This paper investigates the semantics of “adverb-adjective” combinations by takingzhen-jia(true-false)as the case study.It is proposed thatjiadenotes a two-place relation from individuals to degrees along the scale of “deviation from truth”.Zhen-jiameans some individual x whose degree of similarity to the stereotypical value of “deviation from truth” (represented by “0”)is very large.This novel semantics not only nicely captures the semantics ofzhen-jia, but also has some implications for the study of the combinations of degree adverbs and (gradable)adjectives in general.

Doubts on the hypothesis that Chinese is a non-case-marking language(p.32)

ZHANGPeicui(School of Foreign Languages, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)

MABaopeng(School of Foreign Studies, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China)

The paper argues that Hu’s (2007)proposal that Chinese is a non-case-marking language does not have a sound ground.For one thing, he does not provide enough (cross-)linguistic data to support his hypothesis; for another thing, the Chinese data he relies upon can be explained in the framework of Generative Grammar.After a careful examination of Hu’s hypotheses, data and argumentation, the current paper believes that it is still too early to propose that Chinese is no-case-marking language.

A study on the anaphor mechanism of Chinesezijithrough a language chain(p.41)

ANFengcun(School of Foreign Languages, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China)

Dynamic anaphoric relations of Chinesezijiare reflected in Chinese sentences.According to the syntactic distribution and anaphoric relation ofziji, it is not the simple reflexive pronoun.Chinesezijihas the feature of [+anaphor, +pron], which causes the usages ofzijimore complex.On the basis of properties and distributions ofziji, the thesis brings in a free empty category as e, and forms an anaphoric language chain of “antecedent-e-ziji” with the combination structure of e-ziji, which can help to explain the anaphoric issues onziji.

Narrative and witness: E.L.Doctorow’s historical fiction(p.49)

TANGWei(School of Foreign Languages, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

E.L.Doctorow is one of the most prominent novelists in contemporary America.He specializes in the fictional representation of American history and develops a particular form of historical fiction by being artistically venturesome and socially conscientious.This paper explores Doctorow’s ideas on the relationship between narrative and reality, myth and history, fiction and witness, and indicates that his writing can help the reader realize the ambiguity of reality, the complexity of history and the importance of bearing witness to history through a discussion of three novels,CityofGod,TheMarchandHomerandLangley.

Healing function of Brooklyn—Trauma recovery inTheBrooklynFollies(p.56)

XUEYufeng(School of Foreign Languages, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)

Brooklyn is “New York and yet not New York.” Over years of development, Brooklyn has been a city of multiple cultures, attracting numerous scholars and immigrants from all over the world.InTheBrooklynFollies, the American contemporary writer Paul Auster describes such a warm Brooklyn “cultural region”, full of colorful cultures, and a lovely place for Nathan and other characters to cure their traumas.“Positive writing,” kinship and love are the three most important things in Nathan’s trauma recovery in his hometown Brooklyn.

On the qualifications of the translators of pictures books: Exemplified by the picture books translated into Chinese(p.62)

DONGHaiya(School of Education, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China)

Over the past decade, an increasing number of picture books from other countries have been translated into Chinese in an unprecedented speed and scale, but the quality of the translation is problematic and worthy of attention.The paper argues that a good translator of picture books should not only be very proficient in foreign languages and familiar with the typical features of children’s speech, but be equipped with wide knowledge of pictures books and strong abilities to read visual images.Besides, he should also avoid making judgement in the translation and intervening in the relationship between the author and the young readers of the original text.

“Death of author”, “death of translator” and arbitrary, confusing translation criticism(p.67)

HERuiqing(College of Foreign Languages， Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China)

MAHuijuan(Translation Studies Center, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China)

“Death of Author”, and “Death of Translator”, as the basis for irrational Western theories of literary criticism, have led to arbitrary and confusing translation criticism.Due to “Death of Author”, readers can interpret any text freely, the agency of a translator is put into too free play，and there is no objective and universal criterion for translation criticism.Due to “Death of Translator”, translated work was mistaken for non-translated work, translation evaluation was mistaken for translation criticism or literary criticism, and the criticism overlooked the author and the translator, but overstressed the readers.The paper made comments on five kinds of arbitrary, confusing translation criticism related to Hermeneutics, which resulted from two wrong hypotheses, the critic’s failure to understand the essence of the relevant theory, and to realize the application scope of the theory, and to choose the right theory in line with the identity of the critic.

On the Chinese translation of psychoanalytic theory(p.73)

SUNYangyang(Department of Foreign Languages, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China)

This paper reflects the Chinese translation works of Freud and discusses translation from both spiritual and cultural aspects through psychoanalytic theory.It puts forward a multi-faceted attempt to translate psychoanalytic theory.From the perspective of psychoanalysis, this paper analyses the psychoanalytic language used in the Chinese translation and its availability.

Translation and communication model of Chinese culture going out from the perspective of communication studies： WithSunTzu’sArtofWarin English world as an example(p.79)

XIEKe&LIYi(School of Foreign Languages, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China)

This paper points out that the essence of making Chinese culture go out through translation is intercultural communication and only by abiding by communication laws can the expected goal be achieved.On the basis of Lasswell’s 5W Communication Model, the paper raises 5W translation and communication model, and analyzes the communication process and effect ofSunTzu’sArtofWarin three different stages in the light of 5W translation and communication model.The research finds out that all the cases that have achieved good communication effects in three different stages have abided by 5W model.The paper explores the translation and communication model of Chinese culture going out and it believes that 5W model can provide a reference for Chinese culture going out.

An analysis on the translational features of the English versions of Chinese poems: A corpus-based study(p.85)

GAOBo(Non-English Department, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin 300270, China)

With the help of corpus technique, this paper attempts to investigate the translational features of the English versions of Chinese poems by means of comparing them with non-translated English poems in lexical, syntactical and textual level.The results show that translated poems tend to use more various vocabularies and they also manifest the tendency of explicitation and normalization in both syntactical and textual level.All the results are not only relevant to the intralingual expansion of the translated language, but more importantly, related to the special literary genre of poetry.

Review ofConstructionGrammarandItsApplicationtoEnglish(p.92)

YANGLimei&NIUBaoyi(School of Foreign Languages, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)

The article reviewsConstructionGrammarandItsApplicationtoEnglishpublished by Edinburgh University Press in 2014，which elaborates on central concepts of Construction Grammar, as applied to English and explains how the theory of Construction Grammar relates to issues of language processing, language acquisition, and language variation and change.As the first textbook to offer an introduction to Construction Grammar, as applied to English, the book plays an important role in deepening people’s understanding on Construction Grammar.

Review ofRelabeling(p.95)

SUNWentong(Foreign Language Department, Zhengzhou Chenggong University of Finance and Economics, Zhengzhou 451200, China)

Relabelingdoes a comprehensive research on the label shift in the process of syntactic computation, representing the latest academic achievement in the generative literature.The operation Probing Algorithm put forward in the book reinterprets such linguistic phenomena as relativization, successive-cyclic movement constraints, structural islands, etc.from a new theoretical standpoint.It can also provide a brand-new methodology to the study of the grammar of Mandarin Chinese.

Review ofMethodologyinInterpretingStudies(p.100)

TANGFang(School of Interpreting and Translation Studies, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China)

Written by Prof.Zhong Weihe and his Interpreting Studies Team,MethodologyinInterpretingStudies(2012)is China’s first academic monograph focusing on an under-researched topic in Interpreting Studies—the methodology.The book not only reviews the history and the current status of Interpreting Studies at home and abroad but also presents promising topics and feasible approaches, which provides Chinese researchers with comprehensive perspectives and precise tools for their further investigation on interpreting.

本研究為教育部人文社會科學研究青年基金項目(15YJC740074)、廣東省高等教育“創(chuàng)新強校工程”項目(GWTP-BS-2014-16及CWTP-LH-2014-03)及廣東省高等教育教學改革項目(本科類)“學分制改革背景下的翻譯概論類課程：思路、設(shè)計與實施”的階段性研究成果。

H059

A

2095-5723(2015)03-0100-04

2015-05-16

通訊地址： 510420 廣東省廣州市 廣東外語外貿(mào)大學高級翻譯學院