王婷婷+趙潔
【關(guān)鍵詞】高中英語;翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂;教學(xué)設(shè)計;點(diǎn)評
【中圖分類號】G633.4 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A 【文章編號】1005-6009(2015)10-0051-05
【作者簡介】1.王婷婷,南京師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)(江蘇南京,210003)教師;2.趙潔,南京師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)(江蘇南京,210003)教師。
【課的設(shè)計與思考】
一、教學(xué)內(nèi)容的分析
1.教材的地位和作用。
Population Movement in the USA 所在單元的話題是“People on the move”。作為閱讀課的第二課時,其功能是幫助學(xué)生在已經(jīng)了解課文文本的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行語言層面的習(xí)得,并學(xué)以致用,在輸入后圍繞該話題及時進(jìn)行輸出操練。
2.教學(xué)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。
翻轉(zhuǎn)層面:翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的“冰山理論”決定了大部分的工作都是在課堂之外,而課堂的呈現(xiàn)只是冰山一角,并且翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂中教師和學(xué)生的角色,給這節(jié)課帶來的重難點(diǎn)是如何分組、如何條理清晰地有效地布置任務(wù)。
教學(xué)層面:文本Population Movement in the USA條理清晰,語言精煉,但其所談?wù)摰脑掝}涉及社科類的知識,或許是學(xué)生平時并不太思考的,因此本節(jié)課的重、難點(diǎn)確定為:
(1)重點(diǎn):由點(diǎn)到面對文本中的重點(diǎn)詞匯、短語、句子進(jìn)行習(xí)得。
(2)難點(diǎn):運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識進(jìn)行話題寫作。
二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)的確定
1.知識與技能:從文本角度,通過文本閱讀進(jìn)行語言層面的習(xí)得,并在此基礎(chǔ)上用所學(xué)語言圍繞本單元話題進(jìn)行相關(guān)話題寫作;從翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的角度,通過小組合作研讀教師的資料包進(jìn)行大量的課前整理、消化、提取工作,在此過程中小組先進(jìn)行知識內(nèi)化、優(yōu)化。
2.過程與方法:從文本的角度通過高考任務(wù)型閱讀的題型來復(fù)習(xí)閱讀課第一課時的內(nèi)容從而引出要學(xué)的詞匯和短語,讓學(xué)生了解這些詞匯和短語在文本中的用法和含義并通過多方式對這些詞匯和短語進(jìn)行拓展和操練;然后從語言審美的角度和語法的角度去系統(tǒng)地賞析一些句子,由點(diǎn)到面為后續(xù)的相關(guān)話題寫作輸出做鋪墊。從翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的角度,教師需要對學(xué)生進(jìn)行分組,根據(jù)設(shè)計把學(xué)生分成五組,即復(fù)習(xí)組(the Review Group)、詞匯組(the Word Bank Group)、短語組(the Phrase Group)、句子組(the Sentence Group)和寫作組(the Writing Group);并對各個小組布置明確和有效的任務(wù)。
3.情感態(tài)度價值觀:從翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的角度,讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行小組活動,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力、合作能力和分享精神;從文本的角度,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對話題思考分析的能力,進(jìn)行有效寫作。
三、 教學(xué)方法的選擇
從翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的角度,通過學(xué)生課外的task-based的小組活動讓學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),通過和教師的不斷溝通和交流完善自主學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,以便展示課上與同伴分享。這種活動的好處是小組活動取代了教師的講,這樣一種自主學(xué)習(xí)和同伴習(xí)得會讓學(xué)生對知識的記憶更加牢固,教師的身份轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榛顒拥脑O(shè)計者、方法建議者、課后咨詢者、展示課堂的協(xié)調(diào)者。
從文本的角度,閱讀第二課時的主要內(nèi)容在于語言層面的輸入,因此教師在布置任務(wù)時提出的習(xí)得方式要多樣,讓盡可能多的其他小組的學(xué)生涉及其中,確保輸入的高效性。
四、教學(xué)過程的設(shè)計
本節(jié)課設(shè)計教學(xué)過程總體流程為:
【課例呈現(xiàn)】
Step 1 Warm-up and review part
T:Morning you guys. We are on the move,from our little bit shabby classroom to this fancy place.(在黑板上板書People on the move) It is a trial lesson of flipped class. I am the person behind the curtain while my students are the heroes today. Id like to invite the representative(以下簡稱“R”)from Group 1,the Review Group to take the floor.
R1:Weve learned that the people in the USA are always on the move. What are the two trends mentioned in the text?
S:The aged move to Florida and the young move to big cities.
R1:Yes. Lets fill in the blanks with proper words.
(Keys:1. move; 2. permanent; 3. aged; 4.preference; 5. slipping; 6. makes; 7. cater; 8. boom; 9. electing; 10. swap)
學(xué)生回答時教師在黑板上板書出age,slip, boom,swap,on the move,make sense,cater to這些詞和短語,讓本節(jié)課學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)詞匯在黑板上一目了然地呈現(xiàn)出來。
T:Thank you the Review Group, the words colored on the screen are what we are going to learn. Please welcome Group 2, the Word Bank Group.
Step 2 Word Study
R2:Im the representative from the Word Bank group. Id like to share what our group prepared with you.Would you please translate the following sentence: Lin Qingxia is in her 60s,but has (優(yōu)雅地老去).
S:學(xué)生回答。(答案有“become old elegantly”和“aged elegantly”.)
R2:“age”here means“become old”.Please translate the following sentence:中國人口正在老齡化。
(例句和時事相結(jié)合)
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2:Lets see two more sentences. Throughout the Midwest and the Northeast, people a 60 and over are packing their bags...(L3);The community provides thoughtful services for the sick and the a . ?What are the two missing words?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2:What is the difference between the two “aged”s?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2:The first means“at the age of”while the second means“very old”. OK,so much for the word “age”. Id like to ask you a question: What are the possible results of the coming quotas of car plates(車輛限牌)in Nanjing?
T: To be specific,what will you do now if it will be quite difficult for you to get a car plate license next month?
(見學(xué)生面露難色,教師在翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂展示課中的作用就顯現(xiàn)出來了,即引導(dǎo)學(xué)生往前走。)
S: 學(xué)生回答。
(意圖:以數(shù)月前南京限牌的民間議論為引子想引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說出boom這個詞,但是課堂中有學(xué)生回答出:There will be an increase in car sales. 教師的角色就在此,引導(dǎo)問increase的同義詞是什么,學(xué)生們眾口說出boom,從而引出boom的用法。)
R2:Here“boom”is a noun, meaning“a sudden increase in trade and economic activity”. See the sentence in the textbook:Recently,there has been a boom in population movements,...(L34)
An open sentence for you, please complete the following sentence: 2015 will be a boom year for .
S:學(xué)生回答。
(開放式造句,讓學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象空間,更好地記住該詞的用法)
R2:Remember “a boom in sth”. “boom” can be used as a verb. Therefore we can say “the car sales will boom.” Would you please say something about the following picture by using “boom”?
S: 學(xué)生回答。
R2帶領(lǐng)同學(xué)們把投影上所列出的有關(guān)boom的例句誦讀一遍。然后在投影上打出下面這個句子:
I didnt mean to tell you the secret; it was a of my tongue at that time.
(A.swap B.skip C.scan D.slip )
(答案為D. 從而引出對slip一詞的學(xué)習(xí)。)
R2:What does slip here mean?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2:“slip” here means“a minor error”. What does“slip”mean in the textbook?Would you please find the sentence with “slip”?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2總結(jié)slip作為名詞的用法,引出其作為動詞的使用,并提醒學(xué)生其過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞要雙寫 “p”。
R2:Lets see two sentences: 1. Caution!Dont slip on the wet floor. 2. His name slipped my mind/memory. Try to guess what two “slip”s mean.
S:學(xué)生回答。
R2總結(jié),并給出一些語境進(jìn)行操練:
(翻譯)時間正悄悄溜走。
(補(bǔ)全句子)他沒抓住凱利, 讓她給逃脫了。 Cally his grasp and fled.
然后帶領(lǐng)全班同學(xué)把所有例句誦讀一遍。
R2:Would you please replace the underlined part of the following sentence“Young mobile adults give many different reasons for leaving and replacing their home towns with big cities”?
S:學(xué)生回答。引出對“swap”這個詞的講解。
R2:It has two meanings. The first one is “to replace one thing with another”, the second is “to exchange”. Please translate the following sentence into Chinese: Flipped class is to swap roles between teachers and students.
S: 學(xué)生回答。
重點(diǎn)詞匯講解完后以填空的形式提及一下次要重點(diǎn)詞匯:
1.At the age when most people r ,he is ready to face a new career.
2.The government needs a more f approach to education to meet different demands.
3.Are you looking for a temporary or a p job?
4. Mike had to be taken by a to hospital.
5. Johns father,a retired engineer, now is living partly on his and partly on the interest on his post office savings account.
(A. pension B.income ? ?C.salary D.wages )
(答案:1. retire; 2. flexible; 3. permanent; 4. ambulance; 5.A)
Step 3 Phrase learning
R3:The first phrase we are going to share with you is “on the move” in the title. What does it mean?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R3:Please translate the following sentences into English:
1. 公司正在遷往更大的辦公區(qū)。
2.我到達(dá)火車站時,火車已經(jīng)開動了。
S:學(xué)生回答。
R3:Lets move to the next phrase:“We prefer staying comfortable, and thats why moving somewhere warmer makes sense.”(L19)What does“make sense” mean?
S:學(xué)生回答。
R3接著讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行操練:
1.(翻譯)買最新的iPhone是不明智的。
他在會議上對你的指責(zé)毫無道理。
告訴你父母你沒有通過考試的真相是明智的,他們遲早會知道。
2.(開放式完成句子) doesnt make sense. 并給予補(bǔ)充:make sense of sth. 和 there is no sense in doing sth.
R3:Do all of you make sense of it?OK,would you please replace the underlined part: As the number of older Americans moving there increases, more changes are made to meet the special needs of them.(L23)?
S: 學(xué)生回答。
R3:Please translate the following sentence: Handsome though Peng Yuyan is,the director caters to the audiences expectations to see how he reinterprets the character in the film Rise of the Legand.(《黃飛鴻之英雄有夢》).
這個演員和這部電影是學(xué)生感興趣的,接著給出一道選擇題:
A law of American life says that the world is a market, and markets are what you .
(A.submit to B.cater to C.relate to D.object to)
(答案為B.)
Step 4 Sentence learning
T:The representative from ?the Sentence Group will share with us some sentences from two perspectives, one from the grammatical perspective, the other from appreciation of language.
R4:Lets compare the following two sentences, and tell us which one is better.
1)Throughout the Midwest and the North-east,people who are about 60 and over are leaving their homes and travelling to the south along the freeway to states like Florida.
2)Throughout the Midwest and the North-east, people aged 60 and over are packing their bags and heading south along the freeway to states like Florida.
S:學(xué)生回答。
R4:Sentence Number 2 is better. As our English teacher said, writing should follow the principle of economy. It is what we need to learn.
T:Making your sentence short is more difficult than making it long.
R4:Please identify what clauses they are.
1)Id love to stay in the community where I grew up,but there are no career opportunities there. (L51)
2)I have to go where the big companies are because I want to be a top accountant, not a database clerk. (L52)
3)Ambition can drive some young people to the city to be “where the big companies are”.(L55)
S:學(xué)生回答。
R4:Which word can replace “but” in the following sentence?
1)For some of these people the move is permanent,but for others it is only for a few months of the year.(L5)
S:學(xué)生回答。
R4總結(jié)while的用法。
T:Thank you. All the above is the input process. Now it is your turn to output. Lets welcome the Writing Group.
Output process
Step 5 Writing
R5:Before we start writing, lets translate some sentences by using the words and phrases weve learnt today.
1) 人口遷移量有所增長。(boom)
2) 老年人遷移到溫暖的城市,而年輕人選擇住在大城市。(on the move;select)
3) 在老年人給出的許多原因中,許多人很看重舒適因素,因此會遷移到溫暖的地方。(make sense)
4) 隨著遷移人口的增多,出現(xiàn)了很多迎合老年人的措施,使得這些城市更具吸引力。(cater to)
5) 年輕人雖然觀念不同,但是他們前往共同的目標(biāo)——城市。(head for)
6) 年輕人對遷移到大城市有著不同的理由,如找好的工作或?qū)で髽啡?。(swap...for...)
7) 城市有著先進(jìn)的設(shè)備,能為人們提供更好的生活。(equip with)
該翻譯任務(wù)既是對已學(xué)內(nèi)容的再現(xiàn),又是為下面的寫作任務(wù)做準(zhǔn)備,翻譯完后給出寫作任務(wù):
“人口遷移”是當(dāng)今每個國家都存在的普遍現(xiàn)象,在中國也愈加顯著。下面是“老年人和年輕人在選擇移居城市”的調(diào)查結(jié)果,請閱讀表格并按照要求完成一篇150詞左右的文章。
1)簡述表格中反映的現(xiàn)象;
2)說說產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因;
3)談?wù)勀阕约簩υ摤F(xiàn)象的看法。
R5:Add some linking words to make the sentences you translated just now the body part of your composition. And take the rest part as your homework.
T:Thank you. About Paragraph One of this composition, it is not necessary to list all the figures.
(意圖:在課前與寫作小組的學(xué)生溝通交流,要求他們要和前面的小組保持好溝通,設(shè)計好寫作任務(wù),把已學(xué)的內(nèi)容放到他們的寫作任務(wù)中去,學(xué)以致用。)
【課后反思】
本節(jié)翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂的設(shè)計是走兩條線:一、課前設(shè)計;二、展示課堂?;诜D(zhuǎn)課堂的“冰山理論”,八分之七是第一條線:課前的規(guī)劃和師生溝通。這節(jié)閱讀課第二課時如何分組?每組的任務(wù)具體是什么?這些必須給學(xué)生明確的指令以便他們在自學(xué)準(zhǔn)備時目標(biāo)明確。后續(xù)的四次師生溝通中教師提出修改建議以完善呈現(xiàn)內(nèi)容,最后確定展示課時要分享的內(nèi)容。八分之一就是45分鐘的課堂展示??傮w說來學(xué)生的小組學(xué)習(xí)是有效的,展示內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)備是按照任務(wù)指令走的,不足即是我們的學(xué)生在做Presentation時的自信和儀態(tài)還需鍛煉。
翻轉(zhuǎn)理念下的同伴學(xué)習(xí)對學(xué)生產(chǎn)生的積極影響和作用大于教師的單一授課,不足是高考壓力下學(xué)生的自主同伴學(xué)習(xí)時間少,翻轉(zhuǎn)理念的推行需要時間。
【點(diǎn)評】
這節(jié)課教學(xué)目標(biāo)清晰,教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)把握準(zhǔn)確,特別是在教學(xué)方法上進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新。本節(jié)課課堂教學(xué)效果好,給人留下了深刻印象。
在教學(xué)目標(biāo)設(shè)定方面,王老師根據(jù)課時特點(diǎn)和學(xué)生學(xué)情將其定位為詞匯短語的習(xí)得,對詞匯和句子表達(dá)方式的賞析,為相關(guān)話題寫作進(jìn)行討論和準(zhǔn)備,通過小組合作學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力、合作能力和分享意識等。教學(xué)目標(biāo)定位非常清晰,思維層次和能力要求較高。
在教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)把握方面,教學(xué)內(nèi)容層面主要是重點(diǎn)詞匯短語的習(xí)得和話題寫作的準(zhǔn)備,教學(xué)方法層面主要是翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂之外的學(xué)習(xí)活動,如分組和布置學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)等。王老師在備課過程中能夠?qū)虒W(xué)的重難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較準(zhǔn)確深入的預(yù)判,體現(xiàn)了她優(yōu)秀的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)和能力。
在教學(xué)方法上王老師結(jié)合翻轉(zhuǎn)課堂理論進(jìn)行了大膽創(chuàng)新,這也是這節(jié)課最大的亮點(diǎn)之一。通過課外的分組自主學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生在和教師的不斷溝通和交流中完善并完成自主學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容, 然后在課堂上和同學(xué)分享。這種教學(xué)方法明顯的好處是學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和參與度得到很大的提高,學(xué)習(xí)資源和學(xué)習(xí)方式擺脫了課堂的局限。這種教學(xué)對教師的教學(xué)能力也提出了巨大挑戰(zhàn),教師成為活動的設(shè)計者、方法建議者、課后咨詢者和展示課堂的協(xié)調(diào)者。
最終,經(jīng)課前學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)和師生間多達(dá)四次的溝通交流,在課堂教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),復(fù)習(xí)組的學(xué)生對文本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)重組和信息梳理,在設(shè)計中巧妙引出本節(jié)課要學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)詞匯。詞匯短語組的學(xué)生挑選重點(diǎn)詞匯和短語和同學(xué)分享,并提供了大量包含最新時事和娛樂信息的句子,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,有利于學(xué)生在真實語境中使用所學(xué)的詞匯短語。句子組和寫作組的學(xué)生關(guān)注到一些特殊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)及其含義,然后進(jìn)行了相關(guān)話題的詞匯支撐及觀點(diǎn)表述等方面的討論,將詞匯和語法習(xí)得的層次進(jìn)一步提升到一個較高水平,實現(xiàn)了從知識到能力的轉(zhuǎn)化。
總之,本節(jié)課從創(chuàng)意設(shè)計到具體實施都讓人耳目一新,令人深受啟發(fā)。
(點(diǎn)評人趙潔系南京師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)英語教研組組長)