何海云 董曉輝 華鋒
[摘要] 目的 本文旨在探討正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征對(duì)慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者機(jī)械通氣的影響。 方法 選擇2013年在我院呼吸科住院的101例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,依據(jù)甲狀腺功能分為對(duì)照組58例與正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組43例。收集入選者基本情況、療效、機(jī)械通氣、氣管插管情況等資料,分析兩組機(jī)械通氣率、氣管插管率及好轉(zhuǎn)率的差異。 結(jié)果 甲狀腺功能正常組(對(duì)照組)與正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組的好轉(zhuǎn)率分別為100.0%和90.7%,機(jī)械通氣的使用率分別為25.7%和62.8%,氣管插管率分別為5.2%和27.9%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),入院時(shí)動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治鲋屑谞钕俟δ苷=M與正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組PaCO2分別為(62.8±18.6)mmHg、(74.7±21.2)mmHg,pH值分別為(7.358±0.096)、(7.294±0.100),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 合并正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征的慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者氣管插管及機(jī)械通氣率發(fā)生率高,提示甲狀腺功能檢測(cè)有助于病情嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 低T3綜合征;慢性阻塞性肺疾??;呼吸衰竭;機(jī)械通氣
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R563.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2015)30-0015-03
The impact of euthyroid sick syndrome on mechanical ventilation in patients who suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with typeⅡrespiratory failure
HE Haiyun DONG Xiaohui HUA Feng
Respiratory Department, Huzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313000,China
[Abstract] Objective To discuss the impact of euthyroid sick syndrome on mechanical ventilation in patients who suffered from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with typeⅡrespiratory failure. Methods A total of 101 patients who were admitted to respiratory department for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with type Ⅱ respiratory failure in 2013 were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into normal thyroid function group(58 cases) and euthyroid sick syndrome gourp(43 cases) according to thyroid function. The basic situation of patients, efficacy, mechanical ventilation, intubation were collected. Mechanical ventilation usage rates, intubation rates and the rate of improvement were analyzed. Results Between normal thyroid function group and euthyroid sick syndrome group,the improvement rates were 100.0% and 90.7%, the utilization of mechanical ventilation were 25.7% and 62.8%, the intubation rates were 5.2% and 27.9%, respectively. The differences of two groups were significant(P<0.05). Arterial blood gas analysis on admission were carried out in the two groups. Compared with the control group, euthyroid sick syndrome group had significantly higher PaCO2(74.7±21.2 mmHg vs 62.8±18.6 mmHg, P<0.05), and lower pH values(7.294±0.100 vs 7.358±0.096,P<0.05). Conclusion Patients combined with euthyroid sick syndrome who were suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with type Ⅱ respiratory failure has higher intubation rates and mechanical ventilation rates, suggesting that thyroid function tests mays help to assess the severity.
[Key words] Low T3 syndrome; COPD; Respiratory failure; Mechanical ventilation
正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征(euthyroid sick syndrome,ESS),又稱(chēng)低T3綜合征,通常在嚴(yán)重疾病狀態(tài)下,如心臟病、呼吸衰竭、嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?、收住ICU患者等,血清中甲狀腺激素水平發(fā)生變化,表現(xiàn)為游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3) 水平降低,游離甲狀腺素(FT4) 和促甲狀腺激素(TSH)正?;蚪档蚚1]。慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭是呼吸內(nèi)科常見(jiàn)危重癥之一,Karadag等[2]報(bào)道,慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性加重時(shí)FT3、TT3、TSH下降;但正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征在慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重的意義尚不明確。本研究分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者合并正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征時(shí)機(jī)械通氣率、氣管插管率及好轉(zhuǎn)率,探討甲狀腺功能正常病態(tài)綜合征對(duì)疾病嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)價(jià)的意義。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2013年1月1日~12月31日在我院呼吸科住院的診斷為慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的患者101例作為研究對(duì)象,排除合并原發(fā)性甲狀腺功能異常、激素替代治療患者,入院48 h內(nèi)完成甲狀腺功能檢測(cè)患者予入選并采集資料,根據(jù)患者甲狀腺功能檢測(cè)結(jié)果[本院FT3正常值為(1.71~3.71)pg/mL,該研究以1.71 pg/mL為臨界],分為正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組43例和對(duì)照組58例。
1.2 研究方法
所有患者均接受規(guī)范化治療方案,采集患者性別、年齡、轉(zhuǎn)歸情況、機(jī)械通氣情況、氣管插管率、入院時(shí)血?dú)夥治觥⑷朐簳r(shí)血常規(guī)及甲狀腺功能等資料。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,其中計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 分組情況
患者根據(jù)病史和甲狀腺功能檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分組:正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組43例,其中男27例,女16例;對(duì)照組58例,其中男44例,女14例,正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征發(fā)生率A為42.6%(43/101)。
2.2 兩組患者基本資料比較
正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組血FT3水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)高于對(duì)照組,pH值低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),因急診血?dú)夥治鰴z測(cè)前較多患者已開(kāi)始吸氧治療,血氧分壓干擾大,故未對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。兩組間年齡、性別、入院時(shí)血白細(xì)胞、血紅蛋白、血小板等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組間機(jī)械通氣率、氣管插管率及好轉(zhuǎn)率比較
與對(duì)照組比較,正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組的好轉(zhuǎn)率低(90.7% vs 100.0%),機(jī)械通氣的使用率顯著增高(62.8% vs 25.7%),氣管插管率高(27.9% vs 5.2%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表2 兩組間機(jī)械通氣率、氣管插管率及好轉(zhuǎn)率比較[n(%)]
注:機(jī)械通氣率指無(wú)創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣加有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣患者所占比例;與對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.05
3 討論
慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重是指患者以呼吸道癥狀加重為特征的臨床事件,與住院患者的病死率增加相關(guān)[3]。嚴(yán)重慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重時(shí)可伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,為呼吸科常見(jiàn)危重癥,其機(jī)械通氣率高、死亡率高,探討慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重時(shí)嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估及機(jī)械通氣發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)因子有重要臨床意義。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,血尿素氮高、精神狀態(tài)改變、心動(dòng)過(guò)速、血CRP、PCT、BNP、APACHE Ⅱ、CURB-65 scores、BAP-65 scores等與慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重患者疾病嚴(yán)重程度、死亡率及機(jī)械通氣率相關(guān)[4-7]。
正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征是一組甲狀腺本身無(wú)原發(fā)性病變而血清甲狀腺激素水平異常的臨床癥候群[8],目前有關(guān)其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不十分明確,可能與5′-脫碘酶活性減弱導(dǎo)致T3生成減少,甲狀腺激素結(jié)合蛋白減少,外周組織對(duì)T3攝取減少,下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸異常導(dǎo)致TSH分泌減少,皮質(zhì)醇增多,IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等細(xì)胞因子增多,糖皮質(zhì)激素、多巴胺、心得安等藥物的使用有關(guān)[9]。Pranab KS等[10]報(bào)道,ICU患者正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征發(fā)生率達(dá)80%,其中T3、TT4及FT4均降低者死亡率高。Karadag F等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn)重度慢性阻塞性肺病穩(wěn)定期及慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重時(shí),F(xiàn)T3、TT3、TSH降低,正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征發(fā)生率明顯升高。Katharina P等[11]報(bào)道,收住內(nèi)科ICU患者中正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征發(fā)生率高,達(dá)44.1%,合并正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征導(dǎo)致患者住院天數(shù)增加,其中FT4 降低者死亡率增加。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者甲狀腺正常病態(tài)綜合征發(fā)生率為42.6%,發(fā)病率高??赡軝C(jī)制如下[12]:①COPD伴呼吸衰竭患者由于缺氧,右心功能不全,引起胃腸道淤血及黏膜水腫、食欲差、進(jìn)食減少,腸道對(duì)碘的吸收減少,造成甲狀腺激素的合成、釋放減少,故引起甲狀腺激素水平下降;②由于低氧和二氧化碳潴留,刺激下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)醇合成和釋放增加,或醫(yī)源性糖皮質(zhì)激素使用,導(dǎo)致下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸異常,抑制TSH 釋放,使TT4生成減少,同時(shí)抑制甲狀腺激素與甲狀腺結(jié)合球蛋白結(jié)合,抑制T4 向T3 的轉(zhuǎn)化,使T3 產(chǎn)生減少;③COPD急性加重期常合并感染,急性炎癥反應(yīng)使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生白介素等一系列細(xì)胞因子增多,可抑制T4 脫碘轉(zhuǎn)化為T(mén)3。
越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)顯示正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征與多種危重癥關(guān)系密切,如嚴(yán)重腎疾病、心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭等,可作為對(duì)危重患者病情及預(yù)后的一項(xiàng)參考指標(biāo)[13]。但慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中,正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征與好轉(zhuǎn)率、機(jī)械通氣率、氣管插管率的關(guān)系未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)評(píng)價(jià)正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征與慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者病情嚴(yán)重程度及機(jī)械通氣發(fā)生率的關(guān)系,與對(duì)照組比較,正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組有較高的機(jī)械通氣率(62.8% vs 25.7%)、氣管插管率(27.9% vs 5.2%)及較低的好轉(zhuǎn)率(90.7% vs 100.0%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,急性高二氧化碳呼吸衰竭及pH值與慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重患者預(yù)后及機(jī)械通氣需要密切相關(guān)[14,15],本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征組與對(duì)照組二氧化碳分壓分別為(74.7±21.2)mmHg與(62.8±18.6)mmHg,pH值分別為(7.294±0.100)與(7.358±0.096),兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),推測(cè)可能與合并正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征患者二氧化碳潴留及pH值下降明顯有關(guān),提示合并正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征患者病情重、機(jī)械通氣需要率高、好轉(zhuǎn)率低,是疾病危重的內(nèi)分泌表現(xiàn),甲狀腺功能監(jiān)測(cè)有助于評(píng)價(jià)慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后。
但本研究為回顧性分析,不能進(jìn)行甲狀腺功能動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),無(wú)法評(píng)估甲狀腺功能動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)疾病治療效果評(píng)價(jià)的價(jià)值,擬進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量,并動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)甲狀腺功能,以評(píng)價(jià)甲狀腺功能監(jiān)測(cè)在慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重患者嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估的意義。另外,對(duì)甲狀腺功能異常行激素替代治療對(duì)疾病的預(yù)后的影響等問(wèn)題尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-08-03)