金長革
(鞍山師范學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,遼寧鞍山114007)
Cease是個常用詞,但國內(nèi)外對cease to do和cease doing的研究不多,在之前的研究中使用的語料有的來自語料庫,但使用的語料庫規(guī)模小,語料陳舊,檢索工具簡陋,有的語料是作者杜撰的,不是真正使用的語言,加之英語發(fā)展很快,因此有些說法是否還成立是個巨大的問號,本文旨在總結(jié)和利用語料庫檢驗之前的說法,并欲解決下列問題:1.在cease to exist中,cease是及物動詞嗎?2.cease to do和cease doing的區(qū)別在哪里?本文使用了兩個大型語料庫以確保得到的數(shù)據(jù)更準確,防止片面性。
麥克米倫詞典是這樣給cease下定義的:
1.[不及物動詞]stop happening or continuing
If we don’t get more money,our community theater will cease to exist.
2.[及物動詞]stop doing something cease doing/to do something
In 1981 he ceased being a player and moved intomanagement.
Ihad ceased to care what happened to her.
Quirk等(1985)認為體動詞(aspectual verbs)后接不定式或動名詞在意義上沒有明顯的區(qū)別[1]。
Lucy started/continued/ceased to write/writing while in hospital.
Kaleta(2012)認為cease to do表示靜態(tài)的或穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)的停止,一些詞素表示情感和認知狀態(tài),如 amaze,think,care,enjoy 和 matter[2]。Fukuda(2008)認為體動詞不能后接表示“未實現(xiàn)的將來”的不定式,如,Today,the law ceased to have its effect tomorrow.也不能后接進行時或完成時;不定式可以表示一個重復(fù)的事件,如,That never ceases to amaze/amazingme.祈使句中用動名詞[3]。
Freed(1978)認為cease doing表示在特定的某時正在發(fā)生的事件,而cease to do表示在一段一般或非特定的時間斷斷續(xù)續(xù)進行的事件[4]。
Lacey ceased cryingwhen she heard her parents come in the door.(Lacey was crying when she heard her parents come in the door.)
Lacey ceased to cry when she heard her parents come in the door.
Lacey ceased to cry whenever she heard her parents come in the door.他還認為持續(xù)時間越長越有可能用cease to do,持續(xù)時間越越短越有可能用cease doing。
Barbar resolved that for the rest of her life,she would cease to think/?thinking about the horror that she had endured thatweek[5].
本文使用的語料庫是基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全球英語語料庫Corpus of Global Web-Based English(GloB-wE)和英語雙十語料庫(2012年版)EnTenTen12。它們都是世界最大的語料庫,單詞容量分別為19億和130億,分別建于2013年和2012年,語料來自網(wǎng)絡(luò),語料來源國達二十個,它們能反映世界英語的最新發(fā)展,檢索功能強大。在GloWbE中輸入“[cease]to[vv]”檢索到含有“cease to do”的例句11 152個,輸入“[cease][vvg]”檢索到含有含有cease doing的例句2 289個。利用EnTenT-en12中的檢索功能Word Sketch經(jīng)過人工編輯后檢索到含有cease to do的例句72 502個,含有cease doing的例句24 996個,檢索日期為2014年9-10月。本文利用這些語料數(shù)據(jù)研究cease to do和cease doing的用法和區(qū)別。
GloBwE檢索結(jié)果顯示與cease搭配的不定式前 20名的詞素分別是:exist,amaze,function,hold,operate,apply,work,make,believe,matter,carry,act,use,become,live,provide,flow,grow,surprise和think;與cease搭配的動名詞前20名的詞素分別是:trade,use,work,operate,make,fight,take,fire,function,provide,try,pay,publish,support,speak,give,sell,look,pray 和 accept。
EnTenTen12檢索結(jié)果顯示與cease搭配的不定式前 20 名的詞素分別是:exist,amaze,function,live,operate,surprise,flow,impress,trade,matter,pray,amuse,breathe,fascinate,shine,astound,astonish,marvel,entertain 和 accrue;與 cease 搭配的動名詞前20名的詞素分別是:trade,smoke,operate,function,snore,fire,consume,bark,breathe,ingest,broadcast,strive,feed,bleed,ring,beat,sweat,ponder,breastfeed 和 make。
兩個語料庫含有cease to do的例句共83 654個,而含有cease doing的例句共27 285個,前者要比后者在數(shù)量多近三倍。在上文提到的前20名中,function作為不定式出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)是2 140,而作為動名詞出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)是450,operate作為不定式出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)是994,而作為動名詞出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)是590,語料顯示不僅僅前20名的詞素是這樣,其它詞素也多半可以這兩種形式出現(xiàn),也就是說在多數(shù)情況下不定式和動名詞完全可以互換,二者在意義上沒有差異,只不過前者使用更加普遍而已。
After this date,the court ceased to function as an arbiter of behavior,and became concerned only with administrativematters.
The Archdeaconry Courtappears to have ceased functioning as a place of detection and punishment.
If the visitors do not accept the terms and conditions,please cease to use this web site and do not use the on-line services.
通過研究語料,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)如果cease的賓語是延續(xù)性動詞,如 work,live,stay,sing,watch,sleep,study,walk,wait和 read,cease to do 和 cease doing在意義上無差別且使用次數(shù)基本相當。
Iwill probably cease to watch the show,butwill try onemore time.
I decide to cease watching them now.
She never ceased working for human rights and social justice.
語料還顯示:在cease to do和cease doing中,停止可以是暫時的,也可以是逐漸的或永久的,因為二者都能與momentarily,gradually和permanently這樣的副詞連用。
Including such persons who on grounds only of their own or their family’s or dependants’educational or health needs or old age have ceased to travel momentarily or permanently.
The end result is that Igradually cease to read and view much new art.
Ihad almost ceased courting entirely.
在GloBwE中分別輸入“.cease[vvg]”和“please cease[vvg]”,得到 26個含有 cease doing的祈使句;分別輸入“.cease to[vv]”和“please cease[vv]”,得到 cease to do的祈使句3個;輸入“.do not cease[vvg]”,得到2個含有 do not cease doing的祈使句,輸入“.do not cease to[vvi]”,得到1個含有do not cease to do的祈使句。在En-TenTen12中檢索到含有cease doing的祈使句985個,含有cease to do的祈使句252個,含有do not cease doing的祈使句17個,含有do not cease to do的祈使句13個。事實證明,在祈使句中使用動名詞或不定式皆可,兩者在意義上無差別,但前者使用更多一些。
Cease using greywater during wet periods.
Cease to use credit cards permanently.
不定式可以表示一個重復(fù)的事件,在語料庫中檢索到含有never cease to do的例句11 333個,其中含有never cease to exist的例句184個,含有never cease to impress的例句219個,含有never cease to surprise的例句333個,含有never cease to amaze的例句6 461個,而含有never cease doing的例句才685個,沒有含有never cease amazing的例句。
Yim never ceases to impressme.
It never ceases to surprise me whenever someone asks to take a picture with me.
在語料庫中檢索到含有it never cease to amazeme的例句2 425個,it never cease to amaze me已經(jīng)成為一個固定搭配,表示持續(xù)的驚訝。
It never ceases to amazeme how different everyone’sminimalist list is!
出乎意料的是在語料庫中檢索到含有 cease existing的有效例句68個。
Things become more or less,or cease existing altogether.
You’ll never cease existing.
既然 cease existing成立,cease在這里當然是及物動詞,動名詞existing是賓語,由此筆者不同意麥克米倫詞典的說法,認為在cease to exist中,cease在這里也是及物動詞,而不是不及物動詞,to exist也應(yīng)是賓語,而不是補語。上文提到很多詞素可以以不定式和動名詞形式出現(xiàn),不難得出結(jié)論,若cease既可以后接某一動詞的不定式形式又可以后接其動名詞形式,cease在這里是及物動詞,不定式或動名詞作其賓語。
The Company has ceased to trade.
The Children Furniture Company ceased trading after itwas unable to take off the original links from its website or afford to to‘reproduce’its external links from scratch.
在語料庫中檢索到含有cease to be doing,cease to have done和cease having done的有效例句極少,無論cease to do還是cease doing意義上都表示某一動作的停止,cease不能后接進行時或完成時也在預(yù)料之中。語料顯示在cease to do中的時間壯語幾乎都是修飾cease to do的,也就是說幾乎沒有單獨修飾不定式的時間壯語,cease后接表示“未實現(xiàn)的將來”的不定式的情況也就不可能出現(xiàn)。
This link will probably cease to work next year.
If this continues,the companywill cease to exist in the future.
從語料中很容易看到cease to do的確表示靜態(tài)的或穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)的停止,這些詞包括1.情感類詞:love,like,adore,detest,appreciate,hate 和 prefer;2.知道類詞:know,understand,doubt,forget,realize,remember和 remind;3.感官類詞:feel,hear,notice,recognize,see,smell和 sound;4.領(lǐng)屬類詞:own,have,belong 和 possess;5.思維類詞:believe,mean 和 suppose;6.驚訝類詞:amaze,surprise,astonish,astound,marvel,wonder,alarm 和 shock.在語料中找到含有cease to amaze/surprise/astonish/astound/marvel/alarm/shock的例句7 527個,幾乎所有的例句都含有never cease,表示重復(fù)的事件。以上提到的詞的動名詞形式很少或不用在cease之后,比如,cease remaining/resembling/progressing/belonging/astonishing/astounding/alarming/smelling/supposing不成立,沒有這樣的語料。
They cease to appreciate the amazing blessing of life.
Paul had ceased to know Christ after the flesh.
在語料庫檢索到含有“身體部位(head/eye/face/brain/tissue/heart/body/leg/hand/lung)+cease to do”的例句249個,含有“身體部位+cease doing”的例句42個,這說明如果主語是身體部位時往往后接 cease to do,而不是 cease doing,只有body,tissue和brain三個詞可以后接cease doing。
Talking head ceases to add value in amatter of minutes.
As the day went on,her eyes ceased to move and she continued to deteriorate.
在語料庫檢索到含有be ceasing to do的例句173個,含有 be ceasing doing的例句8個,很明顯,若cease用于進行時在絕大多數(shù)情況下后接不定式,這可能是因為現(xiàn)在分詞后接動名詞有些尷尬。
The Beastwas ceasing to weep!
So we are ceasing to honor sanctioned begging.
在語料庫檢索到含有“抽象名詞 +cease doing”的例句極少,而含有“抽象名詞 +cease to do”的例句比比皆是,這意味著若cease前面的主語是抽象名詞如(mind/spirit/form/solution/mechanism/diversity/time/progress/civilization/trend/faith/impenetrability/slavery/principle/partnership/unity/system),cease后接不定式。
And when existence ceases to thrive and delay sets in,there is nothing in the world that can stop it.
At that point,grief ceased to ambush me.
語料顯示cease doing的確表示在特定的某時正在發(fā)生的事件,cease to do無此用法。
He ceased contemplating when Don and April entered the room.
(He was contemplating when Don and April entered the room.)
She ceased struggling when I dropped her into my lap.
但cease to do和cease doing都可以表示持續(xù)一段時間的事件,時間可長可短。
unfavorable reviews,and Tennyson ceased to publish for ten years.
In 1994,the MLB ceased operating for as prolonged as 232 days.
This occurs when the snorer stops or ceases to breathe for several seconds,which totally obstructs the breathing,this type of condition is known as Sleep Apnea.
本文證實了以下說法是正確的:1.cease后接不定式或動名詞在意義上沒有明顯的區(qū)別,不定式和動名詞多半可以互換,但cease to do比cease doing更常用。2.不定式可以表示一個重復(fù)的事件,含有never cease to do的例句多達11 333個。3.cease不能后接進行時或完成時,原因是無論cease to do還是cease doing意義上都表示某一動作的停止,由于同樣的原因,cease不能后接表示“未實現(xiàn)的將來”的不定式。4.cease to do表示靜態(tài)的或穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)的停止,而有關(guān)詞的動名詞形式很少或不用在cease之后。5.cease doing表示在特定的某時正在發(fā)生的事件。
本文的新發(fā)現(xiàn):1.如果cease的賓語是延續(xù)性動詞,cease to do和cease doing在意義上無差別。2.在cease to do和cease doing中,停止可以是暫時的,也可以是逐漸的或永久的。3.祈使句中使用動名詞或不定式皆可,兩者在意義上無差別,但前者使用更多一些。4.在cease to exist中,cease在這里是及物動詞,to exist是賓語,這是因為cease existing成立,cease在這里當然是及物動詞,動名詞existing是賓語。5.主語是身體部位時往往后接cease to do,而不是 cease doing。6.cease用于進行時在絕大多數(shù)情況下后接不定式。7.主語是抽象名詞時往往后接cease to do。8.cease to do和cease doing都可以表示持續(xù)一段時間的事件,時間可長可短。
由此看來cease to do比cease doing更常用,在未來的研究中可以研究二者在不同文體、不同年代和國家中的用法差異。
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[3] Fukuda,S.Aspectual Verbs and the Aspect Phrase Hypothesis[M].San Diego Linguistic Papers,Issue 3(2008)11-31.
[4]Alice F.Freed.The Semantics of English Aspectual Complementation D[M].Reidel Publishing Company,Dordrecht:Holland/Boston:USA/London:England,1978.
[5]楊軍.新詞詞典編纂視角下的英語“新詞”界定[J].鞍山師范學(xué)院學(xué)報,2014(5):49-53.