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多不飽和脂肪酸對腫瘤血管生成作用的研究進(jìn)展

2016-01-30 15:44:33王鵬坤王字玲
關(guān)鍵詞:烯酸內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞脂肪酸

王鵬坤,王字玲

(北京交通大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與生物工程研究院,北京 100044)

多不飽和脂肪酸對腫瘤血管生成作用的研究進(jìn)展

王鵬坤,王字玲

(北京交通大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與生物工程研究院,北京 100044)

多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)是構(gòu)成生物膜的重要結(jié)構(gòu)脂肪酸,對人體有重要的生理功能。PUFA能調(diào)節(jié)人體的脂質(zhì)代謝,治療和預(yù)防心腦血管疾病,促進(jìn)生長發(fā)育。此外,PUFA具有抗癌、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、延緩衰老、減肥和美容作用。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ω-6 PUFA能促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成,但ω-3 PUFA卻具有抑制腫瘤血管生成的特性。本文主要針對ω-6和ω-3 PUFA對腫瘤,尤其是對腫瘤血管生成的作用進(jìn)行綜述。

多不飽和脂肪酸;腫瘤;血管生成

多不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)是一類含有≥2個雙鍵且碳原子數(shù)為16~22的直鏈脂肪酸,它們遍存于生物界。PUFA是一種重要的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),是所有細(xì)胞膜的重要成分。PUFA及其代謝產(chǎn)物參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種生理活動,如細(xì)胞增殖、血管生成、趨化過程、有絲分裂、凋亡和遷移等,具有重要的生理功能,人們越來越關(guān)注PUFA的研究與應(yīng)用。

腫瘤發(fā)生是遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素共同作用導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路失調(diào)的過程。在腫瘤發(fā)生早期,環(huán)境中致癌物或非致癌物等引起細(xì)胞代謝反應(yīng)失衡,隨后信號通路紊亂,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生。并且腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移是一個依賴于血管的過程,早在1971年Folkman[1]提出假設(shè),腫瘤的生長依賴腫瘤血管生成,并且實驗證明腫瘤生長至1 ~2 mm3時,需要大量的新生血管以供給腫瘤生長所需的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。新生血管把腫瘤細(xì)胞和循環(huán)系統(tǒng)直接聯(lián)系起來,使得供腫瘤生長的物質(zhì)交換得以進(jìn)行,同時新生血管還可作為腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的通道。

有研究表明,ω-6 PUFA衍生物可通過刺激生長因子的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)腫瘤的血管發(fā)生,但是ω-3 PUFA及其衍生物卻具有抗血管生成以及抗腫瘤的特性[2]。本文就此兩系PUFA對腫瘤血管生成的調(diào)節(jié)作用進(jìn)行綜述。

1 ω-6不飽和脂肪酸促血管生成的作用

1.1ω-6不飽和脂肪酸在體內(nèi)的代謝途徑

花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)是一種在體內(nèi)具有重要生物學(xué)意義的ω-6系PUFA。AA主要以磷脂的形式存在于機(jī)體各個組織的細(xì)胞膜上,經(jīng)由細(xì)胞膜磷脂類水解釋放[3]。AA在環(huán)氧合酶(cyclooxygenases,COX)、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenas?es,LOX)和細(xì)胞色素P450(cytochrosome,CYP)酶等酶類催化下可生成多種活性物質(zhì)。首先,COX催化AA生成前列腺素G2(prostaglandin G2,PGG2)和PGH2,然后進(jìn)一步生成PGE2、前列環(huán)素(PGI2)、PGF2α、PGD2和血栓素(thromboxane A2,TXA2);LOX催化AA生成白三烯(leukotrienes,LT);CYP表氧化酶生成環(huán)氧化二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acids,EET)和ω-羥化酶生成羥基二十碳四烯酸(hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids,HETE)[4]。

1.2環(huán)氧合酶途徑生成的具有促血管生成作用的代謝衍生物

COX1在多種組織中都有表達(dá),但COX2是腫瘤中的早期反應(yīng)基因,在很多腫瘤組織中以及腫瘤進(jìn)展期高表達(dá)[5],并催化很多促血管生成的類AA的合成[6]。COX2通過調(diào)節(jié)血管生成的多個步驟誘導(dǎo)血管化,包括血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothe?lial growth factor,VEGF)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的生成,促進(jìn)血管萌芽、遷移、管腔形成以及增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的存活等[7]。通過COX2途徑合成的與血管生成相關(guān)的物質(zhì)主要有PGE2,PGI2,PGF2α,PGD2和TXA2等。COX3是cox1基因表達(dá)的一個剪切體,目前研究相對較少。

PGE2是所有前列腺素(PG)類物質(zhì)中研究最多的一種。PGE2被認(rèn)為是最重要的促血管生成的PG類物質(zhì)[8]。有研究表明,通過抑制PGE2受體EP1和EP4可抑制腫瘤生長[9-10]。PGE2可通過其受體E-prostanoid 3(EP3)/Src/表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶Akt(serine/threonine kinase Akt,AKT)/糖原合成酶激酶3β途徑來上調(diào)β-鏈蛋白的合成[11]。PGE2還可激活血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中的成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體1通路[12]。此外,PGE2還可激活受體酪氨酸激酶、細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激 酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)和AKT等途徑。

PGI2被認(rèn)為在腫瘤血管生成和生長方面與TXA2有相反的作用。體內(nèi)實驗也發(fā)現(xiàn),前列環(huán)素合成酶的高表達(dá)可降低腫瘤血管的生成。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PGI2可結(jié)合過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體δ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors-δ,PPAR-δ),并且此過程與結(jié)直腸癌的進(jìn)展有關(guān)[13]。

PGF2α誘發(fā)血管生成是通過胞內(nèi)基質(zhì)蛋白Cyr61,激活重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,如早期生長響應(yīng)蛋白1和低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α,通過EGFR反式激活VEGF的表達(dá)[14]。

PGD2通過其受體信號通路參與了如哮喘等許多炎癥性疾?。?5],但關(guān)于PGD2腫瘤生長中發(fā)揮的作用還不很清楚。有研究表明,在肺癌中肥大細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的PGD2具有抗腫瘤血管生成作用[16]。

在前列腺癌中TXA2的水平升高,并伴隨著TXA合成酶的表達(dá)升高[17]。TXA2可通過與其受體相結(jié)合來增加血小板與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞之間的黏附作用,并促進(jìn)血管新生[18]。

1.3脂氧合酶途徑生成的具有促血管生成作用的代謝衍生物

LOX包括5-LOX,12-LOX,15-LOXa和15-LOXb等,LOX途徑主要生成LT。但相比PG類,LT對于血管生成的作用了解較少。體外實驗表明,LTB4通過其受體BLT1信號途徑可促進(jìn)腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞中VEGF,VEGFR1和EGF的表達(dá)[19]。此外,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中LTB4的合成依賴低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1信號通路[20]。LTC4在體外可以誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖,而LTC4和LTD4能夠促進(jìn)雞胚絨毛尿膜囊的血管生成[21-22]。

1.4細(xì)胞色素P450表氧化酶和 ω-羥化酶途徑生成的具有促血管生成作用的代謝衍生物

1.4.1環(huán)氧化二十碳三烯酸

在體內(nèi),AA是EET的主要來源。EET有4種結(jié)構(gòu)異構(gòu)體,包括5,6-EET,8,9-EET,11,12-EET和14,15-EET;其中后兩種是哺乳動物組織產(chǎn)生的主要EET。第一個關(guān)于EET誘導(dǎo)血管生成的研究是星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的實驗,實驗結(jié)果表明,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞生成的EET可促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞毛細(xì)管狀結(jié)構(gòu)的形成[23]。4種EET的結(jié)構(gòu)異構(gòu)體均可導(dǎo)致嚙齒類內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞AKT磷酸化水平上升和細(xì)胞增殖,5,6-EET和14,15-EET的促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖作用對于PI3K抑制劑敏感,而8,9-EET和11,12-EET與P38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-acti?vated protein kinases,P38MAPK)途徑有關(guān)[24]。

體外實驗表明,含有8,9-EET的條件培養(yǎng)基會刺激腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和管腔形成能力[25]。11,12-EET可通過內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體發(fā)揮促血管生成作用[26]。14,15-EET具有促血管新生的能力,通過人微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制瞬變感受器電位蛋白V4即可抑制14,15-EET的促管腔形成和血管新生作用[27]。使用EET的抗結(jié)劑“14,15-EEZE”幾乎完全抑制體內(nèi)、外VEGF誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞管腔形成。EET在低氧誘導(dǎo)的血管生成反應(yīng)中扮演重要角色[28],而此效應(yīng)與AMP依賴性蛋白激酶的激活有關(guān)[29]。14,15-EET可以使STAT-3酪氨酸殘基磷酸化且刺激VEGF的表達(dá)水平升高[30]。此外,也有研究表明,14,15-EET可誘導(dǎo)EGFR,ERK和PI3K/AKT等蛋白的表達(dá)[31]。

1.4.2羥基二十碳四烯酸

AA在CYP ω-羥化酶催化下代謝為HETE,包括7-,10-,12-,13-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-和20-HETE,其中20-HETE是最主要的促炎癥代謝物[32]。它在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中通過激活NF-κβ途徑,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞炎癥細(xì)胞因子,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙[33]。內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞實驗表明,20-HETE和VEGF在促進(jìn)人內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞增殖方面具有協(xié)同效應(yīng);體內(nèi)實驗也表明,20-HETE具有血管新生的調(diào)節(jié)作用[34-35]。

2 ω-3多不飽和脂肪酸抑制血管生成的作用

ω-3 PUFA主要存在于深海多脂魚類,一些蔬菜和堅果中也含有少量ω-3 PUFA[36]。早在1988年,F(xiàn)ox和DiCorleto[37]已證明魚油可體外抑制血小板衍生生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)的產(chǎn)生。進(jìn)食魚油志愿者體內(nèi)單核細(xì)胞中ω-3 PUFA的含量升高,而PDGF-A和PDGF-BmRNA表達(dá)分別減少66%和70%[38]。但類似實驗尚有在癌癥患者中進(jìn)行。飲食攝入ω-3 PUFA可降低小鼠乳腺癌移植瘤模型中微血管密度和VEGFmRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平[39]。鯊魚油和橄欖油的混合物可以抑制VEGF與其受體Flk-1和Flk-2的結(jié)合[40]。二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)是2種重要的ω-3系PUFA,詳細(xì)后述。

2.1二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸抑制血管生成的作用

EPA可減少內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞VEGF受體Flk-1的表達(dá)。用EPA 0.5 mg·L-1處理牛毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞48 h可抑制VEGF誘導(dǎo)的增殖效應(yīng)且具有濃度依賴性[41]。此外,EPA可以通過部分抑制PDGF信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)早期反應(yīng)基因c-fos的轉(zhuǎn)錄作用,減少c-fosmRNA的表達(dá)。EPA還可通過調(diào)節(jié)PDGF信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的各個步驟調(diào)節(jié)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖[42]。在HT-29結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞裸鼠移植瘤中,DHA都可抑制VEGF的表達(dá),并減少微血管密度[43]。DHA還可通過抑制VEGF信號通路抑制病理性視網(wǎng)膜血管新生[44]。

ω-3 PUFA,如α-亞麻酸,可下調(diào)誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、COX-2和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)基因的表達(dá),并且緩解內(nèi)皮紊亂[45-46]。也有報道稱,用DHA處理人結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞,可降低NO含量。在結(jié)直腸癌中,iNOS對COX-2依賴性血管生成作用受VEGF的調(diào)節(jié);并且也有實驗證明,VEGF誘導(dǎo)的血管生成效應(yīng)也受到NO產(chǎn)生量的調(diào)節(jié)[47-48]。

ω-3 PUFA可減少AA的下游代謝產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生。其還可靶向AA代謝的因子,替換細(xì)胞膜上ω-6 PUFA,競爭抑制催化AA代謝相關(guān)酶類如COX、LOX、脫飽和酶和延長酶[49-50]。EPA和DHA可競爭性地抑制AA與CYP的結(jié)合,減少CYP催化AA生成EET[51-53]。EPA還可減少PGE2產(chǎn)生,并減弱PGE2對EGFR信號通路的激活作用[54-55]。

2.2二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸抑制血管生成具有重要作用的代謝衍生物

CYP表氧化酶可催化EPA和DHA分別生成EpETE和EpDPE,17,18-EpETE和19,20-EpDPE分別是人體中EPA和DHA通過CYP合成的最主要的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)異構(gòu)體[51,56-57]。其作用與EET相反,可抑制血管生成,并且這種作用與FGF2的抑制和P38MAPK通路介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1/細(xì)胞周期依賴性激酶4復(fù)合體的表達(dá)下調(diào)有關(guān)[58-59]。

3 ω-6/ ω-3的比例對于血管生成的作用

ω-6/ω-3的膳食平衡是學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的問題,世界衛(wèi)生組織和聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織推薦的比值是5~10∶1。Kang等[2]提出,目前很多研究對于ω-3和ω-6 PUFA對血管生成的作用研究多集中于兩類物質(zhì)的單獨定量,但對它們在體內(nèi)的合理比例仍有爭論。對于ω-6/ω-3的比例問題,fat-1轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠對此研究提供了很好的模型。因其轉(zhuǎn)入秀麗隱桿線蟲的fat-1基因,具有將內(nèi)源性ω-6 PUFA轉(zhuǎn)換成ω-3 PUFA的能力。fat-1轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠體內(nèi)促血管生成因子如NF-κβ,TNF-α和IL-1β的含量較之正常小鼠明顯減少[60-62]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明攝入高含量魚油的人群癌癥的發(fā)病率也較低,ω-6/ω-3的比值低,其血液中VEGF水平也相對較低[63]。Yang等[64]通過對比相同癌癥患者體內(nèi)的腫瘤組織與癌旁組織的ω-6/ω-3比例發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤組織中ω-6/ω-3比值較高。研究表明,人體內(nèi)ω-6/ω-3的比例高低與患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險成正相關(guān)[65]。

但也有一些研究表明,ω-3 PUFA對于患癌癥的風(fēng)險并無作用[66],這些研究大多未考慮到ω-6/ω-3的比例問題。目前對于ω-6/ω-3的比例越來越多的實驗數(shù)據(jù)表明,對于癌癥患者盡量減少ω-6脂肪酸的攝入,防止AA及其衍生物含量在組織或血液中升高,并增加ω-3脂肪酸的攝入量,在臨床上是一個值得考慮的因素。

4 展望

綜上所述,PUFA參與生命的基本活動是人體中不可缺少的重要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),不僅是細(xì)胞膜的組成部分,同時也有著很重要的生理和藥理作用,特別是ω-3和ω-6 PUFA是維持人體健康的重要因素。隨著人們對兩者的功能的認(rèn)識不斷加深,尤其是對于腫瘤血管生成的作用方面越來越多地受到研究者的重視,盡量減少ω-6系PUFA的攝入或服用藥物抑制AA在體內(nèi)的代謝過程,并適量提高ω-3系PUFA的攝入,對于腫瘤的輔助治療具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in regulation of tumor angiogenesis:research progress

WANG Peng-kun,WANG Zi-ling
(Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs)are important structural fatty acids of biological membrane.They play important roles in regulation of lipid metabolism,stimulation of growth and development,protection a gainstcancer,retardation of aging,immuno-regulation,cardiovascular health,and bodymass loss.In recent years,researchers have found t hat ω-6 PUFAs can promote tumor angiogenesis,while ω-3 PUFAs have the properties of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.This review focuses on the effects of these two types of fatty acids on tumors,especially on the regulation of tumor angiogenesis.

polyunsaturated fatty acids;tumor;angiogenesis

WANG Zi-ling,Tel:(010)51684348,E-mail:zlw@bjtu.edu.cn

R979.1

A

1000-3002-(2016)07-0790-07

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.07.013

Foundation item:The project supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(SS2014AA021605)

2015-12-15 接受日期:2016-06-17)

(本文編輯:齊春會)

國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃(863計劃)(SS2014AA021605)

王鵬坤(1987-),男,碩士研究生,主要從事抗腫瘤血管生成藥物療效相關(guān)的代謝組學(xué)研究,E-mail:12121670@bjtu.edu.cn

王字玲,E-mail:zlw@bjtu.edu.cn,Tel:(010)51684348

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