張際青,王勇,張建忠,邱智,康寧,張軍暉
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京100020)
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超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮穿刺輔助輸尿管軟鏡治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石(附9例報(bào)告)
張際青,王勇,張建忠,邱智,康寧,張軍暉
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京100020)
摘要:目的探討超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮腎盞憩室穿刺輔助輸尿管軟鏡(FUS)治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石的臨床價(jià)值。方法回顧性分析2014年8月-2015年5月共9例FUS下尋找憩室開口困難患者。其中,男6例,女3例,中位年齡50歲(27~83歲)。結(jié)石最大徑中位數(shù)為12 mm(6~24 mm)?;颊咝苯厥唬瑧?yīng)用超聲輔助穿刺憩室并注入美蘭或插入導(dǎo)絲輔助FUS治療憩室結(jié)石。結(jié)果9例患者均經(jīng)超聲引導(dǎo)穿刺憩室成功。6例經(jīng)針鞘注入美蘭后輸尿管鏡下可見藍(lán)色液體自憩室口流出,3例未見藍(lán)色液體流出。后3例經(jīng)穿刺針鞘置入導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)輸尿管鏡辨認(rèn)憩室位置,于壁薄處切開。9例患者均成功用鈥激光切開憩室頸口或憩室壁以充分引流,擊碎并取出憩室內(nèi)結(jié)石。無石率、碎石成功率和無癥狀率分別為77.8%(7/9)、88.9%(8/9)和100.0%(7/7)。中位住院時(shí)間為3 d(2~5 d)。術(shù)后1例發(fā)熱經(jīng)抗生素治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。術(shù)后3個(gè)月4例憩室消失,5例憩室縮小。結(jié)論超聲引導(dǎo)穿刺可能有助于FUS辨認(rèn)腎盞憩室開口和位置,可能有助于提高FUS的手術(shù)成功率和減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。
關(guān)鍵詞:腎盞憩室;腎盞憩室結(jié)石;輸尿管軟鏡;經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù);穿刺;超聲
腎盞憩室為被覆無分泌功能移行上皮的集合系統(tǒng)外翻性病變,憩室漏斗狹窄會(huì)引起憩室擴(kuò)張、尿液瘀滯(urine stasis)、結(jié)石形成和感染等[1-5]。腎盞憩室可見于0.21%~0.60%的靜脈腎盂造影檢查中,最常見于腎上極[4]。女性發(fā)病率高于男性(63.00%∶37.00%),兩側(cè)腎臟發(fā)病率無明顯區(qū)別。高達(dá)50.00%的憩室可發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石[4]。既往多采用經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)治療,去除結(jié)石后擴(kuò)張憩室頸以改善引流或行憩室壁電凝[4-6]。但是PCNL存在住院時(shí)間長、損傷大的缺點(diǎn)[7]。近年輸尿管軟鏡(flexible ureteroscope,F(xiàn)US)治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石已經(jīng)展現(xiàn)出相關(guān)優(yōu)勢,但憩室開口大多狹小、隱蔽,甚至頸口出現(xiàn)閉鎖、梗阻,F(xiàn)US時(shí)可能難以發(fā)現(xiàn)頸口[2,4-9]。若尋找憩室口困難則可能需要轉(zhuǎn)為PCNL等治療[5,7]。
1995年,GRASSO等[10]報(bào)道了FUS聯(lián)合PCNL治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石。但前提是FUS下能夠找到憩室口并行憩室口擴(kuò)張。之后FUS下將經(jīng)皮進(jìn)入憩室的導(dǎo)絲拉入輸尿管,之后進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的PCNL。2006年MATLAGA等[11]報(bào)道3例術(shù)前介入科CT或超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺腎盞憩室并注入造影劑,然后至手術(shù)室透視引導(dǎo)下行PCNL。這種方法存在3個(gè)不足:①術(shù)前并不知曉術(shù)中能否辨認(rèn)憩室頸口,可能增加了不需要的穿刺;②穿刺和手術(shù)過程分離,增加了X線暴露和痛苦;③這種方法要求注入造影劑和手術(shù)時(shí)間的間隔要短,否則造影劑吸收導(dǎo)致手術(shù)時(shí)目標(biāo)丟失。已經(jīng)證明斜側(cè)仰臥位PCNL時(shí)無論超聲和放射線引導(dǎo)均為安全有效的方法[12-13]。因此,在斜仰臥截石位行FUS時(shí)若尋找憩室困難,超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮憩室穿刺輔助FUS尋找憩室可能有助于提高手術(shù)成功率,也可能會(huì)避免放射線暴露、去除放射防護(hù)裝置和節(jié)省更改手術(shù)方式需改變體位所用的時(shí)間。目前,實(shí)時(shí)超聲引導(dǎo)腎盞憩室穿刺輔助FUS治療腎盞憩室尚未見報(bào)道。本研究自2014年8月-2015年5月對(duì)應(yīng)用超聲引導(dǎo)腎盞憩室穿刺輔助FUS治療頸口狹窄或閉鎖的腎盞憩室結(jié)石9例并取得良好效果?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1.1一般資料
本組9例,男6例,女3例,中位年齡50歲(27~83歲);腰痛5例、泌尿道感染2例,無癥狀者2例;術(shù)前均行CT、靜脈腎盂造影檢查以明確結(jié)石的位置和大小等。結(jié)石最大徑中位數(shù)為12 mm(6~24 mm)。腎盞憩室位于左側(cè)5例,右側(cè)4例。8例于腎后側(cè),1例位于上極前側(cè)。憩室位于上極1例、中部6例、下極2例。2例曾分別行1、3次體外沖擊波碎石術(shù)。術(shù)前均行尿液細(xì)菌學(xué)培養(yǎng)。
1.2手術(shù)方法
喉罩或氣管插管全麻,斜截石位,患側(cè)靠近手術(shù)臺(tái)旁,腎區(qū)上、下墊高以方便超聲探查和穿刺。輸尿管鏡下向患側(cè)輸尿管內(nèi)置入導(dǎo)絲,沿著導(dǎo)絲置入Wolf Fr 8.0/9.8輸尿管鏡,探查及擴(kuò)張輸尿管。退出輸尿管鏡后,沿著導(dǎo)絲置入長45 cm(男性)/35 cm(女性)的Fr 13/15或Fr 12/14輸尿管通道鞘。經(jīng)通道鞘置入FUS。對(duì)照術(shù)前CT、腹平片等相應(yīng)腎盞、腎盂探查、尋找腎盞憩室開口。鏡下不能發(fā)現(xiàn)并向腎盂內(nèi)注入美蘭后[5]仍不能發(fā)現(xiàn)腎盞憩室開口者,則在超聲引導(dǎo)下用G18穿刺針穿刺憩室。助手經(jīng)穿刺針鞘向憩室內(nèi)注入美蘭溶液或插入導(dǎo)絲,F(xiàn)US觀察憩室開口和位置。發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室開口者,鈥激光高頻低能(如0.9 J,30 Hz)充分切開憩室口。不能發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室開口者,經(jīng)穿刺鞘置入導(dǎo)絲并抖動(dòng)導(dǎo)絲或活動(dòng)針鞘,F(xiàn)US觀察憩室位置,在壁薄處切開并重建憩室開口。沖出或取石網(wǎng)籃夾出憩室內(nèi)結(jié)石,較大結(jié)石用鈥激光擊碎后用取石網(wǎng)籃取出。術(shù)后輸尿管內(nèi)留置輸尿管支架內(nèi)引流。
1.3術(shù)后檢查和療效評(píng)價(jià)
術(shù)后第1天拍腹平片觀察輸尿管支架位置,殘留結(jié)石。同時(shí)行患側(cè)腎臟超聲觀察是否有腎周積液、血腫等。術(shù)后2~4周門診拔除輸尿管支架。拔除輸尿管支架管后1個(gè)月復(fù)查腹平片或CT觀察結(jié)石殘留情況。無癥狀的<4 mm結(jié)石為臨床無意義結(jié)石。無殘留結(jié)石和臨床無意義結(jié)石均視為碎石成功。結(jié)石殘塊≥4 mm為有臨床意義結(jié)石殘留[2]。術(shù)后3個(gè)月評(píng)價(jià)癥狀,復(fù)查靜脈腎盂造影(intravenous pyelography,IVP)或CT觀察憩室變化、是否有結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)。
2.1手術(shù)結(jié)果
結(jié)石最大徑中位數(shù)為12 mm(6~24 mm)。9例患者均在超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺成功,注入美蘭后6例見藍(lán)色液體流出憩室口,3例未見憩室口。后3例經(jīng)針鞘置入導(dǎo)絲,通過擺動(dòng)針鞘或抖動(dòng)導(dǎo)絲于鏡下辨認(rèn)憩室壁位置并在壁薄處切開,重建憩室漏斗。9例患者均予以充分切開、引流憩室。切開過程中僅1例明顯出血影響視野,輸尿管通道鞘內(nèi)芯置入FUS后等待約5 min后再次置入FUS可繼續(xù)手術(shù),未輸血。中位手術(shù)時(shí)間為90 min(70~140 min)。
2.2術(shù)后結(jié)果
術(shù)后第1天彩色多普勒超聲檢查均未見患側(cè)腎周腎積液和血腫。取出輸尿管支架1個(gè)月后復(fù)查腹平片或CT檢查時(shí)7例無結(jié)石殘留(77.8%),2例結(jié)石殘留者1例<4 mm,1例>4 mm。臨床有意義殘留結(jié)石患者憩室位于中下極處,當(dāng)時(shí)憩室漏斗較長,切開時(shí)出血,結(jié)石為多發(fā)結(jié)石。取出輸尿管支架1個(gè)月后再次行FUS術(shù)見憩室口切開處通暢,憩室較上次手術(shù)無明顯縮小,結(jié)石與黏膜粘連。鈥激光擊碎后取石籃取出。取出輸尿管支架后超聲復(fù)查未見結(jié)石殘留。7例癥狀性結(jié)石者均癥狀消失,碎石成功率和無癥狀率分別為88.9%(8/9)和100.0%(7/7)。中位住院時(shí)間為3 d(2~5 d)。
2.3術(shù)后3個(gè)月結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥
9例復(fù)查IVP或CT,4例顯示憩室消失,5例顯示憩室較術(shù)前縮小。7例術(shù)前有癥狀者均癥狀消失。無穿刺點(diǎn)出血、血?dú)庑匕l(fā)生。術(shù)后發(fā)熱1例,術(shù)前尿液培養(yǎng)為大腸桿菌,根據(jù)藥敏試驗(yàn)抗生素治療后癥狀消失。
PCNL治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石,尤其后側(cè)中下盞較大結(jié)石,已經(jīng)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法[4-5,7]。PCNL具有清石率高、可同時(shí)處理憩室漏斗的優(yōu)點(diǎn),其缺點(diǎn)是技術(shù)難度高、容易丟失通道,而且部分患者因憩室漏斗狹小以致尋找困難或?qū)Ыz不能通過導(dǎo)致不能充分?jǐn)U張和引流[2,5,7]。PCNL治療腎前側(cè)憩室結(jié)石困難[2,10,14-15]:①若經(jīng)前腹壁穿刺則容易穿過腸袢或腸管導(dǎo)致出血并可能感染集合系統(tǒng),通道的擴(kuò)張可能進(jìn)一步加重出血和腸管損傷,但在CT引導(dǎo)下穿刺會(huì)減少這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn);②經(jīng)后側(cè)穿刺時(shí)更長的經(jīng)皮質(zhì)通道可能增加損傷Bertin血管柱引起出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);③經(jīng)后側(cè)穿入時(shí)可能憩室漏斗位于憩室穿刺點(diǎn)的后側(cè),導(dǎo)致穿刺方向和漏斗為銳角,導(dǎo)絲經(jīng)漏斗進(jìn)入集合系統(tǒng)困難。若穿刺針進(jìn)入憩室后僅注入美蘭或置入導(dǎo)絲行FUS治療而不行經(jīng)皮頸口擴(kuò)張,則可明顯降低PCNL所具有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,傳統(tǒng)的PCNL均在俯臥位時(shí)完成,但是對(duì)某些合并癥患者,如心肺功能不全、病態(tài)肥胖、嚴(yán)重脊柱后凸和髖關(guān)節(jié)畸形者,不能很好耐受俯臥位并具有較高的麻醉和PCNL手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7,12-13]。如心肺功能不全者,腹內(nèi)壓增高導(dǎo)致總?cè)萘康慕档?,在麻醉時(shí)肌肉松弛更會(huì)加重這種情況[12]。本組采取的斜截石位有如下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①患者易于耐受,尤其上述不宜俯臥位患者[12-13];②腰部側(cè)斜位是泌尿外科醫(yī)師非常熟悉的體位[12];③同俯臥位,有足夠的超聲探頭探查和穿刺空間。
由于大多數(shù)憩室位于腎后側(cè)的中、上極,具有更大扭轉(zhuǎn)角度的現(xiàn)代輸尿管鏡可進(jìn)入小于30°漏斗角的下極,尤其對(duì)于前側(cè)憩室,F(xiàn)US較PCNL等具有更明顯的優(yōu)勢[4,7,15-16]。因憩室開口大多狹小、隱蔽,F(xiàn)US時(shí)存在尋找憩室口困難并有轉(zhuǎn)為PCNL等的可能[4,6,15]。如AUGE等[7]報(bào)道的17例腎盞憩室患者行FUS碎石術(shù)時(shí)4例不能發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室口而需經(jīng)皮方法治療,而另22例行PCNL時(shí)導(dǎo)絲不能通過憩室頸口進(jìn)入集合系統(tǒng)而需新建憩室漏斗。因此,快速找到憩室開口是FUS治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石的關(guān)鍵。尋找憩室口困難的主要原因除了下極憩室外,還與開口細(xì)小、閉鎖或縮小有關(guān)[5-9]。頸口閉鎖或縮小可能為炎癥和結(jié)石嵌頓等引起。
超聲引導(dǎo)腎盞憩室穿刺輔助FUS治療腎盞憩室最突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是經(jīng)穿刺針鞘灌注美蘭或置入導(dǎo)絲,能更為精確、迅速辨認(rèn)憩室口或確定憩室位置。尤其憩室口閉鎖者,F(xiàn)US可以發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室壁隆起或?qū)Ыz活動(dòng)引起的憩室壁波動(dòng)。本組中6例經(jīng)皮憩室內(nèi)注入美蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室口,而另3例未發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室口者在導(dǎo)絲或針鞘的引導(dǎo)下辨認(rèn)出憩室壁,行激光切開并重建憩室漏斗。而上述情況在腎鏡下則不容易發(fā)現(xiàn),若不同期處理憩室會(huì)導(dǎo)致術(shù)后癥狀復(fù)發(fā)[5]。如LANDRY等[5]報(bào)道的31例腎盞憩室患者中7例術(shù)中未切開憩室頸口,術(shù)后平均隨訪至15個(gè)月時(shí)均復(fù)發(fā)憩室結(jié)石。
本組手術(shù)中位時(shí)間為90 min,略長于LONG等[1]報(bào)道的69 min,與前面報(bào)道的PCNL所用時(shí)間相近[5,17]。最初2例因反復(fù)尋找憩室口、術(shù)中調(diào)整患者體位和穿刺所用時(shí)間較長有關(guān)。后面的患者均術(shù)前擺斜臥截石位并準(zhǔn)備好穿刺器械,所用時(shí)間與上述時(shí)間相近。7例(77.8%)無結(jié)石殘留,1例(11.1%)為臨床無意義結(jié)石,碎石成功率為88.9%,與前面報(bào)道的81.6%~84.0%成功率[2,6]相近。本組無明顯手術(shù)并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn),與AUGE等[7]報(bào)道的一致。本組1例臨床有意義殘留結(jié)石與當(dāng)時(shí)憩室距離集合系統(tǒng)較遠(yuǎn),結(jié)石位于憩室最深部,F(xiàn)US主動(dòng)彎曲角度受限有關(guān)。另外FUS手術(shù)具有損傷小,并發(fā)癥少,住院時(shí)間短的優(yōu)勢[2,6]。LANDRY等[5]報(bào)道PCNL后需留置腎造瘺管3~5 d,平均住院時(shí)間約6.1 d。本組患者中位住院時(shí)間為3 d(2~5 d),術(shù)后第1天即下地活動(dòng),1例因術(shù)后發(fā)熱在術(shù)后第3天出院。
術(shù)前IVP和CT檢查對(duì)患者選擇、手術(shù)方式和給患者治療建議具有重要的作用。同時(shí)可以鑒別診斷、評(píng)估腎盂積水程度、憩室壁與集合系統(tǒng)的距離、腎盞漏斗長度及漏斗腎盂夾角等[1,5-6,15]。從解剖學(xué)和手術(shù)技術(shù)上講,腎臟后側(cè)、靠近集合系統(tǒng)(內(nèi)生型)的中上極腎盞憩室結(jié)石尤宜采用此種方法。同時(shí),筆者體會(huì),治療腎盞憩室時(shí)可能會(huì)切開漏斗或憩室壁,術(shù)前應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)兩者距離集合系統(tǒng)的距離。如果兩者距離集合系統(tǒng)小于0.5 cm則切開時(shí)會(huì)有較低的出血致視野不清的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),成功率明顯升高。在切開憩室頸過程中可能會(huì)傷及憩室周圍血管如葉間動(dòng)脈,應(yīng)當(dāng)始終在最薄弱處小心切開,切開頸口前后面應(yīng)當(dāng)尤其小心[2,5,9,15]。在處理結(jié)石后應(yīng)再次檢查憩室口是否充分開放。若出現(xiàn)出血應(yīng)停止手術(shù),閉合輸尿管通道鞘以保持腎盂內(nèi)壓力以利于止血。再次檢查若無顯著出血可繼續(xù)切開薄弱處或停止手術(shù)。對(duì)位于前側(cè)的腎盞憩室本法可能有助于避免前述PCNL的局限性,如穿刺方向和憩室漏斗為銳角等。本組中1例憩室位于腎臟上極前側(cè),采用本法穿刺未有明顯出血。這說明腎前側(cè)的憩室,尤其遠(yuǎn)離腎門者,通過后側(cè)穿刺同樣可以取得成功。這體現(xiàn)出了FUS較PCNL治療憩室結(jié)石的優(yōu)勢。本組患者均無腎周血腫等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。穿刺針穿刺后即使出血,由于血管收縮而具有止血功能[18]。
已經(jīng)有學(xué)者認(rèn)為FUS術(shù)應(yīng)為腎盞憩室的首選治療,尤其是腎前側(cè)憩室,若能成功治療則可避免轉(zhuǎn)為PCNL等[1,2,6,8]。經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石后常在經(jīng)皮擴(kuò)張后的憩室漏斗內(nèi)留置造瘺管,并認(rèn)為這有利于通道上皮覆蓋、維持開放,但沒有相關(guān)對(duì)照研究[1,7]。SEJINY等[2]認(rèn)為鈥激光切開憩室漏斗能夠更充分暴露結(jié)石、憩室引流和結(jié)石清除。超聲引導(dǎo)穿刺輔助FUS治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石優(yōu)點(diǎn):①創(chuàng)傷更小,創(chuàng)傷遠(yuǎn)小于PCNL,尤其對(duì)小于1 cm的結(jié)石憩室被結(jié)石充滿而不能容納導(dǎo)絲盤旋,PCNL技術(shù)難度更高[7,15];②可以同期處理憩室漏斗,充分打開憩室口或切開憩室壁重建漏斗以充分引流;③對(duì)于某些特殊職業(yè)患者如航空、空軍飛行員,年輕女性,可以避免更大的疤痕,這種方法甚至可應(yīng)用于孕婦[7,11,19]。本組患者中2例無癥狀者為飛行員和航空員,在查體中發(fā)現(xiàn)憩室結(jié)石,均成功去除結(jié)石并開放憩室口。本研究的不足:回顧性分析,未設(shè)立對(duì)照組,樣本量少,隨訪時(shí)間短,這種治療方式臨床價(jià)值需進(jìn)一步觀察[1,6-7]。
綜上所述,超聲引導(dǎo)穿刺輔助FUS治療腎盞憩室結(jié)石,尤其位于后側(cè)中上極者,有助于更快、更準(zhǔn)確尋找憩室和提高手術(shù)成功率。
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(曾文軍編輯)
Flexible ureteroscope for management of renal calyceal diverticulum calculi with ultrasound guided puncture(9 cases)
Ji-qing Zhang,Yong Wang,Jian-zhong Zhang,Zhi Qiu,Ning Kang,Jun-hui Zhang
(Department of Urology,Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University,Beijing 100020,China)
Abstract:Objective To evaluate the value of flexible ureteroscope for management of renal calyceal diverticulum calculi with ultrasound guided puncture of diverticulum. Methods From August 2014 to May 2015,six men and 3 women,median age 50 years,with 7 symptomatic caliceal diverticulum calculi and 2 symptom free,were treated by flexible ureteroscopic methods. Flexible ureteroscope recognization of diverticulum ostium with the help of ultrasound guided puncturing into diverticular cavity in lateral lithotomy position were performed. After the needle entering the diverticula cavity,saline-diluted methylthioninium chloride was injected or guidewires were inserted gently through needle sheaths. At the same time,the orifice or wall of the diverticular cavity was recognized under flexible ureteroscope. A 200-mm holmium laser fiber is used to fragment large diverticular calculi,larger fragments were extracted with basket. Laser incise the stenotic infundibulum or diverticular wall. Results Of the 9 cases,calyceal diverticulum necks leading to calyx were identified in 6 cases,another 3 cases were not found but determined their locations. The thinker diverticular walls of the later 3 cases were incised with laser. The stone free rate,fragment success rate and symptom free rate was 77.8%(6/9),88.9%(8/9)and 100.0%(7/7),respectively. Only one case were underwent repeated procedure for the residual fragments,and the fragments were all cleared successfully. Diverticula became disappeared or shrinked in 4 and 5 cases 3 months postoperation,respectively. Conclusion Flexiblebook=91,ebook=96ureteroscope combining with the ultrasound guided puncture of diverticular cavity for management of caliceal diverticula may provide a safe and effective option. Ultrasound guided needle puncture into calyceal diverticula may facilitate flexible ureteroscopic treatment of renal calyceal diverticula calculi.
Keywords:calyceal diverticulum;calyceal diverticulum calculi;flexible ureteroscope;percutaneous nephrolithotomy;puncture;ultrasound
中圖分類號(hào):R692.4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2016.04.021
文章編號(hào):1007-1989(2016)04-0090-05
收稿日期:2015-11-02
[通信作者]張軍暉,E-mail:13501124191@163.com