白瑜 杜麗敏 趙平
·論著·
黃體酮對(duì)視神經(jīng)損傷大鼠視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞微管相關(guān)蛋白-1B的影響
白瑜 杜麗敏 趙平
目的 觀察并探討黃體酮對(duì)視神經(jīng)損傷早期視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞微管相關(guān)蛋白-1B的影響,以期為黃體酮在視神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面的作用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。方法 60只大鼠隨機(jī)分為3組,每組20只。正常對(duì)照組不做任何處理,損傷1組制作右眼視神經(jīng)夾傷模型,給予0.9%氯化鈉溶液腹腔注射,損傷2組制作右眼視神經(jīng)夾傷模型,給予黃體酮腹腔注射。分別于損傷后1、3、7、14、28 d將3組大鼠右眼球摘除, 取視網(wǎng)膜組織, HE染色光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)學(xué)變化,并計(jì)數(shù)視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞存活數(shù)量,免疫組織化學(xué)染色觀察視網(wǎng)膜組織中 MAP-1B在視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果 視神經(jīng)損傷后損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層明顯水腫,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞數(shù)目迅速減少,經(jīng)黃體酮治療的損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)改變輕微,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層輕度水腫,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少緩慢。損傷2組各時(shí)間段視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B平均光密度值較損傷1組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 黃體酮可以通過增加細(xì)胞骨架蛋白MAP-1B減輕視神經(jīng)損傷早期視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的損害,對(duì)視神經(jīng)及視網(wǎng)膜有保護(hù)作用。
黃體酮;視神經(jīng)損傷;視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞;微管相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)類
隨著外傷事件的逐年增多,視神經(jīng)損傷,現(xiàn)在臨床多稱為外傷性視神經(jīng)病變(traumatic optic neuropathy,TON),已成為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中致盲的重要因素及眼科學(xué)者的研究熱點(diǎn)。視神經(jīng)損傷后視功能下降的病理基礎(chǔ)是視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)的進(jìn)行性變性、凋亡及其軸突的潰變和壞死。因此,減緩RGCs的變性、凋亡以及促進(jìn)其軸突再生成為治療本病的關(guān)鍵所在[1]。黃體酮(progesterone,PROG)作為一種性激素已廣泛應(yīng)用于婦產(chǎn)科臨床,近年來大量研究證實(shí),它在抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡、促進(jìn)受損神經(jīng)元髓鞘生成,保護(hù)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)方面也具有良好的作用,但其對(duì)于視神經(jīng)損傷的作用報(bào)道較少[1,2]。微管相關(guān)蛋白(microtubule associated protein-1B,MAP-1B)是軸突生長(zhǎng)和維持細(xì)胞骨架正常形態(tài)所必需的一種非常重要的細(xì)胞骨架蛋白[1],在視神經(jīng)損傷后RGCs的存活和軸突再生中起著重要的作用[2]。本研究通過建立大鼠視神經(jīng)損傷模型,觀察腹腔注射PROG對(duì)視神經(jīng)損傷早期RGCs的保護(hù)作用及其對(duì)視神經(jīng)損傷后視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B表達(dá)的影響,從而為黃體酮治療視神經(jīng)損傷的臨床應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組 清潔級(jí)健康成年雄性SD大鼠60只,購自河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,合格證號(hào):SCXK(冀2012-3-05)。體重(200±20)g,行外眼及眼底檢查無病變者納入實(shí)驗(yàn)。選擇右眼為實(shí)驗(yàn)眼,隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組(不做任何處理)、損傷1組(右眼行視神經(jīng)不全損傷處理,傷后每日腹腔注射0.9%氯化鈉溶液10.0 mg/kg)、損傷2組(右眼行視神經(jīng)不全損傷處理,傷后每日腹腔注射PROG 10.0 mg/kg),每組20只。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑 黃體酮注射液(上海通用藥業(yè)股份有限公司),SP免疫組化試劑盒(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司)DAB檢測(cè)試劑盒(北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司)MAP-1B抗鼠單克隆抗體(北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 視神經(jīng)損傷模型制作[3]:損傷1組及損傷2組均于術(shù)前3 d用抗生素眼水、眼膏點(diǎn)眼。正常對(duì)照組大鼠不做任何處理。2損傷組大鼠用5%水合氯醛7 ml/kg 腹腔注射麻醉成功后,將實(shí)驗(yàn)組大鼠取俯臥位固定于手術(shù)臺(tái)上,消毒鋪巾,取右眼為實(shí)驗(yàn)眼,在手術(shù)顯微鏡下沿角鞏膜緣弧形向上沿鼻側(cè)剪開球結(jié)膜,鈍性分離眼眶組織直達(dá)視神經(jīng),在距球后2 mm處,用壓力恒定的反向顳夾持視神經(jīng)20 s造成視神經(jīng)不全損傷,用10-0尼龍線縫合球結(jié)膜2針,結(jié)膜囊內(nèi)涂鹽酸洛美沙星眼膏。術(shù)眼瞳孔散大固定、直接光反射消失為成功模型,否則剔除。
1.3.2 HE染色及免疫組化染色:2損傷組每日腹腔注射PROG 10.0 mg/kg,以0.9%氯化鈉溶液稀釋,正常對(duì)照組給予0.9%氯化鈉溶液 10.0 mg/kg腹腔注射。分別于術(shù)后第1、3、7、14、28天經(jīng)多聚甲醛心臟灌注后立即摘取右眼眼球及部分視神經(jīng)放入4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定48 h取出,平行于眼球矢狀軸并通過視神經(jīng)做視網(wǎng)膜組織5 μm連續(xù)切片3張,HE染色光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察RGCs的形態(tài)及數(shù)量變化。免疫組織化學(xué)染色觀察視網(wǎng)膜組織中MAP-1B的表達(dá)變化,計(jì)算機(jī)圖像分析進(jìn)行半定量檢測(cè)平均光密度值(verage optical density,AOD),以免疫陽性染色的AOD值來表示抗原表達(dá)量,AOD值越高則陽性表達(dá)越強(qiáng)。
2.1 RGCs形態(tài)的改變 正常對(duì)照組大鼠視網(wǎng)膜HE染色可見3層細(xì)胞核,從玻璃體向鞏膜依次為RGCs層、雙極細(xì)胞層、感光細(xì)胞層。視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞層的細(xì)胞呈單層排列,大小不一,輪廓不規(guī)則,細(xì)胞邊界較清晰。從胞核形態(tài)學(xué)可以分為大而淺染的細(xì)胞核以及小而深染的細(xì)胞核,后者居多。損傷1組可見視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層水腫,損傷早期部分神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)水腫及空泡樣改變,另有部分細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)核溶解以及胞漿淡染。損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)改變較損傷1組輕,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)纖維層僅輕度水腫,損傷早期細(xì)胞形態(tài)大致正常,只有少部分出現(xiàn)核溶解及胞漿淡染,晚期神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞才出現(xiàn)水腫及空泡樣改變。見圖1~3。
2.2 RGCs數(shù)量的改變 視神經(jīng)損傷后2損傷組RGCs數(shù)目均呈下降趨勢(shì),14 d以前RGCs呈快速減少,14 d以后RGCs減少速度變緩,1~28 d各時(shí)間段損傷2組的RGCs數(shù)目高于損傷1組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或<0.01),2損傷組各時(shí)間段RGCs數(shù)目均低于正常對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表1,圖4。
表1 不同時(shí)期各損傷組RGCs數(shù)量 n=20,個(gè),
注:正常對(duì)照組RGCs數(shù)量: 29.90±0.54
表1 3d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜(HE×400)表2 3d時(shí)損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜(HE×400)表3 7d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜(HE×400)
圖4 3組不同時(shí)期RGCs的數(shù)量
2.3 視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B免疫組化染色結(jié)果 正常對(duì)照組大鼠視網(wǎng)膜中MAP-1B強(qiáng)陽性呈棕黃色,主要表達(dá)于光感受器內(nèi)節(jié);弱陽性呈淡黃色,主要表達(dá)于少數(shù)RGCs胞漿和光感受器外節(jié)。視神經(jīng)損傷后3 d后,RGCs MAP-1B呈棕黃色陽性表達(dá),主要分布于RGCs的胞漿,而內(nèi)核層細(xì)胞胞漿呈淡黃色弱陽性表達(dá)。損傷1組和損傷2組MAP-1B在各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的表達(dá)。見圖5~13。
表5 7d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜(HE×400)圖6 3d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400) 圖7 3d時(shí)損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400)
圖8 7d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400) 圖9 7d時(shí)損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400) 圖10 14d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400)
2.4 視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B免疫組化半定量檢測(cè)結(jié)果 視神經(jīng)損傷后3 d時(shí)損傷1組和損傷2組RGCs層MAP-1B陽性表達(dá)增加,損傷1組7 d時(shí)MAP-1B表達(dá)最強(qiáng),高于同組其他時(shí)間段,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),14 d時(shí)表達(dá)明顯減弱。損傷2組14 d內(nèi)MAP-1B的表達(dá)逐漸增強(qiáng),14 d時(shí)最強(qiáng),明顯高于同組其他時(shí)間段(P<0.05),表達(dá)部位同正常對(duì)照組。2個(gè)損傷組28 d時(shí)MAP-1B的表達(dá)明顯減弱,且2組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。損傷1組與損傷2組的RGCs層MAP-1B平均光密度值均高于正常對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2,圖14。
圖11 14d時(shí)損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400) 圖12 28d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400) 圖13 28d時(shí)損傷1組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B(免疫組化×400)
表2 半定量檢測(cè)不同時(shí)期視網(wǎng)膜表達(dá)MAP-1B 的光密度值 ±s
注:正常對(duì)照組視網(wǎng)膜表達(dá)MAP-1B光密度值:0.0744±0.0216;與其他時(shí)間比較,*P<0.05
圖14 不同時(shí)期損傷1組及損傷2組視網(wǎng)膜MAP-1B平均光密度值
視神經(jīng)損傷后RGCs的丟失在大量動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中曾得到過詳盡的研究[4-6]。局部軸突的斷裂、細(xì)胞骨架破壞導(dǎo)致的軸漿運(yùn)輸障礙,以及局部血液循環(huán)障礙導(dǎo)致的組織缺血、缺氧是引起RGCs變性、凋亡的重要因素[7]。因此,如何促進(jìn)神經(jīng)軸突再生成為保護(hù)RGCs,提高視功能的關(guān)鍵所在。研究表明,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞能夠維持正常生理功能,依賴于軸漿在胞體和軸突末梢之間流動(dòng)所進(jìn)行的物質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸和交換,而軸突細(xì)胞骨架是維持軸突正常形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)同時(shí)也是維持軸漿正常流動(dòng)的重要亞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)[6]。細(xì)胞骨架的破壞是視神經(jīng)損傷后首先出現(xiàn)的超微改變之一,也是影響神經(jīng)軸突再生的主要因素之一。
MAP-1B是一種非常重要的細(xì)胞骨架蛋白,是微管間橫橋的重要成分,它在生長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)突起中表達(dá)豐富,是軸突生長(zhǎng)所必需的。研究表明,神經(jīng)損傷后軸突的伸長(zhǎng)主要是通過微管的延伸來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,神經(jīng)絲隨著微管的延伸而生長(zhǎng),而MAP-1B是微管間“橋”的主要成份,使微管穩(wěn)定聚合成束,從胞體延伸到軸突末端,促進(jìn)軸突的再髓鞘化[8-10]。MAP-1B主要分布于神經(jīng)元胞體、 核周及其延伸的軸突上, 在成年視網(wǎng)膜主要集中于光感受器細(xì)胞(視錐細(xì)胞與視桿細(xì)胞)內(nèi)節(jié)和外節(jié)也有少許分布。MAP-1B有多個(gè)磷酸位點(diǎn),經(jīng)磷酸化修飾后才能發(fā)揮其生物活性,其主要有2種磷酸化形式PI-MAP-1B和PII-MAP-1B。MAP-1B及其磷酸化亞型(MAP-1B-P)廣泛分布于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),并在神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)和再生中扮演重要角色[11-13]。所以,在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中MAP-1B被經(jīng)常作為神經(jīng)保護(hù)類藥促進(jìn)神經(jīng)髓鞘再生程度及對(duì)神經(jīng)元保護(hù)作用的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14,15]。
PROG是一種激素類神經(jīng)類固醇,既往多用于治療婦產(chǎn)科疾病。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PROG能夠很好的促進(jìn)受損神經(jīng)髓鞘再生。Labombarda 等[16]通過對(duì)脊髓損傷大鼠模型的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PROG可以提高脊髓損傷后新半乳糖白蛋白2和髓磷脂堿蛋白的細(xì)胞數(shù)量,從而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)髓鞘形成。Schumacher等[17]研究證明了在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生髓鞘的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中,PROG可以通過增加髓磷脂堿基蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)的表達(dá)量從而促進(jìn)髓鞘形成。Ghoumari等[18]更是對(duì)PROG在髓鞘形成和再生過程的重要作用做了詳細(xì)的闡明。而本研究結(jié)果顯示,視神經(jīng)損傷后,RGCs內(nèi)MAP-1B表達(dá)量增高。經(jīng)過PROG治療的損傷2組與損傷1組相比,在各時(shí)間段,MAP-1B表達(dá)強(qiáng)度都明顯增高。說明PROG可能通過增加MAP-1B生成而起到促進(jìn)受損視神經(jīng)髓鞘再生的作用。
同時(shí)大量研究表明,PROG也可以通過抑制神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性介質(zhì)[19]、減輕神經(jīng)細(xì)胞離子間失衡[20]、穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞Na+-K+-ATP酶[21]、降低組織NO水平、減少神經(jīng)毒性介質(zhì)的釋放[22]等多種途徑起到保護(hù)神經(jīng)的作用。這在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,通過觀察視神經(jīng)損傷后RGCs數(shù)目發(fā)現(xiàn):應(yīng)用PROG后,不僅減緩了視神經(jīng)損傷早期RGCs數(shù)目的下降程度,而且增加了損傷末期RGCs的存活數(shù)量。進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了PROG保護(hù)視神經(jīng)的作用。
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Effects of progesterone on the expression of MAP-1B in retinal ganglion cells of rats with optic nerve injury)
BAIYu)
*,DULimin,ZHAOPing.*DepartmentofOphthalmology,TheSecondHospitalofShijiazhuangCity,Hebei,Shijiazhuang050051,China
Objective To observe the effects of progesterone on the expression of microtubule associated protein-1B(MAP-1B)in retinal ganglion cells of rats with optic nerve injury in order to provide experimental evidence of progesterone’s protective effects on optic nerve.Methods Sixty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,with 20 rats in each group.The rats in control group were not treated,however,the optic nerve injury models in right eye of rats were established in injury group 1,with 0.9% sodium chloride solution intraperitoneal injection,and the animal models were also established in injury group 2,with progesterone intraperitoneal injection. On 3d,7d,14d and 28d after injury, the right eyeballs of rats were excised, and retinal tissues were taken out, the morphological changes of retina were observed by HE staining, and the survival numbers of retinal ganglion cell were calculated, furthermore,the expression levels of MAP-1B in retinal ganglion cell were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results After optic nerve injury,the retinal nerve fiber layer appeared obvious edema,and the numbers of retinal ganglion cells were quickly decreased in injury group 1,however, the retinal morphological changes were alleviated,retinal nerve fiber layer appeared slight edema and the numbers of retinal ganglion cells were decreased slowly after treatment with progesterone in injury group 2.There was a significant difference in the optical density value at different time points between injury group 1 and injury group 2 (P<0.05).Conclusion Progesterone can relieve the damage of retinal ganglion cells at early period of optic nerve injury through increasing the expression levels of cytoskeleton protein-MAP-1b,thus,which has protective effects on optic nerve and retina.
progesterone; optical nerve injury; retinal ganglion cell; microtubule associated protein-1B
10.3969/j.issn.1002-7386.2016.08.002
050051 河北省石家莊市第二醫(yī)院眼科(白瑜);河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院眼科(杜麗敏、趙平)
趙平,050051 石家莊市,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院眼科;
E-mail:zhpsjz@126.com
R 774.6
A
1002-7386(2016)08-1128-05
2015-12-01)