劉曉清, 秦 嶺
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院感染內(nèi)科, 北京 100730
炎癥性腸病合并病毒性肝炎治療策略
劉曉清, 秦 嶺
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院感染內(nèi)科, 北京 100730
隨著免疫抑制劑及生物制劑的廣泛應(yīng)用,炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)的治療方案也發(fā)生了顯著改變。IBD患者中乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染較為常見(jiàn),接受免疫抑制治療可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致HBV活躍復(fù)制,輕者出現(xiàn)肝酶異常,重者出現(xiàn)肝功能衰竭,甚至死亡。HBV的活躍復(fù)制會(huì)增加IBD患者的病死率。IBD患者應(yīng)當(dāng)接受HBV相關(guān)的抗原及抗體檢測(cè),對(duì)于HBsAg陽(yáng)性的IBD患者,為避免HBV的活躍復(fù)制,應(yīng)當(dāng)在接受免疫抑制治療前采用抗病毒治療,抗病毒治療可選擇耐藥率低的恩替卡韋或替諾福韋。對(duì)于既往感染HBV的IBD患者,應(yīng)當(dāng)在接受免疫抑制治療期間密切監(jiān)測(cè)HBV DNA。與HBV感染相比,接受免疫抑制治療的IBD患者發(fā)生HCV活躍復(fù)制的現(xiàn)象較為少見(jiàn)。干擾素聯(lián)合利巴韋林抗HCV治療并未增加IBD患者的不良反應(yīng)。
炎癥性腸病; 病毒性肝炎; 治療策略
近10年來(lái),免疫抑制劑和生物制劑的廣泛應(yīng)用促使炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)的治療發(fā)生了顯著變化,越來(lái)越多的臨床醫(yī)師傾向于早期、較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間應(yīng)用上述藥物控制IBD患者的病情,但I(xiàn)BD患者經(jīng)常合并各種機(jī)會(huì)性感染,如CMV感染、分枝桿菌感染、念珠菌感染等[1],因此,免疫抑制治療療效及安全性問(wèn)題引起廣泛關(guān)注[2]。肝炎病毒感染(慢性乙型肝炎病毒、慢性丙型肝炎病毒)是IBD患者中常見(jiàn)的病毒感染之一, IBD合并肝炎病毒感染的患者,接受免疫抑制劑或生物制劑治療時(shí)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝炎病毒活躍復(fù)制、肝功能異常、甚至肝功能衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。因此,IBD患者的肝炎病毒感染監(jiān)測(cè)及治療,備受廣大臨床醫(yī)師關(guān)注。
國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)IBD合并病毒性肝炎(慢性乙型病毒性肝炎、慢性丙型病毒性肝炎)的發(fā)病率報(bào)道不一,早在2000年法國(guó)[4]的一項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道117例IBD患者(74例克羅恩病及43例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎)中HCV抗體陽(yáng)性率為5.98%。2001年意大利[5]的一項(xiàng)多中心研究顯示332例克羅恩病患者中HBc抗體陽(yáng)性率(10.9%)明顯高于正常人(5.1%),HCV抗體的陽(yáng)性率為7.4%。然而近些年來(lái),大量研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示IBD患者肝炎病毒的感染率較低。2009年西班牙[6]的一項(xiàng)前瞻性多中心橫斷面研究顯示1 128例克羅恩病患者和928例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者的HBs抗原陽(yáng)性率分別為0.6%、0.8%,HCV抗體陽(yáng)性率分別為2.3%、1.3%。2010年法國(guó)[7]的另一項(xiàng)315例IBD患者的研究中,252例克羅恩病患者、63例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者的HBs抗原陽(yáng)性率分別為0.79%、1.59%,HCV抗體的陽(yáng)性率分別為0.79%、1.59%。2010年希臘[8]的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中顯示482例IBD患者中HBs抗原及HCV抗體陽(yáng)性率分別為2.3%、0.8%。2013年意大利[9]的研究顯示301例IBD患者(184例克羅恩病及117例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎)中HBs抗原及HCV抗體陽(yáng)性率分別為0.3%、1.3%。2015年中國(guó)的回顧性研究[10]顯示675例IBD患者中449例克羅恩病患者的HBs抗原陽(yáng)性率為13.6%,226例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者的HBs抗原陽(yáng)性率為16.8%,而6 856名健康查體志愿者的HBs抗原陽(yáng)性率為13.8%,結(jié)果顯示IBD患者與正常健康者的HBV感染率無(wú)明顯差異。
目前針對(duì)IBD合并HBV感染的患者,接受激素、免疫抑制劑或腫瘤壞死因子拮抗劑治療后對(duì)HBV感染的影響,尚無(wú)前瞻性隨機(jī)病例對(duì)照研究。在腫瘤化療及器官移植患者中,HBV感染的再激活極為常見(jiàn)[11],其發(fā)生頻率取決于免疫抑制劑的種類和HBV感染的嚴(yán)重程度,治療血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的細(xì)胞毒性藥物易導(dǎo)致HBV感染的再激活,有報(bào)道稱高達(dá)60%的HBV攜帶者應(yīng)用細(xì)胞毒性藥物后出現(xiàn)病毒再激活,導(dǎo)致慢性活動(dòng)性病毒性肝炎。在應(yīng)用生物制劑治療的患者中,HBV感染的再激活是常見(jiàn)現(xiàn)象之一[12]。已有報(bào)道證實(shí),單克隆抗體[rituximab (anti-CD20) 或alemtuzumab(anti-CD52)] 的應(yīng)用可顯著增加HBV感染再激活的幾率[13],根據(jù)病情的嚴(yán)重程度可分為無(wú)臨床癥狀的慢性活動(dòng)性病毒性肝炎(ALT升高1.5~2倍、HBV DNA陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)或HBV DNA>2 000 IU/ml)、急性肝衰竭(2周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)肝性腦病、出血傾向等肝功能失代償?shù)呐R床表現(xiàn))及亞急性肝衰竭(2~26周出血傾向等肝功能失代償?shù)呐R床表現(xiàn))[14]。2010年西班牙Loras等[15]研究報(bào)道證實(shí),IBD患者應(yīng)用激素、硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、TNF-α拮抗劑(英夫利昔單抗)等免疫抑制治療時(shí)也可導(dǎo)致HBV活躍復(fù)制,發(fā)生活動(dòng)性病毒性肝炎,該研究中25例HBsAg+的IBD患者,9例(36%)出現(xiàn)活動(dòng)性病毒性肝炎,6例(24%)出現(xiàn)肝衰竭。該研究還提出≥2種免疫抑制劑是發(fā)生病毒再激活的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,病毒未再激活的IBD患者多為僅短程應(yīng)用單種免疫抑制劑或接受抗病毒治療。對(duì)于既往感染乙型肝炎病毒(肝功能正常、檢測(cè)不到HBV DNA、HBsAg-、HBcAb+伴或不伴HBsAb+)的IBD患者,免疫抑制治療后發(fā)生病毒活躍復(fù)制的幾率很低,僅有個(gè)別病例報(bào)道證實(shí)應(yīng)用英夫利昔單抗后出現(xiàn)病毒活躍復(fù)制[16],西班牙Loras等[15]的研究中未見(jiàn)IBD合并既往HBV感染患者應(yīng)用免疫抑制治療后出現(xiàn)病毒活躍復(fù)制。
HBV感染者通常分為以下3種情況:慢性活動(dòng)性HBV、HBV攜帶者、既往感染過(guò)HBV者。鑒于免疫抑制治療對(duì)HBV的影響,美國(guó)肝病研究學(xué)會(huì)[17]強(qiáng)調(diào)在HBV感染流行區(qū)(患病率>2%)需要接受免疫抑制治療的患者,包括診斷IBD的患者,均被推薦進(jìn)行HBV感染的篩查。確診IBD時(shí)即可篩查,篩查指標(biāo)包括HBsAg、HBsAb及HBcAb。目前尚缺乏IBD患者HBV感染后抗病毒治療的指南,根據(jù)美國(guó)肝病研究學(xué)會(huì)要求,所有HBsAg+的患者開(kāi)始接受免疫抑制治療前,需要抗HBV藥物的治療,療程從免疫抑制治療開(kāi)始前1周至免疫抑制治療結(jié)束后6~12個(gè)月。歐洲克羅恩病和結(jié)腸炎組織也推薦所有HBsAg+的IBD患者不論接受何種免疫抑制劑治療,均應(yīng)接受抗HBV治療。圖1為IBD患者監(jiān)測(cè)和治療HBV感染的流程圖,圖中提示對(duì)于血清標(biāo)記物監(jiān)測(cè)全部陰性的患者應(yīng)及時(shí)給予HBV疫苗接種;對(duì)于既往感染過(guò)HBV的IBD患者不推薦常規(guī)預(yù)防性抗病毒治療,應(yīng)嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)肝功能、HBV血清學(xué)指標(biāo)、HBV DNA;對(duì)HBV病毒攜帶者需進(jìn)行預(yù)防性抗病毒治療,藥物可選擇核苷類似物或者核苷酸類似物,應(yīng)用免疫抑制治療前1~3周開(kāi)始治療直到停用免疫抑制劑后6個(gè)月終止抗病毒治療;對(duì)于慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者,HBV DNA>2 000 IU/ml,繼續(xù)抗病毒治療。臨床研究中可見(jiàn)拉米夫定是經(jīng)常被選擇的抗病毒藥物,但如果長(zhǎng)期免疫抑制治療,需要考慮耐藥率更低的核苷或核苷酸類似物(恩替卡韋、替諾福韋)[18]。由于嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng),干擾素不推薦應(yīng)用于IBD患者[19]。IBD患者接受免疫抑制治療過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)新發(fā)急性HBV感染時(shí),除急性肝衰竭外,不推薦常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗病毒治療[16]。
圖1 IBD患者HBV篩查流程圖
Fig 1 Flow chart of hepatitis B virus screening in patients with IBD
目前缺乏激素、免疫抑制劑和生物制劑對(duì)IBD合并HCV感染的前瞻性研究,肝移植相關(guān)研究表明,合并HCV感染的肝移植術(shù)后患者使用激素預(yù)防移植排斥反應(yīng),不僅未增加HCV復(fù)制的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還改善了HCV相關(guān)的肝損害,故而推測(cè)激素治療可能不會(huì)加重HCV感染[19]。硫唑嘌呤對(duì)HCV感染的影響也缺乏證據(jù), HCV感染患者肝移植術(shù)后應(yīng)用硫唑嘌呤,未發(fā)現(xiàn)加重病毒復(fù)制,推測(cè)硫唑嘌呤可能也不會(huì)加重HCV感染[20]。小樣本的臨床數(shù)據(jù)表明甲氨蝶呤應(yīng)用于類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎合并HCV感染患者中也是安全的[21]。腫瘤壞死因子拮抗劑對(duì)HCV感染的影響尚不清楚,但已有病例報(bào)道證實(shí)TNF-α拮抗劑未加重HCV感染。Peterson等[22]報(bào)道的22例類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎合并HCV感染的患者,接受TNF-α拮抗劑后,未發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒復(fù)制或肝功能惡化等不良后果。
目前尚無(wú)指南或?qū)<夜沧R(shí)指導(dǎo)接受免疫抑制治療的患者如何進(jìn)行HCV檢測(cè)及抗病毒治療,也沒(méi)有疫苗或藥物預(yù)防HCV感染。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于IBD合并HCV感染的患者抗病毒治療安全性的回顧性研究[23]報(bào)道,15例IBD患者中,13例IBD病情穩(wěn)定,2例IBD患者病情活動(dòng),該15例患者均合并HCV感染,并接受了干擾素聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合利巴韋林的抗病毒治療,15例IBD患者中僅2例出現(xiàn)IBD病情活動(dòng),1例應(yīng)用美沙拉嗪后癥狀很快緩解,1例抗病毒結(jié)束2周后自行緩解。持續(xù)病毒學(xué)應(yīng)答率(SVR)為67%。該研究表明病情穩(wěn)定的IBD患者應(yīng)用干擾素抗病毒治療,并未加重IBD的病情,但仍需大樣本研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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Treatment strategy of inflammatory bowel disease associated with viral hepatitis
LIU Xiaoqing, QIN Ling
Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
Recently, treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients has been changed and immunosuppression and biological therapies are used more frequently than before. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in IBD patients is a very common infection worldwide. Its reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppression has been widely described as being associated with significant mortality. Liver dysfunction associated with HBV infection may develop from a subtle change in serum aminotransferase levels to fulminant liver failure and death. As preventive measures, all IBD patients should be screened for HBV markers at diagnosis and those who are positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen should receive antiviral prophylaxis before undergoing immunosuppression in order to avoid HBV reactivation. Tenofovir or entecavir is preferred to lamivudine due to their better resistance profile. In patients with occult or resolved HBV, regular DNA determination is recommended during immunosuppression therapy. Compared with HBV infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) reactivation is uncommon in patients receiving immunosuppression therapy. The efficacy and safety of HCV therapy with immunosuppression and ribavirin for patients with IBD are comparable to those of subjects without IBD.
Inflammatory bowel disease; Viral hepatitis; Treatment strategy
衛(wèi)生行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)基金(NO.201002020)
劉曉清,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:感染性疾病診治。E-mail: liuxq@pumch.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.10.004
R574.62
A
1006-5709(2016)10-1091-03
2016-08-10