毛景松沈陽市第五人民醫(yī)院放射科,遼寧沈陽 110023
?
多層螺旋CT灌注成像在早期急性壞死性胰腺炎的臨床應(yīng)用
毛景松
沈陽市第五人民醫(yī)院放射科,遼寧沈陽110023
[摘要]目的探討CT灌注成像在早期急性壞死性胰腺炎中的應(yīng)用。方法45例胰腺炎患者被分成輕型胰腺炎(n=26)及壞死性胰腺炎(n=19)兩組,給予胰腺灌注掃描,比較兩組CT灌注參數(shù)BF、BV、MTT、PS并進行統(tǒng)計學分析;3周后,胰腺炎患者予常規(guī)增強CT掃描,判斷灌注掃描對懷疑胰腺壞死的敏感性及特異性。結(jié)果壞死性胰腺炎患者的BF和BV水平顯著低于輕型胰腺炎組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);MTT和PS水平兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。45例胰腺炎患者,CT灌注懷疑19例胰腺壞死,3周后復(fù)查CT增強檢查,19例胰腺壞死中的17例出現(xiàn)陽性,2例出現(xiàn)假陽性,灌注排除壞死的患者中未出現(xiàn)胰腺壞死病例,敏感性為100.0%,特異性為93.3%。結(jié)論CT灌注成像對早期急性壞死性胰腺炎有較高的敏感性。
[關(guān)鍵詞]急性胰腺炎;計算機斷層;灌注;胰腺壞死
急性胰腺炎(AP)是常見的急腹癥之一,急性胰腺炎患者中大部分為輕癥胰腺炎(MAP)患者,預(yù)后較好,而急性壞死性胰腺炎(ANP)患者癥狀重,常常是致命的,其死亡率高達32%。急性胰腺炎,特別是壞死性胰腺炎的早期治療對提高生存率是必要的。然而由于沒有方法評估其嚴重程度,早期治療常被延誤?,F(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外的專家多用CT灌注成像評估胰腺疾病,本研究主要回顧我院2013年5月~2015年6月收治的45例急性胰腺炎患者,用CT灌注掃描評估其嚴重程度及胰腺壞死的形成?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1.1臨床資料
選擇2013年5月~2015年6月我院收治的45例胰腺炎患者,納入標準:臨床癥狀體征及實驗室檢查結(jié)果符合急性胰腺炎的診斷標準;經(jīng)兩名影像醫(yī)師獨立閱片,影像支持胰腺炎的診斷。排除標準:合并有心血管、肝腎、造血系統(tǒng)等嚴重原發(fā)病者;由于外傷、手術(shù)、腫瘤所致的急性胰腺炎患者;碘劑嚴重過敏者。按照全國胰腺疾病學組制訂的《中國急性胰腺炎診治指南(草案)》的診斷標準分為輕型胰腺炎(MAP)26例(A組)和壞死性胰腺炎(ANP)19例(B組)。A組男18例,女8例,年齡(46.3±8.6)歲;B組男15例,女4例,年齡(45.6±6.9)歲,兩組的性別、年齡之間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2方法
多層螺旋CT灌注成像:兩組患者入院3 d內(nèi),采取GE hispeed 16層螺旋CT進行動態(tài)灌注掃描。所有病例均取仰臥位,常規(guī)腹部CT平掃,層厚、層間距、螺距分別為5、5、1.375 mm,選擇胰腺顯示最完整的層面作為灌注掃描層面,管電壓、管電流分別為100 kV、80 mA,應(yīng)用非離子對比劑歐乃派克(350 g/L)100 mL,高壓注射速率為4.5 mL/s,注射50 mL,延遲8 s開始掃描,囑患者掃描前屏住呼吸,掃描時長約30 s。灌注掃描結(jié)束后,再注射歐乃派克50 mL,進行常規(guī)胰腺增強掃描。最后在CT工作站上通過利用ADW4.3軟件的Perfusion3,進行圖像分析和數(shù)據(jù)處理,得到胰腺CT灌注參數(shù):血流速度(blood flow,BF)、血容量(blood volume,BV)、平均通過時間(mean to time,MTT)、表面通透性(permeability surface,PS)。
1.3胰腺壞死的診斷
在BF灌注圖像上,顏色缺失或BF值明顯低于胰腺組織,為CT灌注懷疑胰腺壞死;3周后,予常規(guī)胰腺增強檢查,根據(jù)增強CT影像表現(xiàn),雙期持續(xù)存在的胰腺實質(zhì)無強化的不規(guī)則形低密度區(qū),與周圍強化的胰腺組織形成明顯的密度差,明確胰腺壞死[16]。
1.4統(tǒng)計學處理
2.1兩組胰腺炎灌注參數(shù)比較
B組患者BF和BV水平顯著低于A組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);MTT和PS水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2CT灌注成像診斷胰腺壞死的敏感性及特異性
45例胰腺炎患者中,CT灌注懷疑19例胰腺壞死(BF灌注圖像明顯低于正常組織),見封三圖7。3周后復(fù)查CT增強檢查,19例懷疑胰腺壞死中的17例出現(xiàn)陽性,2例出現(xiàn)假陽性,灌注排除壞死的患者中未出現(xiàn)胰腺壞死,敏感性為100.0%,特異性為93.3%。
急性胰腺炎的診斷依據(jù):①臨床癥狀;②生化;③CT影像診斷[1,2]。急性胰腺炎是內(nèi)科中較為嚴重的疾病。全世界急性胰腺炎的死亡率2.1%~9.2%,壞死性胰腺炎的發(fā)病率在胰腺炎中占10%~15%,死亡率占23%[3]。急性壞死性胰腺炎早期不易發(fā)現(xiàn),有報道稱多層螺旋增強CT對比蘭森評分系統(tǒng),急性生理學及慢性健康評分系統(tǒng)預(yù)測壞死性胰腺炎較準確[4],但由于增強CT在預(yù)測急性壞死性胰腺炎早期的低敏感性,急性胰腺炎臨床指導(dǎo)建議3 d后行增強CT掃描[5]。CT灌注掃描可用于3 d內(nèi)檢查,且對壞死性胰腺炎的敏感性及特異性分別為100.0%及95.3%[6],與本研究結(jié)果相近。CT灌注技術(shù)在一定程度上能反映器官組織的血流動力學狀態(tài)和功能情況[7,8],可以反映組織器官的微血管變化,表現(xiàn)其灌注量的增加,參數(shù)反映了與血管生成相一致的微觀生理改變。胰腺是一個血供較豐富的器官,測量胰腺的血流灌注對于胰腺疾病的診斷有重要的作用[9-12]。本研究顯示,急性胰腺炎的發(fā)展的早期輕型胰腺炎與壞死性胰腺炎比較,CT灌注參數(shù)BF、BV顯著下降,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
表1 A B兩組胰腺炎的灌注參數(shù)比較(±s)
表1 A B兩組胰腺炎的灌注參數(shù)比較(±s)
164.56±15.47 36.21±6.14 16.076 0.000 15.45±1.43 5.01±0.63 15.384 0.000 148.39±5.02 143.09±6.81 0.930 0.340 35.27±1.58 35.41±1.13 1.219 0.276 BF [mL/(100 mL·min)] BV (mL/L)MTT (s)PS [0.5 mL/100 mL·min] A組B組t值P值26 19組別n
胰腺壞死是因供應(yīng)胰腺的血管痙攣引起的[13,14],血管造影是目前唯一診斷血管痙攣的檢查方法,但血管造影在不穩(wěn)定及急診病例中進行比較困難,因此應(yīng)用CT灌注掃描診斷胰腺組織的缺血。Yoshihisa等[15]認為,CT灌注掃描在診斷胰腺壞死方面優(yōu)于血管造影,同時CT灌注懷疑胰腺壞死的患者中壞死發(fā)病率較高,相反,陰性可以排除胰腺壞死的可能。國外也有學者認為BF值的下降超過19.3%,提示胰腺組織壞死[16]。本研究中,在胰腺灌注高度懷疑壞死的患者中,3周后復(fù)查,7例患者出現(xiàn)胰腺壞死,1例患者沒有出現(xiàn)壞死,在灌注排除胰腺壞死的患者中,沒有出現(xiàn)一例壞死病例,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果相一致。
綜上所述,急性壞死性胰腺炎的早期診斷對療效非常重要,然而,現(xiàn)在的方法預(yù)測早期壞死性胰腺炎是較困難的[17,18],CT灌注對診斷早期壞死性胰腺炎有很大幫助。早期診斷有助于臨床醫(yī)師加強對病情的判斷與早期對壞死性胰腺炎進行干預(yù),減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,提高患者生存率[5]。
[參考文獻]
[1] Peter A,Banks Martin,L Freeman,et al. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterol,2006,10(1):2379-2400.
[2] Seiki Kiriyama,Toshifumi Gabata,Tadahiro Takada,et al. New diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci,2010,5(17):24-36 .
[3] M Sekimoto,T Takada,Y Kawarada,et al. JPN Guidelines for the manangement of acute pancreatitis:Epidemiology,etiology,natural history,and outcome predictors in acute pancreatitis[J].Journalof Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery,2006,1(13):10-24.
[4] TK Leung,CM Lee,SY Lin,et al. Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHEⅡscoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology,2005,38 (11):6049-6052.
[5] M Piascik,G Rydzewska,J Milewski,et al. The results of severe acute pancreatitis treatment with continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and antibiotic:A randomized controlled study[J]. Pancreas,2010,6(12):863-867.
[6] Li HO,Sun C,Xu ZD,et al. Low-dose whole organ CT perfusion of the pancreas:Preliminary study[J]. Abdom Imaging,2014,39(1):40-47.
[7]張根山,祖茂衡,袁剛,等. CT灌注成像及血管內(nèi)皮生長因子檢測對肝癌灌注栓塞血供評價的研究[J].當代醫(yī)學,2012,27(18):74-76.
[8]侯斐,劉瑞霞,陰赪宏.急性胰腺炎微循環(huán)障礙的發(fā)生機制及其治療進展[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2014,30(8):815-818.
[9]馬曉璇,石惠平,郭薇,等.全器官CT灌注成像評價胰腺癌微循環(huán)的價值[J].中國醫(yī)學影像學雜志,2013,6(21):439-443.
[10]蔣洪濤,陳柱,肖恩華. CT灌注成像原理及其在急性胰腺炎中的臨床應(yīng)用[J].中國CT和MRI雜志,2014,7(12):109-111.
[11]劉倩倩,黃小華,董國禮,等.多層螺旋CT灌注成像在胰腺癌診斷中的應(yīng)用價值[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志(電子版),2014,8(14):2613-2618.
[12] D'Onofrio M,Gallotti A,Mantovani W,et al. Perfusion CT can predict tumoral grading of pancreatic adenocarcinoma[J]. European Journal of Radiology,2013,82(2):227-233.
[13] Takeda K,Mikami Y,F(xiàn)ukuyama S,et al. Pancreatic ischemia associated with vasospasm in the early phase of human acute necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Pancreas,2005,30 (2):40-49.
[14] Inoue K,Hirota M,Beppu T,et al. Angiographic features in acute pancreatitis:The severity of abdominal vessel ischemic change reflects the severity of acute pancreatitis[J]. JOP,2003,4(10):207-213.
[15] Yoshihisa Tsuji. Perfusion CT is superior to angiography in predicting pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatits[J]. Gastroenterol,2010,5(45):1155-1162.
[16] Yoshihisa Tsuji,Naoki Takahashi,Chiba Tsutomu,et al. Pancreatic perfusion CT in early stage of severe acute pancreatitis[J]. International Journal of Inammation,2012,10(11):1-5.
[17] Bollen TL,Van Santvoort HC,MG Besselink,et al. The Atlanta Classication of acute pancreatitis revisited[J]. British Journal of Surgery,2008,95(1):16-21.
[18] Chauhan S,F(xiàn)orsmark CE. The diculty in predicting outcome in acute pancreatitis[J]. American Journal of Gastroenterology,2010,2(10):443-445.
Clinical application of multi-slice CT perfusion imaging in early stage of acute necrotizing pancreatitis
MAO Jingsong
Department of Radiology, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shenyang City,Shenyang 110023,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the perfusion changes associated with acute necrotizong pancreatitis(ANP) at an early age using the multi-slice computed tomograohy (CT) perfusion imaging. Methods A total of 45 patients with acute pancreatitis underwent CT perfusion imaging were divided into two groups, 26 patients with mild AP (MAP) and 19 pa tients with ANP. The CT perfusion parameters including blood flow(BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability-surface area product (PS) were compared, and the correlation between the parameters was analyzed in statistic. After three weeks, all the patients underwent conventional contrast-enhanced CT scan, to judge the sensitivity and specificity of perfusion image in the patients with pancreatic necrosis. Results The levels of BF and BV for the ANP group were significantly lower than those for MAP group(P<0.05); The levels of PS and MTT were not statistically significant (P>0.05). 19 patients were diagnosed with ANP by using CT perfusion, of which, 17 patients were confirmed by conventional contrast-enhanced CT scan after 3 weeks. All the patients who had no perfusion defects detected in the perfusion CT image were diagnosed with mild AP 3 weeks later. The sensibility and specificity of diagnosing the early ANP by using the perfusion CT was 100.0% and 93.3%, separately. Conclusion Perfusion CT was more sensitive in diagnosing ANP at an early stage.
[Key words]Acute pancreatitis; Multi-slice spiral CT; Perfusion; Pancreatic necrosis
[中圖分類號]R576;R816.5
[文獻標識碼]B
[文章編號]1673-9701(2016)03-0107-03
收稿日期:(2015-07-31)