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圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁激素替代療法的研究進(jìn)展

2016-10-19 20:47吳南順
關(guān)鍵詞:雌激素圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁癥

吳南順

[摘要] 圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁癥是指首發(fā)于圍絕經(jīng)期的抑郁癥,目前具體病理生理機(jī)制不明,但與圍絕經(jīng)期卵巢激素水平的波動(dòng)有關(guān)。因此,激素替代療法可能是通過(guò)激素穩(wěn)定效應(yīng),從而發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用。本文旨在概述目前關(guān)于激素替代療法治療圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁癥的研究。當(dāng)前研究證據(jù)表明,激素替代療法,尤其是經(jīng)皮雌二醇療法對(duì)圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁癥有一定療效,但僅針對(duì)圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)早期女性。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 圍絕經(jīng)期;抑郁癥;激素替代療法;雌激素;孕酮

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R711.59 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)02(c)-0038-05

Research progress on hormone replacement therapy of perimenopausal depressive disorder

WU Nanshun

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400700, China

[Abstract] Perimenopausal depressive disorder (PDD) refers to new depression which occurs in perimenopause. Currently, its pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain, but related to ovarian hormone fluctuation. Thus, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), through its hormone-stabilizing effects, may display an antidepressant function. This article reviews the most recent literature of HRT in treating PDD. The available evidence supports that HRT, especially estrogen delivered through a skin patch, has a certain effect in the treatment of PDD, but only among peri- and early postmenopausal women.

[Key words] Perimenopause; Depressive disorder; Hormone replacement therapy; Estrogen; Progesterone

全球范圍內(nèi),抑郁癥的發(fā)病率男性為5.8%,而女性為9.5%[1]。眾多資料表明,女性發(fā)生抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于男性,其中圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁癥(perimenopausal depressive disorder,PDD)發(fā)生率逐年增加,尤其是有過(guò)負(fù)面經(jīng)歷的女性,發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家可高達(dá)26%~33%[2]。PDD的危害不僅限于抑郁癥狀本身,有報(bào)道稱(chēng)患有PDD的女性死于心血管病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加50%[3]。因此正確認(rèn)識(shí)和治療PDD顯得十分重要,本文通過(guò)分析最新研究,探討激素替代療法(hormone replacement therapy,HRT)在PDD患者中的應(yīng)用。

1 PDD的相關(guān)概念

1.1 圍絕經(jīng)期的新概念

圍絕經(jīng)期通常是指由于卵巢功能的衰退,從絕經(jīng)前開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)相關(guān)的內(nèi)分泌、生物學(xué)和臨床癥狀,至完全絕經(jīng)后1年的這段時(shí)期。圍絕經(jīng)期平均持續(xù)4年[4],但月經(jīng)周期改變可能追溯到絕經(jīng)前4~8年[5]。最新的生殖衰老分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(STRAW+10)[6]將圍絕經(jīng)期分為以下3個(gè)階段:絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡早期(-2),持續(xù)的月經(jīng)周期紊亂,前10個(gè)周期中至少有2個(gè)連續(xù)周期的經(jīng)期改變≥7 d;絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡晚期(-1),前12個(gè)月停經(jīng)間期≥60 d;絕經(jīng)后早期(+1a),末次月經(jīng)后第1年。STRAW+10進(jìn)一步明確絕經(jīng)后早期為末次月經(jīng)后6年內(nèi),絕經(jīng)后晚期則指在此之后的時(shí)間。其中只有絕經(jīng)后第1年屬于圍絕經(jīng)期。

隨著絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期開(kāi)始,卵巢卵泡的損耗,卵巢對(duì)卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)變得不那么敏感,機(jī)體處于雌激素相對(duì)不足的狀態(tài)。FSH分泌增加,雌二醇水平隨之波動(dòng),早期表現(xiàn)為分泌增加、無(wú)排卵周期頻繁出現(xiàn)、月經(jīng)周期逐漸紊亂。到絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡晚期,血漿FSH處于高值,月經(jīng)周期持續(xù)不規(guī)則,表現(xiàn)為長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的閉經(jīng)和低雌激素狀態(tài)。其他一些激素隨著年齡增加而降低,因此生育功能也隨之下降,如睪酮、脫氫表雄酮、雄烯二酮等雄激素。雄激素于20歲開(kāi)始下降,于40~50歲晚期達(dá)到下降峰值[7-8]。

1.2 PDD的流行病學(xué)

PDD是指首發(fā)于圍絕經(jīng)期的抑郁癥[9]。流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),絕經(jīng)后女性患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并未增加,但是相對(duì)于絕經(jīng)后女性,圍絕經(jīng)期女性的抑郁癥狀更常見(jiàn)[10-13]。Cohen等[14]通過(guò)對(duì)460例無(wú)抑郁病史的女性進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)7年的隨訪(fǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)圍絕經(jīng)期新發(fā)抑郁(根據(jù)SCID-IV定義)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是絕經(jīng)前的2倍(校正OR=1.8)。而B(niǎo)romberger等[15-16]的兩項(xiàng)報(bào)告證實(shí),在絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡晚期和絕經(jīng)后早期,首發(fā)或復(fù)發(fā)的重度和輕微抑郁發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。Freeman等[17]在一項(xiàng)研究中報(bào)道,進(jìn)入圍絕經(jīng)期后,既往無(wú)抑郁癥病史的女性患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2~4倍,而有抑郁癥病史的女性患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加5倍。

1.3 性激素水平與PDD發(fā)生的關(guān)系

一項(xiàng)關(guān)于卵巢老化的研究對(duì)抑郁病史、種族、年齡方面的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行校正后得出,抑郁癥狀與絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期雌二醇總體水平升高明顯相關(guān)(OR=1.27,95%CI:1.00~1.60)[18]。隨后一項(xiàng)對(duì)無(wú)抑郁病史女性的長(zhǎng)期研究指出,F(xiàn)SH水平、抑制素β的下降水平、黃體生成素(LH)的下降水平、雌二醇波動(dòng)幅度、女性自身的FSH和LH平均水平均與抑郁情緒發(fā)生關(guān)系密切[19]。其中符合抑郁癥臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的女性中,F(xiàn)SH和LH升高水平、抑制素β下降水平、雌二醇和FSH的波動(dòng)幅度與PDD發(fā)生高度相關(guān)(雌二醇可變性:OR=2.45,95%CI:1.54~3.89)。

西雅圖中年婦女健康研究(SMWHS)發(fā)現(xiàn),尿中雌酮、FSH、睪酮和皮質(zhì)醇與抑郁情緒無(wú)明顯關(guān)聯(lián)[20-21]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)社區(qū)45~54歲女性的橫斷研究報(bào)道,25%女性有過(guò)抑郁情緒(流調(diào)用抑郁自評(píng)量表評(píng)分≥16分),但是抑郁情緒與雌二醇或雄激素?zé)o明顯相關(guān)性[22]。測(cè)量的頻率和時(shí)間的不同,敏感性和統(tǒng)計(jì)模型的不同,導(dǎo)致絕經(jīng)期抑郁與雌激素關(guān)系的研究數(shù)據(jù)有限和結(jié)果差異。

關(guān)于睪酮水平與絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡期抑郁癥狀的關(guān)聯(lián)同樣富有爭(zhēng)議。早期美國(guó)婦女健康研究(SMAN)表明,絕經(jīng)前期或絕經(jīng)過(guò)渡早期女性中,睪酮水平與重度抑郁癥狀呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)[23]。但是隨訪(fǎng)8年之后,結(jié)果發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn),睪酮水平與抑郁癥狀有關(guān)[24]。來(lái)自于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化多民族研究(MeSA)的證據(jù)進(jìn)一步提示,絕經(jīng)后10年內(nèi)的女性中,游離睪酮水平與重度抑郁癥狀呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān)[25]。

盡管激素與PDD之間的關(guān)系不甚明了,但積累的數(shù)據(jù)表明,與女性抑郁易感性密切相關(guān)的是激素水平的波動(dòng),而非激素絕對(duì)水平,且激素波動(dòng)可能是一些女性發(fā)生PDD的觸發(fā)點(diǎn)[26]。

1.4 PDD診斷

PDD是以情緒低落、焦慮不安、思維遲鈍、興趣減退為主要特點(diǎn),并伴有自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂和內(nèi)分泌功能障礙,尤其是性腺功能減退或衰老,但無(wú)智力障礙的一種心理疾病[27]。同其他疾病一樣,主要依靠病史、臨床表現(xiàn)及相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查進(jìn)行診斷。臨床表現(xiàn)往往并沒(méi)有特異性,如對(duì)前途感到悲觀(guān)、控制不住的哭泣、注意力不集中、易激惹、社交能力減退、性功能減退、失眠、乏力、甚至自殺傾向等。同時(shí)病情嚴(yán)重程度不一,輕者呈一過(guò)性抑郁,嚴(yán)重者可表現(xiàn)為重度抑郁。大部分人伴有自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂,如潮熱、盜汗、心悸等。需要注意的是,圍絕經(jīng)期婦女有盜汗、潮熱、心悸等癥狀,并伴有情緒低落,需首先除外軀體疾患。診斷主要依據(jù)《中國(guó)精神疾病分類(lèi)方案與診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》第3版、《美國(guó)精神障礙的診斷統(tǒng)計(jì)》第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)以及《國(guó)際精神疾病分類(lèi)》第10版(ICD-10)。臨床上要重點(diǎn)與圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁相關(guān)癥狀相鑒別。圍絕經(jīng)期抑郁相關(guān)癥狀一般病程短、癥狀輕,與遺傳無(wú)相關(guān)性,多由負(fù)性生活事件或軀體不適引發(fā),屬心理干預(yù)范疇;而PDD起病隱匿、病程長(zhǎng)、癥狀較重,與遺傳有一定關(guān)系,屬于情感性精神疾患,心理干預(yù)無(wú)效者,必須服用藥物,屬臨床治療范圍[28]。

2 HRT在PDD中的應(yīng)用

Young等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)無(wú)精神病癥狀重癥抑郁患者采取避孕措施時(shí),雌孕激素聯(lián)合應(yīng)用組抑郁癥狀明顯輕于非激素組。而Romano-Torres等[30]對(duì)中年卵巢切除(人類(lèi)絕經(jīng)期的動(dòng)物模型)慢性抑郁模型大鼠行抗抑郁治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素具有抗抑郁的作用,如Freeman等[19]研究中提到的圍絕經(jīng)期女性雌激素水平波動(dòng)較大,是抑郁癥高發(fā)期,因此,針對(duì)PDD應(yīng)用HRT,尤其是雌激素替代療法,似乎可行。

2.1 HRT在圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)期的臨床研究

Hadine等[31]為明確睡眠障礙與PDD發(fā)病的關(guān)系,進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)雙盲隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。選取40~60歲的圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)女性,患有符合DSM-IV標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輕到中度單向抑郁的同時(shí),滿(mǎn)足失眠綜合征診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共計(jì)72例。隨機(jī)分為三組,分別應(yīng)用經(jīng)皮17-β雌二醇(0.05 mg/d)、安眠藥唑吡坦(10 mg/d)和安慰劑8周。結(jié)果顯示三組抑郁癥狀改善情況沒(méi)有明顯差異。但亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),三組圍絕經(jīng)期女性中,雌二醇濃度升高預(yù)示著抑郁癥狀改善,而絕經(jīng)女性中則沒(méi)有這種現(xiàn)象。這提示雌二醇水平提高對(duì)圍絕經(jīng)期女性情緒的特異性作用。

一項(xiàng)關(guān)于激素和維生素D對(duì)老年性骨質(zhì)疏松作用的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[32]將489名絕經(jīng)老年女性(65~77歲)隨機(jī)分組后,分別應(yīng)用以下藥物治療36周:?jiǎn)为?dú)孕馬結(jié)合雌激素(0.625 mg/d)、雌激素聯(lián)合骨化三醇、單獨(dú)骨化三醇或安慰劑。其中保留子宮女性(試驗(yàn)對(duì)象的59%)同時(shí)接受醋酸甲羥孕酮(2.5 mg/d),以保護(hù)子宮。HRT并未表現(xiàn)出對(duì)抑郁癥狀的臨床改善作用。 同樣在抑郁癥序貫治療研究(STAR*D)[33]中,選取符合DSM-IV標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的896名圍絕經(jīng)前和544名絕經(jīng)女性,應(yīng)用12~14周西酞普蘭,其中1/4的女性應(yīng)用外源性激素(絕經(jīng)前口服避孕藥,絕經(jīng)后激素替代治療)。比較激素組與無(wú)激素組西酞普蘭作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)前和絕經(jīng)女性有所差異,在絕經(jīng)前女性中,西酞普蘭在口服避孕藥的激素組表現(xiàn)出更明顯的抗抑郁作用,而在絕經(jīng)后兩組無(wú)明顯差異。

以上兩項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果表明,雌二醇在圍絕經(jīng)期可能具有抗抑郁效應(yīng),而絕經(jīng)期則沒(méi)有。該結(jié)果在Rubinow等[34]關(guān)于HRT的綜合分析中也得到證實(shí)。

2.2 HRT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

婦女健康倡導(dǎo)(WHI)指出,雌二醇替代療法可增加非致命性心血管事件[35]及乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[36],但是后來(lái)更多研究指出,由于受試者年齡偏大(50~79歲,平均63歲)、絕經(jīng)年限長(zhǎng)(平均12年),可能處于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展迅速期,因此可能導(dǎo)致早前結(jié)果偏差。Rosano等[37]研究表明,雌激素增加心腦血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不僅與激素劑量、種類(lèi)和合用孕激素有關(guān),還與年齡、應(yīng)用時(shí)間有關(guān),對(duì)年齡<60歲、無(wú)心腦血管疾病史的女性,運(yùn)用HRT不會(huì)引起早期心腦血管損害。Clarkson等[38]所做的綜合分析結(jié)果顯示,在圍絕經(jīng)期或絕經(jīng)早期,HRT不會(huì)對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)造成損害,反而延減緩動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展,進(jìn)而降低絕經(jīng)后心血管疾病負(fù)擔(dān)。2011年國(guó)際絕經(jīng)協(xié)會(huì)指南指出,年齡<60歲的健康女性無(wú)需過(guò)度擔(dān)心HRT的安全問(wèn)題,如有明確指征,于絕經(jīng)的前幾年內(nèi)開(kāi)始短期使用HRT,其潛在益處很大,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很小[39]。

2.3 HRT應(yīng)用中激素劑型、種類(lèi)

相較于口服雌二醇,經(jīng)皮吸收雌二醇首先進(jìn)入體循環(huán),進(jìn)入肝臟的比例極小,避免了肝臟首過(guò)效應(yīng);經(jīng)皮膚吸收直接進(jìn)入體循環(huán),基本不被破壞,生物利用度高,因而患者總攝入藥量降低;不存在促血栓、促炎癥作用[40]。口服17-β雌二醇與孕馬結(jié)合雌激素比較,對(duì)心血管顯得更有益處[41]。而孕激素方面,甲羥孕酮特別對(duì)抗雌二醇的心血管益處,因此微?;型≒4)是更安全的替代品[42]。那么經(jīng)皮雌二醇聯(lián)合P4可能是最安全的HRT方案。

2.4 HRT方案

為減少HRT相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),主張以可能最小的雌二醇劑量來(lái)達(dá)到理想效果。同時(shí)療程也是值得深思的問(wèn)題。單純雌激素治療,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間應(yīng)用(11年)仍有獲益,而雌二醇、P4聯(lián)合方案應(yīng)該限制在3~5年,以避免增加乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[43]。最近一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為預(yù)防抑郁癥狀加重,撤減激素應(yīng)逐漸緩慢進(jìn)行[44]。且用藥期間需婦科醫(yī)師監(jiān)測(cè)HRT對(duì)其他系統(tǒng)的影響,及時(shí)調(diào)整。

3 結(jié)論與展望

目前研究證據(jù)表明,HRT可用于圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)早期抑郁癥女性,而不適宜于絕經(jīng)女性。由于經(jīng)皮吸收雌二醇生物利用度高,相對(duì)副作用小,目前更傾向于選擇。雖然PDD的發(fā)生機(jī)制不甚明確,但圍絕經(jīng)期女性雌激素水平的大幅波動(dòng)可能扮演著重要角色。基于上述假設(shè),建議在實(shí)施HRT前考慮以下幾個(gè)方面:①是否處于圍絕經(jīng)期,現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明HRT可能對(duì)絕經(jīng)期女性抑郁無(wú)效。②是否抑郁,主要依靠病史、臨床表現(xiàn)及相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查進(jìn)行診斷,可參照《中國(guó)精神疾病分類(lèi)方案與診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》第3版、《美國(guó)精神障礙的診斷統(tǒng)計(jì)》第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)以及《國(guó)際精神疾病分類(lèi)》第10版(ICD-10)。③抑郁發(fā)生時(shí)間,如與月經(jīng)紊亂發(fā)生一致,HRT可能更有效。④既往病史,HRT可增加心腦血管疾病及乳腺癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

目前HRT療效還需要大型的臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。如果患者合并嚴(yán)重盜汗、潮熱等癥狀,HRT可能只是治療的一部分。若抑郁癥狀持續(xù)不緩解,可能需要傳統(tǒng)的抗抑郁治療。

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(收稿日期:2015-11-20 本文編輯:任 念)

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