楊驍 彭昊 周建林 等
[摘要] 目的 探討激活或阻斷Gal-9/Tim-3信號通路對小鼠膠原誘導性關節(jié)炎的影響及其機制。 方法 6~8周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠30只,建立Ⅱ型膠原誘導性關節(jié)炎模型,造模后第7天加強免疫。于加強免疫前1 d隨機分為激活組、阻斷組、對照組,每組10只,分別經尾靜脈輸注半乳糖凝集素-9(Gal-9)、阻斷劑Tim-3單抗、PBS。造模后28 d觀察三組小鼠踝關節(jié)變形程度,記錄關節(jié)炎指數(shù),ELISA法檢測血清抗炎因子白介素-10(IL-10)、轉化生長因子β(TGF-β)水平,RT-PCR檢測踝關節(jié)滑膜組織輔助性T細胞(Th17)、調節(jié)性T細胞(Treg)標志性蛋白ROR-γt、FoxP3表達量。 結果 加強免疫后,三組小鼠出現(xiàn)不同程度關節(jié)變形,造模后第28天關節(jié)炎指數(shù):激活組為(7.12±1.53)分、阻斷組為(13.82±2.12)分、對照組為(10.88±1.84)分,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01);血清IL-10、TGF-β水平:激活組[(12.88±2.23)、(27.61±4.52)ng/L]明顯高于對照組[(7.49±1.70)、(21.33±2.07)ng/L](P < 0.01),阻斷組[(4.26±1.79)、(12.35±2.42)ng/L]明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01);RT-PCR結果顯示:ROR-γt mRNA在滑膜組織的表達情況激活組明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01),阻斷組明顯高于對照組(P < 0.01);FoxP3 mRNA表達情況激活組明顯高于對照組(P < 0.01),阻斷組明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01)。 結論 激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路可緩解小鼠膠原誘導性關節(jié)炎,阻斷該通路則加重炎性反應,作用機制可能與該通路抑制Th17,活化Treg有關。
[關鍵詞] 類風濕性關節(jié)炎;膠原誘導性關節(jié)炎;輔助性T細胞;調節(jié)性T細胞;信號通路
[中圖分類號] R332 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)02(a)-0004-04
Effects of regulation of Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway on murine collagen-induced arthritis
YANG Xiao PENG Hao ZHOU Jianlin FANG Hongsong CHEN Sen
Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the alleviatory effects of Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway on murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Thirty SPF female BALB/c mice (age 6-8 weeks) were used in the study. Mice model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was established by subdermal injections of collagen Ⅱ, on the 7th day, strengthened immunity. The day before strengthened immunity, mice were randomly divided into three groups: activation group, control group and blockage group, with 10 mice in each group, transfusion through caudal vein was performed with Gal-9, Tim-3 mAb and PBS respectively, 28 days after first immunization, the severity of CIA was evaluated with regards to arthritic index (AI), sera levels of IL-10, TGF-β by ELISA, expressions of biomarkers of T helper 17 cells (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) by RT-PCR. Results After second immunization, the ankle joints of CIA mice began to deform with mild to severe arthritis. On the 28th day after first immunization, the AI of activation group was (7.12±1.53) scores, control group was (10.88±1.84) scores, and AI of blockage group was (13.82±2.12) scores, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Compared with control group, the sera concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β of activation group were significantly higher (P < 0.01) while those of blockage group were significantly lower (P < 0.01). The results of RT-PCR showed: the expression of ROR-γt in synovial tissue of activation group was lower than that of control group (P < 0.01), and ROR-γt expression of blockage group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.01); the expression of FoxP3 in synovial tissue of activation group was higher than control group (P < 0.01), and FoxP3 of blockage group was lower than control group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Murine CIA may be markedly ameliorated by acticvation of the Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway and exacerbated by blockage of it, possibly through the tunnel of inhibiting Th17, stimulating Treg and up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to autoimmune tolerance.
[Key words] Rheumatoid arthritis; Collagen-induced arthritis; T helper cell; Regulatory T cell; Immune tolerance
類風濕性關節(jié)炎(rhematoid arthritis,RA)是一種常見的自身免疫病,以滑膜、軟骨和軟骨下骨進行性破壞為特征,導致關節(jié)變形,致殘率極高[1]。RA發(fā)病機制尚未完全明確,但國內外研究證實,滑膜組織炎性滲出和免疫細胞募集是核心環(huán)節(jié)[2]。在RA異常免疫過程中,輔助性T細胞17(T helper 17 cell,Th17)和調節(jié)性T細胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)比例失衡,被認為是RA發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因素[3]。T細胞免疫球蛋白及黏蛋白域分子-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3,Tim3)表達于免疫細胞表面,調控細胞增殖、分化和凋亡,半乳糖凝集素-9(galectin-9,Gal-9)是其天然配體[4]。在克羅恩病[5]、多發(fā)性硬化[6]、自身免疫性肝炎[7]、1型糖尿病[8]等自身免疫病的動物模型中,激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路可誘導免疫耐受,作用機制可能與Tim-3誘導Th17凋亡,刺激Treg增殖,重建Th17/Treg平衡有關[5-9];但該通路在RA病變中的作用,尚缺少隨機對照試驗證實。本實驗建立小鼠Ⅱ型膠原誘導性關節(jié)炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)模型,模擬人類RA并給予Gal-9/Tim-3通路激活劑和阻斷劑分別干預,驗證該通路對CIA的作用及可能機制,為尋找治療RA的新靶點提供一定理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物
6~8周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠30只,SPF級,購于武漢大學動物實驗中心(合格證號:No.42000500006615),飼養(yǎng)于武漢大學人民醫(yī)院動物房。
1.2 主要試劑及儀器
雞Ⅱ型膠原(CⅡ)、完全弗氏佐劑(CFA)、冰醋酸購于Sigma公司,重組小鼠Gal-9和抗小鼠Tim-3單抗(Tim-3 mAb)購于PeproTech公司,白介素(IL)-10和轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法試劑盒購于R&D公司,PCR儀購于北京東勝公司。
1.3 小鼠CIA造模及分組
將雞Ⅱ型膠原(CII)加入0.1 mol/L冰醋酸,冰浴中攪拌溶解,配成2 mg/mL溶液,4℃冰箱過夜后,將CⅡ溶液與完全福氏佐劑(CFA)按1∶1等體積混合制成乳化劑;取CⅡ乳化劑50 μL,于小鼠背部及尾根部多點皮下注射,1周后按上述方法、相同劑量加強免疫1次;初次免疫后第6天,即加強免疫的前1天,按照尾靜脈輸注不同藥物進行分組:①激活組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注含Gal-9(5 μg/mL)的PBS 100 μL;②阻斷組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注含Tim-3 mAb(10 μg/mL)的PBS 100 μL;③對照組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注PBS 100 μL。
1.4 關節(jié)炎指數(shù)(arthritic index,AI)
采用0~4級評分法[10],0分:無紅腫;1分:趾關節(jié)輕度腫脹;2分:趾關節(jié)及足跖腫脹;3分:踝關節(jié)以下足爪腫脹;4分:包括踝關節(jié)在內全部足爪腫脹。AI為4只足爪的累計評分,數(shù)值越高,代表關節(jié)炎越嚴重,初次免疫后每周記錄1次,共記錄4次。
1.5 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法測抗炎因子
初次免疫后第28天對每只小鼠眼眶取血0.8~1.0 mL,全血37℃恒溫箱靜置1 h,放入離心管,2000 r/min離心15 min,吸取上清,按照ELISA試劑盒說明測IL-10和TGF-β濃度。
1.6 PCR測Th17和Treg標志性蛋白ROR-γt、Fox P3
1.6.1 引物 由PubMed基因庫獲取全基因序列,由北京擎科新業(yè)公司設計并合成。ROR-γt mRNA上游引物:5'-CATTCAGTATGTGGTGGAGTTTGC -3',下游引物:5'-GACTA GGACGACTTCCATTGCTC -3',擴增片段為109 bp;FoxP3 mRNA上游引物:5'-GTACACCC AGGAAAGACAGCAAC-3',下游引物:5'-CTCGAAGACCTTCTCACAACCA-3',擴增片段為104 bp;以持家基因β-actin為內參,上游引物:5'-CACGATGGAGGGGCCGGACTCATC-3',下游引物:5'-TAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACACAGT-3',擴增片段為240 bp。
1.6.2 RT-PCR 造模后第28天頸椎脫臼法處死小鼠,取左前足踝關節(jié)滑膜,Trizol法提取組織總RNA,以GeneCopoeia公司逆轉錄試劑盒合成cDNA;PCR擴增后取5 μL產物加入1 μL DNA上樣緩沖液,2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測樣品,每份樣品行3次重復檢測,Quantity One 4.62圖像分析軟件行光密度值測定,ROR-γt和FoxP3的表達量以目的片段與內參β-actin的相對比值表示。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 19.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 AI情況
三組小鼠初次免疫后,四只足爪均出現(xiàn)輕度腫脹,局限于趾間關節(jié),藥物干預及加強免疫后,激活組腫脹加重不明顯,阻斷組關節(jié)腫脹最嚴重,出現(xiàn)強直畸形,對照組介于二者之間。初次免疫后第28天,即加強免疫后第21天,激活組、阻斷組、對照組AI值分別為(7.12±1.53)、(13.82±2.12)、(10.88±1.84)分,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖1。
與對照組比較,**P < 0.01
圖1 加強免疫后三組小鼠的關節(jié)炎指數(shù)
2.2 抗炎因子情況
ELISA檢測小鼠血清IL-10和TGF-β濃度,激活組IL-10、TGF-β分別為(12.88±2.23)、(27.61±4.52)ng/L,阻斷組為(4.26±1.79)、(12.35±2.42)ng/L,對照組為(7.49±1.70)、(21.33±2.07)ng/L,激活組濃度均明顯高于對照組,阻斷組均明顯低于對照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖2。
與對照組比較,**P < 0.01;IL-10:白介素-10;TGF-β:轉化生長因子-β
圖2 三組小鼠抗炎細胞因子濃度
2.3 Th17和Treg標志物情況
2.3.1 PCR RT-PCR擴增ROR-γt和FoxP3的電泳結果顯示,無引物二聚體,無非特異擴增,測序后結果與基因庫相比較,確定為所需目的基因。見圖3。
2.3.2 PCR光密度值測定 三組小鼠滑膜組織ROR-γt mRNA的相對表達量:激活組為(0.265±0.074),阻斷組為(0.972±0.143),對照組為(0.536±0.125),激活組較對照組降低(P < 0.01),阻斷組較對照組增高(P < 0.01);FoxP3 mRNA相對表達量:激活組為(1.203±0.228),阻斷組為(0.135± 0.026),對照組為(0.419±0.102),激活組較對照組增高(P < 0.01),阻斷組較對照組降低(P < 0.01)。見表1。
表1 小鼠滑膜組織ROR-γt和FoxP3相對表達量(x±s)
注:與對照組比較,**P < 0.01
3 討論
RA是以多關節(jié)受累為主要表現(xiàn)的自身免疫病,滑膜組織分泌大量細胞因子,募集免疫細胞[11];各種炎癥因子與細胞互相激活,導致RA不斷進展,遷延不愈[12]。幼稚T細胞(naive T cell,Tn)受到誘導后分化為Th1、Th2和Th17,其中Th17在介導自身免疫性炎癥的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Th17主要分泌IL-17,起到募集炎癥細胞的作用,而ROR-γt是Th17的特異性標志物,在自身免疫疾病中均發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-17和ROR-γt表達量升高,與Th17活動增強有關[12-13]。Treg由Tn分化而來,是負性免疫調節(jié)細胞,具有抗炎和抑制自身免疫功能,F(xiàn)oxP3是其特異性標志物[14]。由此可見,Th17與Treg是調控自身免疫反應的兩種關鍵細胞,Th17/Treg平衡對于維持免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)意義重大。
Tim-3為近年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的受體分子,主要表達于Th1、Th17、Treg等細胞,具有調控細胞增殖、分化及凋亡的作用[4,15]。在諸多自身免疫病的動物模型中,當Tim-3與其天然配體Gal-9結合后,激活的Gal-9/Tim-3通路可誘導免疫耐受,緩解炎性反應[5-8,15]。作為公認理想的RA動物模型,小鼠CIA成功模擬了RA的病理生理特點和免疫學微環(huán)境[16],為探討Gal-9/Tim-3通路對RA的影響提供必需條件。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),阻斷組小鼠關節(jié)病變較對照組嚴重,而激活組較對照組減輕,證明阻斷Gal-9/Tim-3通路會加重CIA炎癥,激活該通路則可有效遏制關節(jié)炎進展。有文獻報道,Gal-9/Tim-3通路使抗炎因子IL-10和TGF-β表達增加,拮抗炎癥介質作用,減輕組織病變[9,17];本實驗以ELISA法測三組小鼠血清IL-10和TGF-β濃度,證實了該結論。關于抗炎介質表達增加的途徑,很可能是活化的Tim-3分子多途徑誘導Th17凋亡,激活Treg,觸發(fā)了強大的免疫耐受效應[14,18]。本實驗中,激活組滑膜組織ROR-γt表達下降,F(xiàn)oxP3表達上升,而阻斷組ROR-γt上升,F(xiàn)oxP3下降,說明激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路確實能恢復Th17/Treg平衡,重建免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)??傊?,本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路對CIA具有緩解作用,并證實其機制很可能是通過恢復Th17/Treg平衡,上調抗炎因子表達,從而實現(xiàn)自身免疫耐受,這為人類RA的治療提供了新的靶點。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-03 本文編輯:蘇 暢)