黃曉蕓 陳海龍
乳腺癌新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的進(jìn)展及策略
黃曉蕓 陳海龍
乳腺癌是女性常見的腫瘤之一。隨著對(duì)乳腺癌早期診斷的重視及治療手段和藥物的發(fā)展,其病死率也呈下降趨勢(shì)。作為一類激素依賴性腫瘤,乳腺癌細(xì)胞有其特殊的生物特性,在乳腺癌患者中,約70%的患者表現(xiàn)為性激素受體陽性[1],這就意味著內(nèi)分泌治療在乳腺癌的治療中處于舉足輕重的地位。
乳腺癌的內(nèi)分泌治療歷史悠久,從1896年英國Beatson報(bào)道對(duì)乳腺癌患者行雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)開始,乳腺癌治療即開啟了內(nèi)分泌治療的時(shí)代。隨后,Huggins在1951年率先報(bào)道了雙側(cè)腎上腺切除用于治療晚期絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌的方法[2]。1955年Luft等[3]又報(bào)道了腦垂體切除治療晚期乳腺癌,均取得了較理想的療效。20世紀(jì)60年代以后,內(nèi)分泌藥物開始應(yīng)用于乳腺癌的治療。1983年,NATO試驗(yàn)首次證實(shí)他莫昔芬用于術(shù)后輔助治療乳腺癌可以降低復(fù)發(fā)率[4],同時(shí),其類似物托瑞米芬和雷洛昔芬也被用于乳腺癌的輔助治療。芳香化酶抑制劑于20世紀(jì)70年代被應(yīng)用于臨床,但由于第一代和第二代芳香化酶抑制劑不良反應(yīng)較大,逐漸被臨床摒棄。20世紀(jì)90年代,第三代芳香化酶抑制劑問世,隨后多個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)均證實(shí)其對(duì)絕經(jīng)后激素受體陽性乳腺癌具有一定療效[5-7]。另外促性腺激素釋放激素激動(dòng)劑(GnRHa)、氟維司群等也在乳腺癌的內(nèi)分泌治療中扮演了重要的角色。
將內(nèi)分泌治療作為新輔助治療的手段開始較晚。20世紀(jì)70年代,曾有學(xué)者將他莫昔芬用于局部晚期、不適宜化療及手術(shù)的老年乳腺癌患者,取得了較好的效果[8-9]。1982年,Preece等[10]首先報(bào)道將他莫昔芬用于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,其中73.1%(49/67)的患者獲得緩解。而芳香化酶抑制劑作為重要的內(nèi)分泌治療藥物,也有一系列臨床試驗(yàn)[8-9]證實(shí)了其新輔助治療激素受體陽性乳腺癌的有效性,見表1。
表1 主要新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療藥物臨床試驗(yàn)
在上述4個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)中,3個(gè)為芳香化酶抑制劑對(duì)比他莫昔芬的試驗(yàn)。在P024試驗(yàn)中,337例絕經(jīng)后ER(+)且不適合保乳的患者隨機(jī)接受4個(gè)月來曲唑或他莫昔芬治療,結(jié)果顯示來曲唑優(yōu)于他莫昔芬。而IMPACT試驗(yàn)則比較了阿那曲唑、他莫昔芬及聯(lián)合治療組3個(gè)月的療效,結(jié)果顯示3組ORR比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但阿那曲唑組的BCR更高(46%vs 22%,P=0.03)。同樣PROACT試驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn)阿那曲唑與他莫昔芬在ORR上差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但阿那曲唑的BCR更有優(yōu)勢(shì)(43.0%vs 30.8%,P=0.04)。ACOSOG Z1031試驗(yàn)則比較了阿那曲唑、來曲唑和依西美坦3種芳香化酶抑制劑的療效,結(jié)果顯示3者CRR分別為69%、75%和63%,3者在腫瘤降期及增值指數(shù)Ki-67抑制上差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
除此之外,當(dāng)前也有一系列研究將靶向藥物與內(nèi)分泌治療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于患者,旨在克服內(nèi)分泌耐藥,加強(qiáng)內(nèi)分泌治療療效,如吉非替尼[15-16]、拉帕替尼[17-18],且取得了預(yù)期的療效。除此之外,仍有包括PI3K抑制劑、CDK4/6抑制劑等在內(nèi)的新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合靶向治療仍在進(jìn)行中。
關(guān)于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的療效評(píng)價(jià),尚沒有肯定的標(biāo)志物來判斷。ER、人類表皮生長因子受體-2(HER-2)、CRR、BCR、術(shù)前內(nèi)分泌治療指數(shù)(PEPI)、病理完全緩解(pCR)率以及Ki-67等均有被報(bào)道用來作為評(píng)價(jià)療效的指標(biāo)。其中,CRR和BCR是最常被用來評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)。而內(nèi)分泌治療的pCR率一般較低,較少用來評(píng)價(jià)療效。而Ki-67作為一個(gè)重要的增殖指數(shù),不僅可以反映激素受體陽性乳腺癌新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療前后腫瘤增殖變化,還可以反映預(yù)后。在IMPACT試驗(yàn)中,新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療開始2周后,測(cè)定腫瘤組織的Ki-67表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,治療2周后,Ki-67水平的變化程度相對(duì)治療前Ki-67水平能更好的反應(yīng)無復(fù)發(fā)生存,而治療前Ki-67水平與預(yù)后無關(guān)。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),阿那曲唑組2周和12周后的Ki-67抑制均強(qiáng)于他莫昔芬組,而他莫昔芬組和聯(lián)合治療組則相當(dāng),這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與ATAC結(jié)果相似[19-20]。但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki-67水平的變化與CRR存在相關(guān)性。而P024試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也提示,新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療前Ki-67水平與復(fù)發(fā)率無關(guān),但治療后Ki-67水平與乳腺癌特異死亡具有明顯相關(guān)性。在2009年圣安東尼奧會(huì)議上,Ellis等[21]報(bào)道了POLⅡ期臨床試驗(yàn),患者接受來曲唑新輔助治療,在第4周時(shí)通過活檢進(jìn)行Ki-67水平的檢測(cè),Ki-67≤10%的患者存活率明顯好于Ki-67>10%的患者(P=0.003),以此來預(yù)估患者的內(nèi)分泌治療療效及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而在ACOSOG Z1031試驗(yàn)中,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)3者Ki-67抑制存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[14],而3者的臨床有效率也相當(dāng)。
另外,Ellis等[21]提出PEPI指數(shù)也可用來預(yù)測(cè)患者對(duì)內(nèi)分泌治療的敏感性,這一指數(shù)主要是基于患者腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)、ER Allred評(píng)分以及Ki-67水平等獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。PEPI分值越高,復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則越高,而PEPI 0分,提示預(yù)后好,最易從內(nèi)分泌治療中獲益,但對(duì)化療不敏感。PEPI評(píng)分的價(jià)值隨后在IMPACT試驗(yàn)中得到了驗(yàn)證,腫瘤分期為T1N0且PEPI評(píng)分0分的患者可能不需化療[22]。目前已有多個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)采用了這個(gè)評(píng)分體系。
除此之外,尚有21基因評(píng)分、PAM50等被報(bào)道用來作為新輔助治療后的預(yù)測(cè)工具,且取得了理想的結(jié)果。
新輔助化療已是一種十分成熟的乳腺癌治療手段,而對(duì)于乳腺癌新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療及新輔助化療的對(duì)比研究較少。Thomas等[23]曾在2007年對(duì)103例原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)新輔助來曲唑組和新輔助化療組的CRR相當(dāng)(88.7%vs 85.0%,P=0.757)。Semiglazov等[24]比較了3個(gè)月的阿那曲唑或依西美坦新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療與4個(gè)周期阿霉素+紫杉醇新輔助化療療效,結(jié)果顯示兩組臨床有效率沒有差別(65%vs 64%),但新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療組的BCR較新輔助化療組明顯提高(33%vs 24%)。Alba等[25]將95例ER(+)、PR(+)及HER-2(-)乳腺癌患者隨機(jī)分為新輔助化療組(4個(gè)周期表阿霉素+環(huán)磷酰胺序貫4個(gè)周期多西他賽)及24周依西美坦新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療組(絕經(jīng)前患者聯(lián)合戈舍瑞林),以MRI作為評(píng)價(jià)方式。結(jié)果顯示新輔助化療與新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療有效率分別為66%與48%(P= 0.075),其中在Ki-67>10%患者中新輔助化療臨床有效率似乎更優(yōu)于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(67%vs 42%,P=0.075),而在Ki-67≤10%患者中兩者更相近(63%vs 58%,P=0.74),意味著低增殖指數(shù)的患者可能從新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療中有更多獲益。在2008年開始的一項(xiàng)研究中,入組了44例絕經(jīng)后ER(+)(Allred評(píng)分≥6分或者H評(píng)分≥100分)原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者,分別給予來曲唑治療18~23周,或者6個(gè)周期化療,影像學(xué)客觀反應(yīng)率相似(59.1%vs 54.5%),兩組均未有達(dá)到pCR者[26]。Charehbili等[27]的綜述也表明,新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療與新輔助化療的臨床有效率相似(48%~ 89%vs 64%~85%)。
既往研究提示乳腺癌新輔助化療的pCR率可接近20%[28]。一項(xiàng)包含3 332例患者的薈萃分析顯示,接受新輔助化療后,激素受體陽性與激素受體陰性患者的pCR率分別為13%和36%[29],但新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療與新輔助化療的機(jī)制不同,只針對(duì)激素受體陽性患者,而新輔助化療對(duì)于Luminal型患者的療效則相對(duì)較低,故較難設(shè)計(jì)直接比較兩者的試驗(yàn)。
對(duì)于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療患者的選擇,以前多選擇年長激素受體陽性但體弱不適宜手術(shù)及化療患者,但近年來的臨床試驗(yàn)將患者的選擇范圍擴(kuò)大,而不局限于體弱患者。但對(duì)于絕經(jīng)前患者的研究仍很有限,因?yàn)榻^經(jīng)前患者往往更優(yōu)先選擇新輔助化療作為新輔助治療方式。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)對(duì)絕經(jīng)前患者進(jìn)行了研究,將204例絕經(jīng)前激素受體陽性患者隨機(jī)分為戈舍瑞林+阿那曲唑或戈舍瑞林+他莫昔芬組,持續(xù)24周,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),戈舍瑞林+阿那曲唑組有效率優(yōu)于戈舍瑞林+他莫昔芬組(70.4%vs 50.5%,P=0.004)[30]。而關(guān)于絕經(jīng)前HR(+)乳腺癌患者中新輔助化療是否優(yōu)于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的研究(NCT01622361),目前結(jié)果仍未見報(bào)道。
因入組的多是絕經(jīng)后患者,臨床試驗(yàn)中多選擇芳香化酶抑制劑作為新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的藥物,或是將芳香化酶抑制劑與經(jīng)典內(nèi)分泌治療藥物他莫昔芬作對(duì)比(表1)。結(jié)果顯示,芳香化酶抑制劑略優(yōu)于他莫昔芬。
至于新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的持續(xù)時(shí)間,當(dāng)前并無一致的觀點(diǎn)。在臨床試驗(yàn)中,多是連續(xù)使用3~4個(gè)月,但現(xiàn)在也有許多研究提出了新的觀點(diǎn)。Krainick-Strobel等[31]對(duì)33例不適宜保乳的Ⅱb/Ⅲ期患者使用4~8個(gè)月的來曲唑治療,結(jié)果顯示,4個(gè)月時(shí),腫瘤中位縮小62.5%,而延長治療時(shí)間后,腫瘤中位縮小70.0%,總保乳率達(dá)76.0%,提示延長治療時(shí)間可以使部分患者獲益,但仍無明確的最佳時(shí)間。Fontein等[32]也報(bào)道>3個(gè)月的依西美坦術(shù)前治療有效率高于3個(gè)月治療(68.3%vs 58.7%),且BCR提升了約10%(70.6%vs 61.8%,P= 0.012),但也有部分患者在依西美坦治療過程中腫瘤出現(xiàn)進(jìn)展。在另一項(xiàng)前瞻性試驗(yàn)中,182例局部晚期乳腺癌患者給予來曲唑新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,其中63例患者治療超過3個(gè)月,在3個(gè)月時(shí),69.8%的患者得到部分或完全緩解,而在延長治療后,緩解比例達(dá)到83.5%,同時(shí)BCR也得到提高(72%vs 60%)[33]。Allevi等[34]比較了12、8、4個(gè)月的新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療后認(rèn)為,12個(gè)月應(yīng)是最理想的治療持續(xù)時(shí)間。Llombart-Cussac等[35]研究則認(rèn)為4~6個(gè)月是最佳的治療時(shí)間長度。Carpenter等[36]支持的時(shí)間長度則為7.5個(gè)月。
在2015的圣加侖(st Gallen)會(huì)議上,特別對(duì)于此問題進(jìn)行投票,結(jié)果專家組仍未得出一致的結(jié)論。目前認(rèn)為,新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療持續(xù)4~8個(gè)月或者持續(xù)到最大緩解時(shí)間均可[37]。
目前普遍認(rèn)可的新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療人群是絕經(jīng)后的激素受體陽性局部晚期非轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者,絕經(jīng)前新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療的證據(jù)尚不充分。根據(jù)當(dāng)前研究、各臨床指南及共識(shí)均支持對(duì)適當(dāng)?shù)幕颊哌M(jìn)行新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,2015年st Gallen會(huì)議專家組認(rèn)為,相比新輔助化療,絕經(jīng)后Luminal A樣患者更適宜行新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,治療持續(xù)時(shí)間建議為4~8個(gè)月或達(dá)到最大緩解[37]。美國國立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)指南也認(rèn)為絕經(jīng)后激素受體陽性局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以使用芳香化酶抑制劑或他莫昔芬術(shù)前治療(絕經(jīng)前患者聯(lián)用卵巢抑制劑)。2015歐洲臨床腫瘤協(xié)會(huì)指南也支持對(duì)絕經(jīng)后的ER(+)患者采用新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療,但對(duì)絕經(jīng)前患者則不推薦[38]。
新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療作為一種新的新輔助治療手段尚未廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床,當(dāng)前一些臨床研究已證明新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療在絕經(jīng)后激素受體陽性乳腺癌患者的療效與新輔助化療相當(dāng)甚至更佳,新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療結(jié)合靶向治療相對(duì)單純新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療也顯示出一定的優(yōu)勢(shì),加上新輔助內(nèi)分泌治療本身就有患者不良反應(yīng)少及耐受性好的特點(diǎn),將會(huì)使更多適合的患者獲益。
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2016-02-14)
(本文編輯:陳麗)
322000 義烏市婦幼保健院乳腺外科(黃曉蕓);浙江省人民醫(yī)院甲乳外科(陳海龍)
陳海龍,E-mail:enhail@126.com