楊曉麗,鄔明輝,焦曉靜,韓秋霞,朱晗玉
·診治反思·
熱射病并彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血、多系統(tǒng)器官功能衰竭致死亡報告
楊曉麗,鄔明輝,焦曉靜,韓秋霞,朱晗玉
目的 探討熱射病臨床及診療特點,提高對其認(rèn)識。方法 對熱射病合并彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血(DIC)、多系統(tǒng)器官功能衰竭(MSOF)致死亡1例的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。 結(jié)果 患者因意識障礙、間斷發(fā)熱16 d就診我院。曾于外院診斷為熱射病,因患者病情持續(xù)加重,為求進(jìn)一步診治入我院?;颊呷朐汉筇幱诔掷m(xù)昏迷狀態(tài),查體示全身皮膚和黏膜黃染、散在淤斑,雙下肺可聞及散在濕啰音,凝血功能持續(xù)惡化、肝腎功能持續(xù)下降、雙肺感染、胰腺炎、腹腔內(nèi)多臟器出血等,明確診斷為熱射病合并DIC、MSOF,給予連續(xù)性床旁血液濾過、血漿置換、輸血、抗凝及抗感染等治療,患者DIC及MSOF持續(xù)進(jìn)展,最終搶救無效死亡。 結(jié)論 熱射病是致命性疾病,常合并DIC及MSOF等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,病情發(fā)展迅速,病死率高。
熱射病;彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血;多器官功能衰竭
在中暑所致功能紊亂中,熱射病是最嚴(yán)重的類型[1]。熱射病的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不完全清楚,現(xiàn)臨床普遍認(rèn)為是由于熱細(xì)胞毒性、凝血紊亂和繼發(fā)腸道炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征所致[2]。本文回顧性分析解放軍總醫(yī)院收治的熱射病合并彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC)、多系統(tǒng)器官功能衰竭(multisystem organ failure, MSOF)致死亡1例的臨床資料,以提高對熱射病的認(rèn)識,現(xiàn)報告如下。
男,33歲。因意識障礙、間斷發(fā)熱16 d就診我院?;颊?7和18 d前有明確熱暴露史及飲酒史(量不詳),16 d前上午突發(fā)狂躁,后迅速進(jìn)展為意識障礙、呼吸急促狀態(tài),由家屬送至當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院,入院時患者處于深昏迷狀態(tài)。查體:體溫40.2℃。全身多處軟組織損傷。查肌酸激酶、肌紅蛋白、肌酐及D二聚體均明顯升高,血小板及血紅蛋白明顯下降(具體不詳)。痰培養(yǎng)提示醋酸鈣不動桿菌、煙曲霉菌、白色念珠菌陽性。診斷為熱射病,予氣管插管、機(jī)械通氣、補(bǔ)液、血液灌流等治療,患者病情改善不明顯,并逐漸出現(xiàn)多臟器功能不全,為求進(jìn)一步診治遂轉(zhuǎn)入我院?;颊哂薪Y(jié)核性腹膜炎、肺栓塞、腸梗阻及外傷性肝被膜下出血病史,均經(jīng)保守治療痊愈或緩解。有吸煙史,每日30支;有飲酒史,每日飲白酒150~200 ml。無高血壓病、糖尿病、心腦血管疾病及精神疾病等病史。無手術(shù)史。無特殊家族史。查體:體溫37.0℃,脈搏99/min,呼吸15/min,血壓102/60 mmHg,體重指數(shù)26.2 kg/m2。深昏迷,查體不能配合。全身皮膚、黏膜黃染,散在多處淤斑。雙下肺可聞及散在濕性啰音。頭頸部及心臟、腹部查體無異常。雙下肢多處軟組織挫裂傷,左膝關(guān)節(jié)前下方12 cm×17 cm軟組織壞死創(chuàng)面,上有竇道深達(dá)關(guān)節(jié),髕腱外露,滲出膿性分泌物,左足第一跖骨背側(cè)2 cm×5 cm軟組織壞死創(chuàng)面,深達(dá)肌腱,有膿性滲出。四肢水腫、肌張力不高,未引出病理反射。查血白細(xì)胞12.67×109/L,紅細(xì)胞2.34×1012/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.911,血小板163×109/L,血紅蛋白79 g/L,C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP) 109 mg/L,白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)379.7 pg/ml。凝血酶時間19.6 s,血漿活化部分凝血活酶時間54.9 s,血漿凝血酶原時間16.4 s,凝血酶原活動度66%,血漿D二聚體8.08 μg/ml。丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶55.4 U/L,天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶84.6 U/L,血清總蛋白56.9 g/L,血清白蛋白28.9 g/L,總膽紅素355.4 μmol/L,直接膽紅素283.7 μmol/L,肌鈣蛋白T 4.11 μg/L,尿素19.34 mmol/L,肌酐160.0 μmol/L,乳酸脫氫酶423.6 U/L,肌酸激酶1493.3 U/L,肌紅蛋白10734 μg/L,肌酸激酶同工酶1493.3 μg/L,腦利鈉肽前體2397.0 pg/ml。尿常規(guī):尿紅細(xì)胞(30~35)/HP,尿白細(xì)胞(5~10)/HP,尿蛋白定性75 mg/dl,尿糖定性50 mg/dl,尿酮體15 mg/dl,尿膽原1 mg/dl;降鈣素原(PCT)19.97 ng/ml。胸部X線檢查示雙側(cè)肺下部感染。床旁超聲檢查示右側(cè)胸腔積液、腹腔積液。入院時患者處于昏迷狀態(tài),診斷為熱射病、MSOF。給予氣管插管有創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,行連續(xù)性床旁血液濾過、血漿置換。患者體溫維持在37.0℃以內(nèi)。監(jiān)測血壓示持續(xù)偏低,最低為88/55 mmHg,給予去甲腎上腺素、鹽酸多巴胺升壓治療。監(jiān)測血紅蛋白、血小板持續(xù)下降,凝血功能持續(xù)異常,給予輸注血小板、血漿、懸浮紅細(xì)胞治療。入院后還給予醋酸卡泊芬凈及頭孢哌酮-舒巴坦鈉抗感染治療。入院第14天行腹部CT檢查示胰腺密度不均,周圍密度增高影,考慮胰腺炎;另考慮肝包膜下積液,左側(cè)腹部多發(fā)包裹性積液,內(nèi)部出血可能。入院第15天痰培養(yǎng)結(jié)果顯示絲狀真菌、產(chǎn)氣腸桿菌、鮑曼不動桿菌感染,先后給予卡泊芬凈聯(lián)合亞胺培南、萬古霉素等抗感染治療,期間監(jiān)測血白細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、CRP、IL-6等感染相關(guān)指標(biāo)仍持續(xù)升高,復(fù)查胸部CT示感染仍持續(xù)存在。入院第20天復(fù)查血白細(xì)胞2.34×109/L,紅細(xì)胞1.36×1012/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.80,血小板2×109/L,血紅蛋白 43 g/L,CRP 66.7 mg/L,IL-6>5000 pg/ml;凝血酶時間23.5 s,血漿活化部分凝血活酶時間>180 s,血漿凝血酶原時間84.0 s,凝血酶原活動度36%,血漿D二聚體1.22 μg/ml;丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶301.3 U/L,天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶802.4 U/L,血清白蛋白10.9 g/L,總膽紅素115.6 μmol/L,直接膽紅素107.4 μmol/L,肌鈣蛋白T 0.38 μg/L,尿素2.94 mmol/L,肌酐30.9 μmol/L,乳酸脫氫酶1201.7 U/L,肌酸激酶182.2 U/L,鉀5.05 mmol/L,鈉152.4 mmol/L,氯100.6 mmol/L,鈣1.74 mmol/L,無機(jī)磷1.18 mmol/L,腦利鈉肽前體3749.0 pg/ml;PCT 21.28 ng/ml。患者入院后雖然予積極全方位綜合治療,但感染性休克及MSOF持續(xù)進(jìn)展,并出現(xiàn)DIC、胰腺炎、腹腔內(nèi)多臟器出血等,入院第21天經(jīng)搶救無效臨床死亡。最終診斷為熱射病、膿毒血癥、DIC、MSOF、急性胰腺炎。
熱射病又稱重癥中暑,是人體在高溫、高濕環(huán)境下大運(yùn)動量而導(dǎo)致機(jī)體核心溫度迅速升高超過40℃,以中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙為主,伴有肝臟損害的多器官系統(tǒng)廣泛損傷的嚴(yán)重臨床綜合征[3]。該患者為青年男性,發(fā)病前有熱暴露史,發(fā)病時出現(xiàn)狂躁、意識障礙等癥狀,測體溫達(dá)40.2℃,監(jiān)測血常規(guī)、血生化、凝血功能及X線胸片等顯示患者發(fā)生MSOF及DIC等并發(fā)癥,符合熱射病診斷。
熱射病的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前臨床尚無定論,有研究認(rèn)為與全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征所致的多臟器功能障礙有關(guān),炎癥反應(yīng)可致體液及細(xì)胞免疫過度激活并產(chǎn)生大量細(xì)胞因子[4-5]。本例入院后監(jiān)測IL-6持續(xù)偏高,入院第20天血IL-6>5000 pg/ml。有研究報道血IL-6與熱射病病情密切相關(guān),IL-6水平較高可能提示病情較嚴(yán)重[4,6]。本例發(fā)病初期于院外查D二聚體明顯升高,血小板明顯下降,入院后監(jiān)測凝血功能示血漿凝血酶原時間、血漿活化部分凝血酶時間、血漿D二聚體進(jìn)行性升高,血漿纖維蛋白原進(jìn)行性降低,血小板嚴(yán)重下降,最終發(fā)生休克,提示發(fā)生DIC可能性大。有研究報道凝血功能障礙可能促進(jìn)器官損傷,可早期發(fā)生DIC,使患者病死率升高[7]。
熱射病治療的關(guān)鍵為早期、快速降溫,積極糾正DIC、MSOF、休克等并發(fā)癥,其中快速降溫是治療熱射病的首要措施,延遲降溫將明顯增加患者病死率[8]。降溫方法包括物理降溫、藥物降溫及血液濾過等。血液濾過可通過置換液置換出人體血液中的炎性介質(zhì),從而快速降低體溫。此外,血液濾過還可以清除應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生的大量代謝產(chǎn)物、清除血管內(nèi)皮損傷后產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞成分等,從而改善DIC、MSOF、休克等并發(fā)癥狀況或阻止其發(fā)生[9-12]。本例入院后給予血液濾過、血漿置換、輸血及抗感染等治療,體溫得到了較好控制,但患者入我院前有間斷發(fā)熱,體溫控制不理想,且患者DIC、MSOF持續(xù)進(jìn)展,提示病情較重,最終患者經(jīng)積極治療后無效死亡。
有研究認(rèn)為熱射病受累器官數(shù)量和損傷程度與預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[13]。本例全身皮膚黏膜黃染、總膽紅素升高、凝血酶原活動度降低、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,提示出現(xiàn)肝功能衰竭,同時患者合并有肺部感染、胰腺炎、腹腔內(nèi)多臟器出血、雙下肢軟組織挫裂傷并感染等,并出現(xiàn)DIC,受累器官數(shù)量較多。另有文獻(xiàn)報道,血小板能較準(zhǔn)確地反映熱射病患者的病情及預(yù)后,血小板越低,病情越重,預(yù)后越差[14]。本例入院后及時給予靜脈輸注血小板,監(jiān)測血常規(guī)示血小板仍持續(xù)下降,入院第20天查血小板僅為2×109/L;入院時查PCT示顯著升高,期間定期復(fù)查示持續(xù)偏高,入院第21天復(fù)查較入院第20天顯著升高。大量研究表明,PCT與感染所致的膿毒癥、膿毒性休克、MSOF等嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后具有明確相關(guān)性[15-18],與重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室患者病死率密切相關(guān)[18]。
綜上可知,本例為熱射病合并DIC、MSOF,病情發(fā)展快,預(yù)后差,最終治療無效死亡。
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Clinical Report of a Death Case Induced by Thermoplegia Combined with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Multisystem Organ Failure
YANG Xiao-li, WU Ming-hui, JIAO Xiao-jing, HAN Qiu-xia, ZHU Han-yu
(Department of Nephrology State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China)
Objective To investigate clinical characteristics and key points of diagnosis and therapy to improve understanding of thermoplegia. Methods Clinical date of a death case of thermoplegia combined with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multisystem organ failure (MSOF) was retrospectively analyzed, and related literature was reviewed. Results The patient visited our hospital for consciousness disorders and discontinuous fever for 16 d, and was diagnosed as having thermoplegia in other hospital, and was admitted in our hospital for persistent condition aggravation. After admission, the patient was in a state of continuous coma. Physical examination showed xanthochromia in all over the body skin and mucous membrane, scattered ecchymosis, heard crackles in lower part of both lungs and scattered crackles. Medical examinations showed continuous deterioration of blood clotting function, continuous decline of liver and kidney function, both lungs infection, pancreatitis, intra-abdominal multiple organ bleeding. He was confirmed as having thermoplegia combined with DIC and MSOF, and was treated with continuous bedside hemofiltration, plasma exchange, blood transfusion, anticoagulant therapy and anti-infection therapy, but the patient died of continuous development of MODS and DIC eventually. Conclusion Thermoplegia is a deadly disease, and it often combines with severe complications such as DIC and MSOF, and the condition rapidly develops with high mortality.
Thermoplegia; Disseminated intravascular coagulation; Multiple organ failure
國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2016YFC1305502);國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(61471399,61671479);中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院科技創(chuàng)新苗圃基金重點項目(15KMZ04)
100853 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院腎臟病科 腎臟疾病國家重點實驗室(2011DAV00088)
朱晗玉,E-mail:kidney301@126.com
R594.11
A
1002-3429(2017)08-0050-03
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.08.017
2017-04-10 修回時間:2017-05-11)