簡(jiǎn)立智 王天嬌 綜述 吳 瑾 審校
基質(zhì)蛋白對(duì)惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移作用的研究進(jìn)展
簡(jiǎn)立智 王天嬌 綜述 吳 瑾 審校
惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)病率較高,且嚴(yán)重影響患者的生存質(zhì)量,故明確其發(fā)生機(jī)制對(duì)惡性腫瘤的預(yù)防和治療都有重要意義。目前已證實(shí)腫瘤微環(huán)境在原發(fā)腫瘤遷移過(guò)程中起重要作用,而基質(zhì)蛋白是骨髓微環(huán)境的重要組成成分。最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基質(zhì)蛋白可通過(guò)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,進(jìn)而參與骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程。本文就基質(zhì)蛋白在惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中的調(diào)控作用加以綜述。
基質(zhì)蛋白;骨髓基質(zhì);骨轉(zhuǎn)移
惡性腫瘤發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率較高,一項(xiàng)尸檢結(jié)果顯示[1],大約70%的乳腺癌和前列腺癌患者存在骨轉(zhuǎn)移,約35%~40%的甲狀腺癌、肺癌和腎癌患者在治療過(guò)程中也有骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生。骨轉(zhuǎn)移是一個(gè)多步驟、多因素參與的極其復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,也是臨床腫瘤治療的難題,雖然其發(fā)生機(jī)制尚未完全明確,但是最新研究已證實(shí)腫瘤微環(huán)境在原發(fā)腫瘤的遷移過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)是腫瘤微環(huán)境的重要組成成分,而基質(zhì)蛋白是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的主要組成部分。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[2]基質(zhì)蛋白在促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。因此,深入了解基質(zhì)蛋白在骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,可以為臨床上惡性腫瘤的治療和預(yù)防提供新的方向。
基質(zhì)蛋白包括骨橋蛋白(OPN)、骨涎蛋白(BSP)、牙本質(zhì)基質(zhì)蛋白1(DMP1)及骨結(jié)合素(ON)四種蛋白,這些蛋白具有相對(duì)較小的序列同源性,保守性較差,在細(xì)胞黏附和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)過(guò)程中有重要作用[2]?;|(zhì)蛋白在生理狀態(tài)下對(duì)骨形成方面有重要作用[3],但是在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,基質(zhì)蛋白的異常表達(dá)對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移方面有顯著的影響[4]。
OPN是礦化骨基質(zhì)的主要組成成分,可在正常人體多個(gè)組織部位表達(dá),如上皮細(xì)胞、活化白細(xì)胞和腎小管細(xì)胞等。在骨髓微環(huán)境中,成骨前體細(xì)胞至成骨細(xì)胞的整個(gè)成骨細(xì)胞系和破骨細(xì)胞均可產(chǎn)生OPN[5]。在骨質(zhì)重塑過(guò)程中,OPN通過(guò)與骨膜表面的整合素αvβ3結(jié)合促使破骨細(xì)胞在骨髓中聚集進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)骨質(zhì)的形成與分解。
在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,OPN的高表達(dá)是患者發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的高危因素之一[6-7],并且近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肺癌患者中,OPN的多態(tài)性表達(dá)與患者的不良預(yù)后及骨轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[8]。OPN可能是通過(guò)與腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的整合素αvβ3結(jié)合刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞的歸巢和血管生成從而造成骨轉(zhuǎn)移。在乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中,OPN發(fā)揮著重要作用,一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞通過(guò)與白細(xì)胞介素11(IL-11)相互作用,可引起OPN過(guò)表達(dá)從而促使骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生。Nemoto等[9]研究結(jié)果也顯示與野生型黑色素瘤小鼠相比,OPN表達(dá)缺陷的小鼠很少發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移,且脛骨內(nèi)骨小梁增加。
OPN還可以激活破骨細(xì)胞引起骨質(zhì)破壞釋放結(jié)合生長(zhǎng)因子,并參與轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(TGF-β)、HGF和堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)之間的信息傳遞[10-11]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯骨質(zhì)破壞的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者OPN水平較高,骨髓瘤細(xì)胞可能是通過(guò)結(jié)合OPN,從而促進(jìn)疾病進(jìn)展、骨質(zhì)破壞及血管生成[12]。
在急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病患者中,白血病細(xì)胞與成骨細(xì)胞表達(dá)的OPN結(jié)合從而使其休眠并增強(qiáng)其抗藥性[13],如果降低OPN的活性可解除其休眠及耐藥特性。此外,OPN能和骨髓干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物CD44結(jié)合,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤干細(xì)胞的歸巢和骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生。
BSP主要存在于骨、牙本質(zhì)和鈣化軟骨等礦化組織中,并且是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的重要組成部分[3]。BSP可在成骨細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞及破骨細(xì)胞中表達(dá)并參與骨質(zhì)的形成與破壞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)敲除裸鼠表達(dá)BSP的相關(guān)基因可引起骨礦化不足、骨形成延遲及破骨細(xì)胞減少,并且骨小梁體積代償性增加[14]。轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠BSP的過(guò)表達(dá)可引起破骨細(xì)胞活性增加和成骨細(xì)胞減少,導(dǎo)致骨溶解增加[15]。BSP水平輕微波動(dòng)在維持骨質(zhì)形成和分解的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡中發(fā)揮著重要作用。在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、腎癌、甲狀腺癌和肺癌等惡性腫瘤的研究中證實(shí)BSP水平的升高與疾病進(jìn)展和骨轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[16-18]。
BSP不僅可預(yù)測(cè)骨轉(zhuǎn)移,而且直接參與其過(guò)程。Sharp等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在裸鼠體內(nèi)注射轉(zhuǎn)染人BSP的MDA-MB-231乳腺癌細(xì)胞株后腫瘤的侵襲能力增強(qiáng),增殖速度加快,而在裸鼠心內(nèi)分別注入轉(zhuǎn)染BSP、反義BSP cDNA的MDA-MB-231乳腺癌細(xì)胞株,結(jié)果顯示轉(zhuǎn)染BSP組發(fā)生多部位骨轉(zhuǎn)移,轉(zhuǎn)染反義BSP cDNA組發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移部位明顯較少。此外,骨髓微環(huán)境中的BSP可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)骨的親和力,通過(guò)激活黏著斑激酶(FAK)和細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)途徑,引起腫瘤細(xì)胞上的整合素αvβ3、αvβ5表達(dá)增加,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、黏附和遷移。另外,BSP還可以與骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞表達(dá)的MMP-2、αvβ3結(jié)合并形成復(fù)合物,這可能是促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和入侵的機(jī)制之一[20]。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與野生型小鼠相比,4T1的乳腺癌小鼠模型中破骨細(xì)胞BSP的過(guò)表達(dá)可引起破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,從而引起大范圍溶骨性損傷[21]。調(diào)節(jié)性miRNA抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞BSP的表達(dá)可引起乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移、增殖和骨轉(zhuǎn)移減少[22]。在接種MDA-MB-231GFP的乳腺癌細(xì)胞小鼠模型中,使用抗BSP抗體可減少溶骨性骨損傷并增加骨質(zhì)形成[23]。
DMP1主要由骨細(xì)胞和牙齒中的成齒質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,在骨和牙的礦化中有重要作用[24]。據(jù)報(bào)道,在乳腺、前列腺、結(jié)腸、肺和甲狀腺等癌癥中,DMP1表達(dá)增加[25]。在一項(xiàng)乳腺癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)低水平DMP1的乳腺癌更容易出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移,DMP1可能是通過(guò)激活整合素介導(dǎo)的黏著斑激酶通路和MAPK通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的歸巢,調(diào)節(jié)成骨細(xì)胞功能從而抑制骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生[26]。一項(xiàng)研究表明前列腺癌溶骨性轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞株較成骨性轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞株成骨細(xì)胞中DMP1的表達(dá)明顯減少[27]。此外,體外試驗(yàn)表明DMP1可抑制血管生成,因DMP1可抑制VEGF介導(dǎo)的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生成,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤模型也證實(shí)腫瘤細(xì)胞DMP1的過(guò)表達(dá)可引起血管生成減少[28]。總的來(lái)說(shuō),DMP1在乳腺癌、前列腺癌和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著抑制作用。
ON是一種酸性的富含半胱氨酸(SPAR)的鈣膠原結(jié)合蛋白,由成骨細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,其在腸黏膜、愈合傷口以及骨髓中表達(dá),特別是在成骨細(xì)胞和骨細(xì)胞周圍的細(xì)胞基質(zhì)中表達(dá)豐富,并對(duì)骨基質(zhì)形成有重要作用,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ON缺陷的裸鼠和ON表達(dá)不足的患者骨質(zhì)明顯減少[29]。在生理狀態(tài)下,ON具有抗黏附、調(diào)節(jié)生長(zhǎng)因子活性的作用,且誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞停滯于G1期,從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖;ON也可以通過(guò)與VEGF-A、血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子(PDGF)、bFGF和TGF-β的相互作用調(diào)節(jié)血管生成。多項(xiàng)研究表明ON在腫瘤進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用,惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中ON的過(guò)表達(dá)常提示腫瘤的侵襲能力較強(qiáng)和患者預(yù)后不佳。在黑色素瘤細(xì)胞中,ON的表達(dá)與E-鈣黏蛋白表達(dá)減少和N-鈣黏蛋白表達(dá)增加有關(guān),而在分化程度較低的乳腺癌和前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,ON的過(guò)表達(dá)促使上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT),從而引起多部位轉(zhuǎn)移[30]。
ON在骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中的調(diào)節(jié)作用同樣復(fù)雜。在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,ON與細(xì)胞表面αvβ3和αvβ5的相互作用促使VEGF的表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生和血管的生成[31]。Chen等[32]通過(guò)前列腺癌小鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌患者成骨細(xì)胞ON表達(dá)增加可促使前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生,這提示ON在一些腫瘤中促進(jìn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移的形成。而在乳腺癌中,ON表達(dá)水平降低時(shí)乳腺癌患者易出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移,ON的過(guò)表達(dá)可引起腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率減低[33],在動(dòng)物模型中注入ON過(guò)表達(dá)的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞株,乳腺癌的骨轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率明顯減少[34]。此外,在PC3前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移模型中,Podgorski等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)巨噬細(xì)胞可通過(guò)組織蛋白酶K促進(jìn)ON的表達(dá),這可能是由于不同腫瘤微環(huán)境的組成不同,ON在骨轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中的作用也不一樣。
惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中基質(zhì)蛋白異常表達(dá)在骨轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮顯著作用,這些變化是通過(guò)改變轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的活性和功能,導(dǎo)致腫瘤微環(huán)境和原發(fā)性腫瘤生長(zhǎng)行為發(fā)生改變,最終促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的骨轉(zhuǎn)移。OPN、BSP促進(jìn)骨吸收和血管生成,改變間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能,從而導(dǎo)致骨轉(zhuǎn)移。DMP1抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的歸巢和血管的生成,抑制骨轉(zhuǎn)移。而ON在不同腫瘤中表達(dá)不同,意義也截然不同,這可能與不同腫瘤的骨髓微環(huán)境不同有關(guān)??傮w上,基質(zhì)蛋白調(diào)節(jié)惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存,并參與骨髓微環(huán)境的重塑,導(dǎo)致骨轉(zhuǎn)移的形成。通過(guò)研究基質(zhì)蛋白在調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤生物學(xué)及腫瘤微環(huán)境中的作用,可以加快我們對(duì)基質(zhì)蛋白的靶向藥物的相關(guān)研究,從而為臨床惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)防和治療提供新的角度,以便更好地提高患者的生存質(zhì)量。
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(收稿:2016-12-24)
Research progress of matrix protein in bone metastasis of malignant tumor
JIANLizhi,WAGNTianjiao,WUJin
Department of Oncology,Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China
The incidence of bone metastases in malignant tumors is high,and seriously affected the life quality of patients.It is clear that the mechanism of the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors are of great significance.It has been confirmed that tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the migration of primary tumors,and the matrix protein is an important component of bone marrow microenvironment.In recent years,the latest study has been found that matrix proteins can be involved in the process of bone metastasis by promoting tumor cell proliferation,invasion and metastasis.In this paper,the role of matrix proteins in the process of bone metastasis of malignant tumors was reviewed.
Matrix proteins;Bone marrow matrix;Bone metastases
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院內(nèi)七科(哈爾濱 150081)
簡(jiǎn)立智,男,(1987-),碩士研究生,從事惡性腫瘤方面的研究。
吳瑾,E-mail:wjwujin163333@163.com
R730
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.03.020